1
#

. 
1

.?  ) $  4 p 3
§2.1 1}`ytG5jmhh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
§2.1.1 G5jm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
§2.1.2 G5hh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
§2.2 5bAhthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
§2.3 OtG5jm _ hh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
§2.3.1 OtG5jm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
§2.3.2 OtG5hh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
§2.4  Um _ | f w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
§2.4.1 Lorentz 0 t_   h| f w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
§2.4.2 QhE  # 0 t  \ | f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

.=  ) 4 p 16
§3.1 i3hOthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
§3.1.1  I DtQ  |?0jm i3hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
§3.2 / 3hOthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
§3.3 3hOta;h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

.V  Hh2%) 4 p 24
§4.1 { &jhOtG5hh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
§4.2 bO U(1) O O thh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
§4.2.1 Qtf[ O  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
§4.3 Coulomb Gauge G L hOthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
§4.3.1   I D (?vh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
§4.4 Lorentz Gauge GtbOthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
§4.5 bOa;h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

.h  }) 4 p 37
§5.1 Dirac  X-0 t mV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
§5.2 Dirac  Xta0jm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
§5.2.1 m^htQ  |<  X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
§5.3 Dirac  Xt( <( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
§5.4 vhOthh o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
§5.5 Dirac Oa;h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

.!  )mm 8 hO;s 52
§6.1 bQ l u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
§6.1.1 vhO bOtQ l u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
§6.1.2 3hO _ bOKtQ l u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
§6.1.3 bQ l ut O ?0m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
§6.2 Q l u # ℄  U0 t P,C,T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

1
Y W 2

H  b0 t P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§6.2.1 55
G  ^h C ~0 t (Charge Conjugation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§6.2.2 57
§6.2.3 Q l ut PCT 0 t mV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

.4  ?B  h 8C 64
§7.1 Q l u6Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
§7.2 S 8B _ /J  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
§7.3 T W }# (3 N W } Wick  X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
§7.3.1 Wick  X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
§7.4 ! a;h _! & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
§7.4.1 Feynman Propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8Bt/J7? _! & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
§7.4.2 S
§7.4.3 Feynman O 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
§7.4.4 - feynman O 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

.  ?BhS^) 8~X 88
§8.1 Zb& _
0}t  m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
§8.1.1 Zb& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
§8.1.2
0L _ } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
§8.2 O ?0m _ r| f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
§8.2.1 8B&X W  L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
§8.2.2 r| f t L ha; Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
§8.3 9 }ht
0 _ Zb S X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
§8.3.1 π *htV
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
§8.4 [ { &t  Z S XQ I t y`X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
§8.4.1 [ { &t  Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
}#_ Wick  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§8.4.2 Feynman 105
§8.4.3  Z }# '|  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
§8.5 hj _ Vh℄E o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
§8.6 hj _  \ ℄E o * boG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
§8.7 >H o_  \ ℄E o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
§8.8   Y _  \ ℄E o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
§8.8.1 Ward-Takahashi Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
§8.9h%*OZb _ ht  Qb8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
§8.9.1 htb8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

.  W /! p)  s[& 125

§9.1 O|Xt  Z _ 6  Z (Superficial Degree of Divergence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
§9.1.1 &jt Taylor 7? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
§9.2 ℄E o_ x\V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
§9.3 5 G Oo (Dimensional Regularization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
 `1#

7.1 }# t3& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.2 S 8Bt$/J ! & fG-_X3  ^h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.3 S  $/J ! & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.4 S  $/J ! &}h S X # ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.5 B ! hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.6 *B ! hO I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.7 *B ! hO II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.8 B L hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.9 *B L hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.10  Vt A L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.11 & * ! hB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.12 ℄ h π *hu   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.13 *hO _℄ hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.14   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.15 ! hVQ l u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.16 6h+rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

8.1 W  9 *O L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2 W f 9 *O L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3 W f 9 *O L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.4 W  n 9 *O L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.5 W  n 9 *O L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.6 1 W  n 9 *O L h9j S 9L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.7 1 W  n 9 *O L h9j S 9L ht?!9M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.8 W  n 9L hBX S 9L h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.9 L hO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.10 hhZb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.11 π *h
0 π → µ + ν̄ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
− − −
µ

