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3rd International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing

3rd International
3rd InternationalConference
ConferenceononIndustry
Industry4.0
4.0and
andSmart
SmartManufacturing
Manufacturing
Production
Production planning
planning optimisation
optimisation in
in aa sustainable
sustainable hybrid
hybrid
manufacturing remanufacturing production system
manufacturing remanufacturing production system
Houria Lahmaraa , Mohammed Dahaneb,∗ a
b,∗, Nadia Kinza Moussa , Mohammed Haouesa
a
Houria Lahmar , Mohammeda
Dahane , Nadia Kinza Mouss , Mohammed Haoues
University of Batna II, LAP-Batna,5001, Algeria
a University of Batna II, LAP-Batna,5001, Algeria
b Université de Lorraine, LGIPM-Metz, 57000, France
b Université de Lorraine, LGIPM-Metz, 57000, France

Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we investigate a production planning problem in hybrid manufacturing remanufacturing production system. The
In this study,
objective is thewe investigate
determine a production
the best mix between planning problem in hybrid
the manufacturing of new manufacturing remanufacturing
products, and the remanufacturingproduction system.
of recovered The
products,
objective
based on is the determine
economic the best mix between
and environmental the manufacturing
considerations. It consists of
to new products,
determine the and
bestthe remanufacturing
manufacturing of recovered products,
and remanufacturing plans
based on economic
to minimising andeconomic
the total environmental considerations.
cost (start-up It consists
and production to of
costs determine
new and the best manufacturing
remanufactured andstorage
products, remanufacturing
costs of newplans
and
to minimising the total economic cost (start-up and production costs of new and remanufactured products,
returned products and disposal costs) and the carbon emissions (new products, remanufactured products and disposed storage costs ofproducts).
new and
returned
The hybridproducts
systemand disposal
consists of acosts)
set ofand the carbon
machines usedemissions
to produce (new
newproducts,
productsremanufactured products
and remanufactured and disposed
products products).
of different grades
The hybrid We
(qualities). system consists
assume that of a set of machines
remanufacturing usedenvironmentally
is more to produce new efficient,
products because
and remanufactured
it allows to products
reduce theofdisposal
differentofgrades
used
(qualities).
products. AWe assume that remanufacturing
multi-objective mathematical model is more environmentally
is developed, and a nonefficient, because
dominated it allows
sorting to algorithm
genetic reduce the(NSGA-II)
disposal ofbased
used
products. A multi-objective mathematical model is developed, and a non dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II)
approach is proposed. Numerical experience is presented to study the impact of carbon emissions generated by new, remanufactured based
approach is proposed.
and disposed products,Numerical experience
over a production is presented
horizon to study
of several the impact of carbon emissions generated by new, remanufactured
periods.
and disposed products, over a production horizon of several periods.
© 2022
© 2022 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
© 2022
This is The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND license
committee (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
of the
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of 3rd
the International Conference
3rd International on Industry
Conference 4.0 and4.0
on Industry Smart
and Manu-
Smart
Peer-review
facturing. under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manu-
Manufacturing
facturing.
Keywords: Hybrid manufacturing–remanufacturing systems ; production planning ; optimisation ; carbon emissions
Keywords: Hybrid manufacturing–remanufacturing systems ; production planning ; optimisation ; carbon emissions

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
In recent years, supply chain management research has focused on the process of recovering end-of-life products
for Inrefurbishment,
recent years, supply chain
recycling andmanagement research
remanufacturing. hasremanufacturing
The focused on the process of recovering
has a positive impactend-of-life products
on industry, as it
for
allows companies to reduce the costs of raw materials and increase productivity by reducing component asand
refurbishment, recycling and remanufacturing. The remanufacturing has a positive impact on industry, it
allows companies to reduce the costs of raw materials and increase productivity by reducing component
product waste. [1] reported that remanufacturing can reduce the production of greenhouse gases such as CO2 by and
product
limiting waste.
the use[1]
of reported that remanufacturing
raw materials can reduce
and the subsequent the production
of shaping of greenhouse
and machining gases the
which produce suchhighest
as COCO2 by
2
limiting the use of raw materials and the subsequent of shaping and machining which produce the highest
emissions for mots products. In the field of sustainable manufacturing, remanufacturing is also viewed as a leading2 CO
emissions for mots products. In the field of sustainable manufacturing, remanufacturing is also viewed as a leading

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-3727-48684.