8.12 τ 6h
0 τ → π + ν . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

− − −
τ

8.13 hj& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

8.14 L h>H o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.15    Z& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.16 }# t3n & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.17 hVh℄E o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
8.18 ℄E o tX[9M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.19 Ohj℄E o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.20 Ohj℄E o  o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.21 *Ohj℄E o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.22 *Ohj℄E o  o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.23 >H o Feynman & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.24 hhZbX>H o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.25 hj >H o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

3
?dYW 4

8.26 >H o t℄E o & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

8.27 >H o B& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.28 >H o *O L ht  doG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.29  toG _ XoG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.30 h*OZbtoGV _ x\V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
8.31 QED _ QCD Xt>H o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

9.1 SC℄Et[h λϕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

3

9.2 xdm$  t[h λϕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3

9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
9.4 λϕ3j& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
9.5 λϕ j& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4

9.6 b!f3h*O λϕ t  Z # ?& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4

9.7 b! 3h*O λϕ t  Z # ?& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

4

9.8 W! hO λϕ t  Z # ?& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

3

9.9 W! hO L ht  Z # ?& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

9.10 *hj& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
 /  
hhO|t^ / J ^hOthhm/ J ^hq 9 Othh
1. / J wÆ KZ|5hh`y℄

(1.1) h 1887 →
(1.2) 'h ℄  ℄ h 1915 →
(1.3) <  ^6thh| 1913

2. 6 Æ gJ KZt|5FÆQ  |

(2.1) 1931 β
0n → p + e + ν̄ −

e

(2.2) 1932 Xht  K℄ t  bmα, β, γ
0

(2.3) 1932 Ght  Kγ → e + e e + e → µ + µ ∗ + − + − + −

f = pp + m c , E = mc + Cs
E
c
2 2 2 2 p2
2m

∂
E → i~ p → −i~∇
∂t
3.  NR(nonrelativistic) / C sqj^htx  {  X
∂ ~2 2
i~ ψ = − ∇ ψ
∂t 2m
4. Klein  Gordon  X
 E = m c + p c 5
2 2 4 2 2

∂
E → i~ , p → −i~∇ (1.1)
∂t
F C sqj^ht Klein  Gordon  X
 
∂2 2 2 m 2 c2
ϕ=c ∇ − 2 ϕ (1.2)
∂t2 ~

5. Dirac X
  !
∂ imc φ
ψ+c α·∇+ β ψ=0 →ψ= (1.3)
∂t ~ χ

-X
! !
0 σ I 0
α= , β= , (1.4)
σ 0 0 −I

I 3 2 × 2 m88B;
! ! !
0 1 0 −i 1 0
σ1 = , σ2 = , σ3 = (1.5)
1 0 i 0 0 −1

3&Z8B
b =Yt α (i = 1,p2, 3) _ β q 4 × 4 8B
i

0 htO E = ± m c + p c → Dirac V >H 2 4 2 2

 hhOt℄ _ 7
1. G5hh o

1
Ekp lj 2

O → <;  j t`yD
Othh o 3hODirac ObO
℄ QED
2.  ZO
6 $/JoGh1  ZO
• ℄E o tS R1buX  Z_ P '3hVh _  \ t℄d  Æ
• * boG8'ht Lam shift ht  Qb8
3. 3eh SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1)
• SU (3) → 3Q l u
C L Y

• SU (2) × U (1) → VQ l u

C

L Y

(3.1) VQ l un → p + e + ν̄ −
e

(3.2) +rt Fermi uLee-Yang(1956) ! h V  A X|

(3.3) 3Q l u R'h ℄ XVh _ XhKt ℄ ` ℄ `t*h t X|π π =q ± 0

9 _X|3htKEhR p = uud, n = ddu, ¯

π = ud, π = dū, π = + − 0

uū − dd¯ 


√1

(3.4) hh\  `y QCD

2

_ hh  `y QED t>8

– L h O O Abelian <jQ l u
– h O O Nonabelian jQ l u
– QCD /j O )( \.*KEKQ l u1/<W0s d VKE/
jKEKtQ l u1R<W0s d 3KE.*13hX
X{ &^h
1. ! hjv3!1/2 ! !
• KE
u c t
d s b
! ! !
• 6h e µ
νe
τ
νµ
m = 174.3 ± 5.1GeV, m ≈ 1777MeV
ντ
t τ

2. O :\hjv3 1
bu → L hγ bOhh
3u → h g (a = 1, · · · , 8)  8 9 \j SU (3) G
a

VQ l u → W , m = (80.419 ± 0.056) GeV; Z , m = (91.1882 ± 0.0022) GeV

± 0

W + → e+ νe , µ+ νµ , τ + ντ , cs̄ ; Z 0 → e+ e− , µ+ µ− , τ + τ − , · · ·
3hHiggs Boson
m8 | T
CGS m8T: R L h T Vh M; jHm8T: Æ V uh A(~ = ) h E( GeV) h
2π

1. tI D
L = V AE T = AE M = V E V = LT A = M L T E = M L T
−1 −1 −2 −1 2 −1 2 −2

2. m8 tI D
1c = 3.00 × 10 cm · sec 1cm = 5.05 × 10 GeV · c · ~
10 −1 13 −1

1~ = 1.05 × 10 g · cm · sec 1 sec = 1.52 × 10 GeV · ~

−27 2 −1 24 −1

1GeV = 1.60 × 10 g · cm · sec 1g = 0.562 × 10 GeV · c

−3 2 −2 24 −2
 /  * %  5 q
Aµ (x) , ψ (x) , ϕ (x) l6t Marxwell  XpDirac  XKlein  Gordon  XOuO  X
§2.1 1 + & yL{ 6 r
§2.1.1 $xK
Euler  Lagrange  X
 
∂L d ∂L
− =0 (2.1)
∂q dt ∂ q̇

q^uh'XδS = 0
Z t2
δS =δ Ldt
t1
Z t2  
∂L ∂L
= δq + δ q̇ dt
t1 ∂q ∂ q̇
Z t2    
∂L d ∂L d ∂L
= − δq + δq dt
t1 ∂q dt ∂ q̇ dt ∂ q̇
δq|t1 ,t2 = 0
Z t2  
d ∂L
δq dt = 0
t1 dt ∂ q̇
∂L d ∂L
⇒ − =0
∂q dt ∂ q̇

$xK L (q, q̇)

U  ht  ÆH ≡ q̇P − L = H (P, q), -X  h  Æ3 P ≡ ∂L
∂ q̇

∂L ∂L
dH = q̇dP + P dq̇ − dq − dq̇
∂q ∂ q̇
 
∂L d ∂L
= q̇dP − dq = q̇dP − dq
∂q dt ∂ q̇

= q̇dP − Ṗ dq

 R R  U  hVw3 _ ht Y 5C sq1}`ytG5 I D

(
⇒ G5 I D
∂H
q̇ = ∂P
∂H
Ṗ = − ∂q

 Æ= P [ 
∂A ∂B ∂B ∂A
{A, B} = − (2.2)
∂q ∂P ∂q ∂P

/  X3
(
q̇ = {q, H}
⇒ Ȧ = {A, H} (2.3)
Ṗ = {P, H}

3
EHp DsoUuO 4

§2.1.2 $4p
  4`yh  , 9uRGtl t {A, B} ⇒ [A, B]-X [A, B] ≡ AB − BA 1

1}t  ÆC Jr
i

)
⇒ [P, q] = −i { &  I D
q̇ = {q, H} , ⇒ q̇ = −i [q, H]
{P, q} = −1
Ṗ = {P, H} , ⇒ Ṗ = −i [P, H]
C(^ { &/  X
dA
⇒ = −i [A, H] (2.4)
dt

§2.2  g
v 6 + 6 r
1}`yC sqAht/  Xmq̈ = −Kq QjhL = 1
2 mq̇
2
− 12 Kq 2 f  

 P = mq̇

q (2.5)
 H= 1
P 2 + m2 ω 2 q 2 , ω= K
2m m

hh o S [q, p] = i5\ _ Nfh

(
a= √ 1 (P − imωq)
2mω (2.6)
† 1
a = √2mω (P + imωq)

f { &t  I D5
 †
a, a = 1
 † † (2.7)
[a, a] = 0, a ,a = 0

q j C sq U  htjm3
 
1 † +

1
H = ω a a + aa = ω N + (2.8)
2 2

-X N = a a 3^h  , C e N t&D3 |ni 5 N |ni = n |ni  N = a a 3  

† †

,  n ,s3i !h N G   n ≥ 0 
^h  , t  I D
   
[N, a] = −a, [N, am ] = −mam N, a† = a† N, a†m = ma†m (2.9)

Nt&DL3n = 0, 1, · · · , 0 E  t3|0i , |1i , · · · -X |0i 3 { e { 
o P  o

h0| 0i = 1 f  C sq N tG P t&D
1
|ni = √ a†n |0i , hn | mi = δnm (2.10)
n!