∗ Corresponding
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +33-3727-48684.
mohammed.dahane@univ-lorraine.fr
E-mail address: mohammed.dahane@univ-lorraine.fr
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
1877-0509
1877-0509
This ©
© 2022
is an open2022 The
access Authors.
Thearticle
Authors.
underPublished
Published by Elsevier
by Elsevier B.V.
the CC BY-NC-ND B.V.
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This
This isisan
anopen
Peer-review openaccess
under article
access under
article
responsibility the scientific
under
of the CC
the BY-NC-ND
CC BY-NC-ND license
committee (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
oflicense
the 3rd (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing.
Peer-review under
Peer-review underresponsibility
responsibilityofofthe
the scientific
scientific committee
committee of the
of the 3rd 3rd International
International Conference
Conference on Industry
on Industry 4.0 and4.0 and Manufacturing.
Smart Smart Manufacturing
10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.325
 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253 1245
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

portfolio of eco-efficiencies, as it can, through a wide range of reprocessing operations, recover the economic and eco-
logical value of the commodity used or end-of-life, which was introduced during its original phase of development [2].

Nowadays, the recovery of used products and materials has become an increasingly important field. Many
researchers have interested to study the operations of recovery of used products especially remanufacturing, they
focus on the hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing systems. We can mention the study of [3], that addressed to
determine the optimal production plan for a stochastic hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system (HMRS) with
demand substitution (minimising the total expected cost of the stochastic HMRS). To solve the considered problem
they proposed an ant colony system algorithm with a random sampling method (ACS-RSM) algorithm. The authors of
[4] focused on the importance of returns control to improve the behaviour of hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing
systems. They suggested a mechanism to regulate the reverse stream of the recoverable inventory. In [5] the authors
examined the problem of HMRS batch size under a carbon constraint by considering that demand and production
are deterministic in each period of the planning horizon, in order to minimise storage, transportation, production and
management costs. The study of [6] concentrated on production and sustainability decisions in pure manufacturing
and hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing systems. where a comparison of the performance of the system as a
whole and the performance of supply chain actors in different contexts in terms of economic and environmental
performance indicators is made. The researchers in [7] studied the production control of HMRS under variations
in demand and return. A new formulation of a lot-sizing and pricing problem for manufacturing/remanufacturing
systems with the inclusion of price of returns treatment under a one-way substitution option was presented by [8].
Then, a new substitution heuristic policy to manage the stocks of a hybrid manufacturing/manufacturing system
under three different stochastic market demands (new/one-time remanufactured/two-time remanufactured units of a
product) was reported by [9] In addition [10] studied a stochastic production planning problem with the integration of
resource capacity planning in the hybrid manufacturing /remanufacturing systems. In order to determine the quantity
of the cores to be graded, the quantity to be produced for each quality standard, and the quantity of stock to be
transplanted into the ungraded cores, grading cores and remanufactured final products, the authors in [11] examined
the remanufacturing systems with stochastic quality of products returned. [12] also studied the issue of uncertainty
about the quality of returned used products.

Sustainable manufacturing concentrates on the entire life cycle of the product, from its manufacturing process to
its ”end of life”, after which remanufacturing and recycling take action. The remanufacturing plays an important role
in achieving sustainability in different aspects: economic in order to reduce the consumption of raw materials, which
means reducing costs, environmental in order to reduce waste and CO2 emission and in the social aspect by creating
new businesses, which means creating jobs. Where the reduction of carbon emissions and pollution is only one aspect
of sustainable development, although it is the one that gets the most attention. It is about development and growth
with respect to the environment and social equity. Through the smart technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, or
Industry 4.0, sectors such as construction and manufacturing can now enter a true era of sustainable development.
Among the promises of Industry 4.0, it will be an environmentally responsible, and will offer interesting productivity
gains and cost reductions. According to the study [13], some researchers estimate that Industry 4.0 technology could
reduce CO2 emissions by up to 15% by 2030. In this context, we can connect our approach with industry 4.0 and
smart manufacturing via sensors to measure volumes and quantities of returned products and raw materials used
in production to avoid sotck rupture, we can also use sensors to check and control the qualities of remanufactured
products, furthermore to improve operating procedures, we can accompany software solutions with the machines,
this also helps to optimize the processing time.

Compared to the studies mentioned above, this paper aims to study an hybrid manufacturing remanufacturing
system. Its main contributions are as follows:

• The proposition of a model that takes into account a hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system with multi-
stages that ensures the production of remanufactured products with different qualities.
• The objective of the proposed model is to determine the best optimal planning of mixed production, man-
ufacturing and remanufacturing operations. where the goal is to minimize total cost (composed of storage,
1246 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 3

manufacturing, remanufacturing, set-up and disposal costs), and carbon emissions (generated by manufactured,
remanufactured, eliminated products).
• The solving of the proposed multi-objective optimization model using the non-dominated genetic sorting al-
gorithm II (NSGA-II). This algorithm is considered by practitioners as the most efficient algorithm among the
diverse multi-objective optimisation meta-heuristic.

The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the considered problem. The mathematical
model is developed in Section 3. Section 4 is dedicated to the proposed Non Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm
(NSGA-II) based proposed approach. Then we present and discuss a numerical example in Section 5, Finally, Section
6 gives some concluding remarks and future works directions.

2. Hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system

We consider a hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing system that uses raw materials to produce new products,
and used products returned to produce remanufactured products of different grades. The figure 1 illustrates a general
overview of the considered manufacturing-remanufacturing system. The system operates on the basis of a planning

Fig. 1. The considered hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing system

horizon of T periods. At the beginning of the horizon T , a constant recovered quantity of used products is received.
And each end of period t, The consumer’s demand for new products is met by manufactured inventory.
We consider the following assumptions:

• In each period t, there is a demand for new products which must be satisfied at the end of the same period t.
• The hybrid system is composed of several stages. A new product must proceed through all phases. However,
the phases (stages) of a remanufactured product depend on the grade to reach.
• The manufacturing duration of a new product is the sum of duration required for each phase.
• Remanufacturing can ensure products of three possible qualities: q1 , q2 , q3 :
– Quality q1 corresponds to grade A+: product of best quality similar to new product.
– Quality q2 corresponds to grade A: product of good quality, representing minor defects.
– Quality q3 corresponds to grade B: product of acceptable quality, with defects which do not affect the
basic functions.
• A product to be remanufactured may pass through one or more phases. In each phase there may be a different
amount of time left than the time needed for a new product.
• The CO2 emission of remanufactured products is less than the CO2 emission of new products.
• If a recovered is not remanufactured, so it will intended to disposal. In such situation, its emitted CO2 quantity
will be higher than that of new and remanufactured products.
 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253 1247
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

3. Mathematical model

This study focuses on determining an optimal production plan where it aims to minimise the total expected cost of
HMRS as well as minimise the CO2 emissions. In this section, a mathematical model is developed for the considered
hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing system. We consider a planning horizon of T periods of index t, G levels of
quality of returned products of index i, and K phases of manufacturing of index k.

3.1. Notations

The following parameters and decision variables are taken into consideration throughout this study:

Q Amount of used products returned at the outset of the horizon T .

tkm Manufacturing time of a new product in phase k.
tir Total remanufacturing time for remanufactured products of quality i.
Fik Boolean variable: 1 if the remanufactured product of quality i passes through the phase k, 0 otherwise.
Cir Set-up cost to remanufacture product of quality i.
hu Unit storage cost of used products returned.
hm Unit storage cost of new products.
Cm Set-up cost to manufacture product.
pm Unit production cost of new products.
pri Unit production cost of remanufactured products of quality i.
Cd Unit disposal cost of returned products.
eri Unit emission by remanufactured products of quality i.
em Unit emission by manufactured products.
ed Unit emission by disposal products.
Dt Amount of new products demanded in period t.
Itu Inventory of used products returned at the end of period t.
Itm Inventory of new products at the end of period t.
Dis Amount of disposed products at the end of the horizon T .
M Large integer.
Cap Capacity of the production system.