H = ω N + 12 , N = a† a H  t&DL3E n =ω n+ 1


, n = 0, 1, · · · 
Nf\ht8B6n
2

√ √
hm|a|ni = nδm,n−1 m|a† |n = n + 1δm,n+1 (2.11)
EHp DsoUuO 5
 √   
0 1 0 0 ··· 0 0 0 ··· ···
 √   √ 
 0 0 2 0 ···   1 0 0 ··· ··· 
 √   
 0 √2
  
a=


0
..
0
..
0
.. ..
3 ··· ,


a† = 

 √
0 ··· ··· 
.. 


 . . . . ···   0 0 3 ··· . 
   
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .
. . . . . . . . . .
/  X3
ȧ = i [H, a] = −iωa ⇒ a (t) = a0 e−iωt (2.12)
 
ȧ† = i H, a† = iωa† ⇒ a† (t) = a†0 e+iωt
 j D qi (t) ,
(
i = 1, · · · , n 
 Pi = ∂∂L
L (q1 , · · · , qn , q̇1 , · · · , q̇n )
∂L d ∂L  H=
 Pn
q̇i

Pi q̇i − L
∂q − dt ∂ q̇ = 0, i = 1, · · · , n

hh o S  I D
i i
i=1

[Pi , qj ] = −iδij , [Pi , Pj ] = 0, [qi , qj ] = 0 (2.13)

(
{ &/  X Ṗi = i [H, Pi ]
q̇i = i [H, qi ]

§2.3 + & yLj 6 r

§2.3.1) $ xK
1}OtG5jm  = ϕ (x, t) 3hOjhOvhO
ϕ (x)
Qt L ϕ (x) , , µ = 0, 1, 2, 3

∂ϕ
∂xµ
Lorentz Transformation: xµ → x′µ = aµν xν , xµ = (x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (t, x)
xµ = gµν xν = (t, −x), -X O
 
1 0 0 0
 
 0 −1 0 0 
gµν = g µν = 
 0 0 −1 0

 (2.14)
 
0 0 0 −1

xµ xµ = gµν xν xµ = t2 − x2 = x′µ x′µ  ?0h

!hC sq
(
aµλ aνλ = δµ ν
(2.15)
aλµ aλν = δµ ν , λ = 0, 1, 2, 3

 3G8B
(aµν )
QjhL = R d xL ϕ (x) , uhS = R
 
3 ∂ϕ t2
∂xµ t1 dtL
/  X S q^uh'XR(p
Z t2 Z Z Z  
∂L3 ∂L 3 ∂ϕ
δS = δ dt d xL = dt d x δϕ + δ
t1 ∂ϕ ∂ (∂ϕ/∂xµ ) ∂xµ
Z Z   Z Z  
∂L ∂ ∂L ∂ ∂L
= dt d3 x − µ δϕ + dt d3
x δϕ
∂ϕ ∂x ∂ (∂ϕ/∂xµ ) ∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕ/∂xµ )
EHp DsoUuO 6
Z Z  
∂L ∂ ∂L
= dt d3 x − δϕ = 0
∂ϕ ∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕ/∂xµ )

f  (^Ot Euler  Lagrange Equation

∂L ∂ ∂L
− µ =0 (2.16)
∂ϕ ∂x ∂ (∂ϕ/∂xµ )

   j D ϕγ (x) , γ = 1, 2, · · · , n 5
∂L ∂ ∂L
− µ =0 (2.17)
∂ϕγ ∂x ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ )

J)a+>xK
 Æ π ≡ U  h H ≡ πϕ̇ − L
∂L

O  XtjmC 6nV
∂ ϕ̇


 ∂H
 ϕ̇ = ∂π
  
∂H ∂ ∂L
∂ϕ = − ∂xi ∂(∂ϕ/∂xi ) − π̇ (2.18)


 ∂H
= − ∂L
∂(∂ϕ/∂xi ) ∂(∂ϕ/∂xi )

qj 

 ϕ̇ = ∂H
∂π   (2.19)
 π̇ = − ∂H
∂ϕ +
∂
∂xi
∂H
∂(∂ϕ/∂xi )