3.2. Decision variables

qit Quantity of remanufactured product of the quality i at the end of period t.

Xtm Quantity of new products manufactured at the end of period t.
Ytm Binary startup variable that equals 1 if manufacturing is started at period t and zero otherwise.
Yitr Binary startup variable that equals 1 if there is a remanufacturing of quality i started at period t
and zero otherwise.

3.3. Objective functions

Objective 1: the minimisation of the economic cost

 G
T  T

Min (Cir Yitr + pri qit ) + (C m Ytm + pm Xtm + +hm Itm + hu Itu ) + C d Dis (1)
t=1 i=1 t=1
Objective 2: the minimisation of the environmental cost
 G
T  T

Min eri qit + em Xtm + ed Dis (2)
t=1 i=1 t=1
1248 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 5

3.4. Constraints
m
It−1 + Xtm = Dt + Itm ∀t = 1...T (3)
G

Itu = It−1
u
− qit ∀t = 1...T (4)
i=1

Xtm ≤ MYtm ∀t = 1...T (5)

qit ≤ MYitr ∀t = 1...T, ∀i = 1...G (6)

T 
 G
qit ≤ Q (7)
t=1 i=1

K

tir = Fik tkm ∀i = 1...G (8)
k=1

K
 G
 K

tkm Xtm + tir qit ≤ tkmCap ∀t = 1...T (9)
k=1 i=1 k=1

Xtm + qit ≤ Cap ∀t = 1...T (10)

I0m = 0 (11)

I0u = Q (12)
T 
 G
Dis = Q − qit (13)
t=1 i=1

G

Yitr ≤ 1 ∀t = 1...T (14)
i=1

Ytm , Yitr ∈ {0, 1} (15)

Xtm , qit , Itu , Itm ≥ 0 ∀t = 1...T, ∀i = 1...G (16)

The first objective function (1) is to minimise the total cost, which contains the cost of production, storage, disposal
and setup over the planning horizon, as well as the second objective function (2), which consists in the minimisation of
the environmental cost, represented by the carbon emissions for new products, remanufactured products and disposal
returned products. The constraints (3) and (4) represent the stock balancing relation. Inequality (5) and (6) establish
the relationship between the state of the system and the quantity produced. The amount of products remanufactured
over the horizon must be less than the quantity returned at the beginning of the horizon, as described by the constraint
(7). Total remanufacturing time for remanufactured products of quality i is expressed by equation (8). Constraint (9)
expresses the relation between the necessary production time (manufacturing and remanufacturing of each quality)
and the system capacity. Constraint (10) expresses that the sum of the quantities produced of new and remanufactured
products must be less than or equal to the capacity of the system. Equation (11) reflects that stock levels at the
beginning of the first period must be zero, equation (12) translates that The inventory level of used products at the
beginning of the first period is the quantity returned and the disposal of returned products at the end of horizon (product
that are not remanufactured) is defined by the constraint (13). The constraint (14) expresses that the remanufacturing
of a single quality must start at period t. The binary variables Ytm and Yitr are defined through the constraint (15).
Constraint (16) defines the decision variables Xtm , qit , Itu , Iitr and Itm which are positive continuous in each period t.
 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253 1249
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

4. NSGA-II based proposed approach

The studied problem is considered as NP-hard problem, so to solve it we are using the NSGA-II algorithm [14]
which is an evolutionary multi-objective meta-heuristic, establishing dominance relationships between individuals
and offering a particularly fast method of sorting chromosomes. The NSGA-II uses the measurement of overcrowding
around individuals to ensure diversity in the population. This algorithm is widely applied to solve multi-objective op-
timisation issues in different research areas: electronic transaction network [15], automotive industry [16], production
planning ([17], [18], [19]). The figure 2 illustrates the main steps of the NSGA-II.