§2.3.2) $  4 p
X5H3 } & ∆υ pV9  Æ{ i 9 G5w3 ϕ (t) RG i i
( R
1
ϕi (t) ≡ ∆υi d3 xϕ (x, t)
1
R(∆υi ) (2.20)
ϕ̇i (t) = ∆υi (∆υi ) d3 xϕ̇ (x, t)

 L = R d xL ⇒ P ∆υ L̄ (ϕ (t) , ϕ̇ (t) , ϕ
3
i i i i i±a (t))

G5w3ϕ G5  h
i
i

∂L ∂ L̄i
Pi (t) = = ∆υi ≡ ∆υi πi (t) (2.21)
∂ ϕ̇i (t) ∂ ϕ̇i (t)

U  h3
X X
X
H= Pi ϕ̇i − L = ∆υi πi ϕ̇i − L̄i ≡ ∆υi Hi (2.22)
i i i

 qbut9MH = R d3xH = R d3x (πϕ̇ − L), -X π (x, t) = ∂L(ϕ, ϕ̇)

 4 p ;;  Wk
∂ ϕ̇(x,t)

[ϕi (t) , ϕj (t)] = [Pi (t) , Pj (t)] = 0

[Pi (t) , ϕj (t)] = −iδij ⇔ ([P, q] = −i) (2.23)

f  (^
δij
[πi (t) , ϕj (t)] = −i (2.24)
∆υi

S qbuX5sq { &t  I D
EHp DsoUuO 7
(
[π (x, t) , ϕ (x′ , t)] = −iδ 3 (x − x′ )
(2.25)
[ϕ (x, t) , ϕ (x′ , t)] = [π (x, t) , π (x′ , t)] = 0

/  X
 h  i
 π̇ (x, t) = i [H, π (x, t)] → − ∂H + ∂ ∂H
∂ϕ ∂xi ∂(∂ϕ/∂xi ) x (2.26)
 ϕ̇ (x, t) = i [H, ϕ (x, t)] →  ∂H 
∂π x

 q # hOϕγ (x) , γ = 1, · · · , n
R
L= d3 xL (· · · ϕγ , · · · , ∂ϕγ /∂xµ , · · ·)
P
n R (2.27)
H= πγ ϕ̇γ − L, H = d3 xH
γ=1

Qt  I D
(
[ϕγ (x, t) , ϕs (x′ , t)] = [πγ (x, t) , πs (x′ , t)] = 0
(2.28)
[πγ (x, t) , ϕs (x′ , t)] = −iδγs δ 3 (x − x′ )

/  X
(
π̇γ (x, t) = i [H, πγ (x, t)]
(2.29)
ϕ̇γ (x, t) = i [H, ϕγ (x, t)]

f  (^ Ȧ = i [H, A] , A = A (ϕ1 , · · · , π1 , · · ·)

={jNl% §2.4

 UmQth    t0 t ;?0mRH  ?0mhH(?0mH  b?0

m \C ~?0mv=`?0m  f 9 | f h
Noether  XR R Qth   /  X  [but  Um0 t ;?0m5  Qh
1[>Xht| f w
hH0 t B0 t U (1) 0 t Qh0 t →  \ | f
SU (2) 0 t !8v0 t → !8v| f
hH(?0mh  h| f H  ?0m  h| f H  b?0m"U|
f v
(?0m h  h| f x → x QtO ϕ (x) → ϕ (x )µ
′
γ
′ ′

w3(x → x , x = x + ∆x ∆x <;^0h ϕ (x) → ϕ (x ) = ϕ (x) +2

µ γ
′ ′ ′ ′
µ µ µ µ γ γ

  UmCJ
µ µ γ



δL = L ϕ′γ (x′ ) , ∂ϕ′γ (x′ ) ∂x′µ − L (ϕγ (x) , ∂ϕγ /∂xµ ) = 0




δL = L ϕ′γ (x′ ) , ∂ϕ′γ (x′ ) ∂x′µ − L ϕ′γ (x) , ∂ϕ′γ (x) ∂xµ + L ϕ′γ (x) , ∂ϕ′γ (x) ∂xµ

−L (ϕγ (x) , ∂ϕγ (x)/∂xµ )

∂L ∂L ∂L
= ∆xµ + δϕγ + δ (∂ϕγ (x)/∂xµ )
∂xµ ∂ϕγ ∂ (∂ϕγ (x)/∂xµ )