Fig. 2. NSGA-II steps

4.1. Solution encoding and generation of the initial population

Encoding solutions is the first step to start solving a problem with NSGA-II. In our study we use an integer coding
in order to facilitate the change from unfeasible to feasible solutions, and, in the same time, to determine the integer
variables of manufacturing and remanufacturing quantities. Then, the second important step is to generate the initial
population. In this work, we propose a randomly generated initial population, where each chromosome (solution) is a
Var × T matrix, with :

• T : is the number of periods.

• Var : is the number of decision variables, in our case we have 8 variables (Ytm , Yitr ∈ {0, 1} and
Xmt , qit ∈ {0, Cap}).

Fig. 3. Chromosome encoding

The representation of a chromosome is given in figure 3, where the rows 1 and 2 show the start of production of
new products and the quantity of new products produced throughout the horizon, respectively. Rows 3 and 4 present
1250 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 7

start of production of remanufactured products and the quantity of remanufactured products of best quality grade “A+”
produced throughout the horizon, respectively. Rows 5 and 6 present start of production of remanufactured products
and the quantity of remanufactured products of good quality grade “A” produced throughout the horizon, respectively.
And rows 7 and 8 present start of production of remanufactured products and the quantity of remanufactured products
of acceptable quality grade “B” produced throughout the horizon, respectively.

4.2. Crossover and mutation

For the crossover operator, two parents “a” and “b” are randomly selected from the population, in order to generate
a new offspring “C”. We consider the crossover probability pc , and we generate a random number “r” between 0 and
1. Thus, if r > pc then C = (a + b)/2 otherwise C = (a − b)/2.

For the mutation operator, a new offspring is obtained using the following form: Xmin + (Xmax + Xmin )pt , where
Xmin is the minimum value in our case we take it 0, Xmax is defined the system capacity “Cap” in the part of the
chromosome related to the produced quantity, and it is also described the production launch in the part of the
chromosome related to the start-up. Let’s “pt ” be is a random number generated for each period.

To understand the process of crossover and mutation, let’s take the example illustrated in figure 4, where we present
the part that refers to the production start-up (first row) and the quantity of new products produced (second row). So,
pc = 0.8 and we assume the r (generated randomly) is 0.6, therefore r < pc . In this case C = a + b)/2.
For the mutation operator, we generate “pt ” randomly. In this example we assume: p1 = 0.63, p2 = 0.36, p3 = 0.83,
p4 = 0.13, and p5 = 0.57. In the case, we find real values, rounded into integer values as illustrated in the figure 5.

Fig. 4. Crossover operator

Fig. 5. Mutation operator

4.3. Constraints handling

After the crossover and the mutation it is necessary to check the feasibility of obtained solutions with regard to the
constraints. If a solution is infeasible, a repair technique is used to convert an infeasible solution into a feasible one,
as follows:

• If constraint (3) is not verified; so modify randomly the quantity of new products Xtm in a range [Dt , Cap].
• If constraint (5) is not verified; then repair the solutions as follows:
 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253 1251
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

– If Xtm != 0 —> Ytm = 1

– If Xtm = 0 —> Ytm = 0
• If constraints (4) and (7) are not verified; then modify as follows:
– If It−1 < 0 —> It−1 = 0 and qit = 0
– If qit > It−1 —> qit = It−1
• If constraint (6) is not verified; then repair the solutions as follows:
– If qit != 0 —> Yitr = 1
– If qit = 0 —> Yitr = 0
• If constraint (13) is not verified; then repair the solutions as follows:
– If Y1tr = 1 —> Y2tr = 0 and Y3tr = 0
– If Y2tr = 1 —> Y1tr = 0 and Y3tr = 0
– If Y3tr = 1 —> Y1tr = 0 and Y2tr = 0
• If constraint (11) is not verified; then modify randomly the quantity of remanufactured products qit in a range
[0 , Cap - Xmt ].

5. Numerical experience

To show the applicability and the performance of the proposed approach based on NSGA-II algorithm, we consider
a hybrid system composed of 4 phases that can produce new products and remanufactured products with different
qualities. In this study we implement a hybrid system producing three qualities (best, good, acceptable). We consider
a production horizon of T = 5 periods, characterised by different demands of new products that must be satisfied at the
end of each period, as shown in table 1. We assume that the amount of used returned products at the beginning of the
horizon is Q = 600, and the capacity of the production system in each period Cap = 400. Costs of start-up, production,
storage and disposal are summarised in table 2. CO2 emissions generated by manufactured, remanufactured and
disposal products are given in table 3. The manufacturing time of a new product of each of four phases is respectively:
t1m = 20, t2m = 25, t3m = 10, t4m = 30. It is assumed that the best quality q1 is achieved through phases 1, 2 and 4, the good
quality q2 is achieved through phases 2 and 4, and the acceptable quality q3 is achieved through phases 1 and 3. We set
the population size pop = 30 and the number of generation Gmax = 300.This algorithm is realized in Python language
under the Spyder environment and runs on a PC with an Intel Core i3 CPU and a 4 GB RAM, the computation time
to solve this model was 34,38 seconds.

Table 1. Demand of new products

Period t=1 t=2 t=3 t=4 t=5

Demand 250 140 270 250 170

Table 2. Costs structure

Parameters Cm C1r C2r C3r pm pr1 pr2 pr3 hm hu Cd

Costs 10 10 7 5 15 15 10 5 10 12 15

Table 3. CO2 emission

Parameters em er1 er2 er3 ed

Unit emission 4 1 2 3 8

The figure 6 illustrates the results of the optimal Pareto front of non-dominated solutions. These results correlate
with the objectives of the proposed model, including the total costs (start-up costs, production costs, storage costs and
1252 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 9

disposal costs) and CO2 emissions generated by new products, remanufactured products and disposed products.

To discuss these results, we take for example the solution (a) illustrated in the figure 6 which is a part of the optimal
front. The values of this solution are presented in the table 4, and the inventory values for new and returned products
throughout the production horizon are given in table 5. In addition the quantity of products intended to disposal at the
end of the horizon is null (Dis = 0).
For the purpose of minimising the total costs and CO2 emissions.
The demand of new products was satisfied at the end of each period, in addition, remanufactured products of good
quality (A) are produced in periods t = 1 and t = 3 and in the remaining periods of the horizon, remanufactured
products of best quality (A+) are produced as indicated in table 4. Then, in order to eliminate disposal costs and
reduce the CO2 emission from the disposed products all the whole of the quantity of used products recovered at the
beginning of the horizon was remanufactured during the production horizon.

Fig. 6. Optimal Pareto front

Table 4. Production plan of solution (a).

Decision variables Period t

1 2 3 4 5
Ytm 1 1 1 1 0
Xtm 274 139 353 321 0
Y1t 0 1 0 1 1
q1t 0 230 0 31 188
Y2t 1 0 1 0 0
q2t 123 0 28 0 0
Y3t 0 0 0 0 0
q3t 0 0 0 0 0

Table 5. Inventory values of new and returned products

Inventory values Period t

1 2 3 4 5
Itm 24 23 106 177 7
Itu 477 247 219 188 0
 Houria Lahmar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 200 (2022) 1244–1253 1253
10 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

6. Conclusion

This paper addresses the problem of production planning optimisation in a sustainable hybrid manufacturing re-
manufacturing production system. The aim of this study is to optimise two objectives, the first one concerns the
minimisation of total economic cost (start-up and production costs of new and remanufactured products, storage costs
of new and returned products and disposal costs) and the second one is the minimisation of the CO2 emissions gener-
ated by new products, remanufactured products and disposed products. The proposed manufacturing/remanufacturing
system, which uses raw materials to make new products and returned products to make remanufactured products of
different qualities (best, good and acceptable quality), is composed of a set machines, where a new product passes
through all the phases (machines). However a product to be remanufactured can pass through one or more phases,
depending on the requested grade to reach. In order to minimise CO2 emissions, it is assumed that the CO2 emission
of product disposal is higher than that of new and remanufactured products. A multi-objective mathematical model is
established to describe the considered system, and a NSGA-II optimisation based approach is developed to find the
best production plan. Finally, a numerical experiment validate the performance of the proposed approach.
As future research directions, we will consider a stochastic demand for new products. Furthermore, we will assume a
different quality level of recovered products.

References

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