-X
δϕγ = ϕ′γ (x) − ϕγ (x) = ϕγ (x − ∆x) − ϕγ (x) = −∂ϕγ /∂xµ ∆xµ
EHp DsoUuO 8
 
∂ ∂ ∂ϕγ
δ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ ) = (δϕγ (x)) = − ∆xν
∂xµ ∂xµ ∂xν

 
 
∂L ∂L ∂ϕγ ∂L ∂ ∂ϕγ
δL = ∆xµ − ∆xµ − ∆xν
∂xµ ∂ϕγ ∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ ) ∂xµ ∂xν
   
∂L ∂ ∂L ∂ϕγ ∂L ∂ ∂ϕγ
= ∆xµ − ∆xµ − ∆xµ
∂xµ ∂xν ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xν ) ∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xν ) ∂xν ∂xµ
 
∂ µ ∂L ∂ϕγ
= Lδν − ∆xµ
∂xν ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xν ) ∂xµ
= 0

 ∆x M  µ

∂
Tν µ = 0 (µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3) (2.30)
∂xν

-Xh  h8ht  Æ3

X ∂ϕγ ∂L
Tν µ = −Lδν µ + (2.31)
γ
∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xν )

y
∂L
T µν = ∂ ν ϕγ − g µν L (2.32)
∂ (∂µ ϕγ )

1 Lorentz 0 t 

xµ → x′µ = aµν xν µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3 [R
 
cosh η − sinh η 0 0
 
 − sinh η cosh η 0 0 
aµ ν =  

 0 0 1 0 

0 0 0 1

-X x µ
= (t, x/c) = (t, x/c, y/c, z/c)
cosh η = γ, sinh η = βγ -X γ = q 1
1−υ 2 /c2
= √ 1
1−β 2

Lorentz 0 tI D
 .q 

 x ′
= (x − υt) 1 − υ 2 c2


y ′ = y, z ′ = z (2.33)

 
.q 

 t′ = t − υx c2 1 − υ 2 c2

>Xh ϕ (x) → ϕ (x ) 6= ϕ (x)nq ϕ (x) → ϕ (x ) = Λ ϕ (x) jhORΛ

γ
′ ′
γ γ
′ ′
γs s γs = aγs 
[RhH(x → x = x + ∆x
γ γ
′

m;z  /  X y Qth1?!tGBD K mD X;Q!t6im

µ µ µ µ

0t 
xµ → x′µ = aµν xν
Aµ (x) → A′µ (x′ ) = aµν Aν (x) 
 ÆO3
EHp DsoUuO 9
∂Aν (x) ∂Aµ (x)
Fµν ≡ − (2.34)
∂xµ ∂xν
R
∂
Fµν = 0 (2.35)
∂xµ

R R r
∂
Fµν = jν (x) (2.36)
∂xµ

!
′ ∂A′ν (x′ ) ∂A′µ (x′ )
Fµν = − (2.37)
∂x′µ ∂x′ν
 3hOxµ → x′µ = aµν xν 5
ϕ (x) → ϕ′ (x′ ) = ϕ (x) (2.38)

 jtO5
 
∂ ∂ 2 ∂ ∂ ∂2
+ m ϕ (x) = 0, = − ∇2 (2.39)
∂xµ ∂xµ ∂xµ ∂xµ ∂t2

 o 9 GBD
 
∂ ∂ 2
+ m ϕ′ (x′ ) = 0
∂x′µ ∂x′µ

Qt
   
∂ ′ ′ ∂ ′ ′
L ϕ (x) , ϕ (x) = L ϕ (x ) , ′ ϕ (x )
∂xµ ∂xµ

w3(t9M
w3(Gx → x µ
′
µ = xµ + ∆xµ 5
ϕγ (x) → ϕ′γ (x′ ) = ϕγ (x) ϕ′ (x) = ϕ (x − ∆x) (2.40)

Lorentz  xµ → x′µ = aµν xν 53hO

ϕ (x) → ϕ′ (x′ ) = ϕ (x)


ϕ′ (x) = ϕ a−1 x


′ 


ϕ a−1 x = ϕ′ a−1 x = ϕ′ a a−1 x = ϕ′ (x)

r| f:
∂
jµ (x) = 0
∂xµ
∂j0 (x)
+∇ · j (x) = 0 (2.41)
∂t
 f. }# 5
Z I
3
∇ · j (x) d x = j(x) · dS = 0
EHp DsoUuO 10

f  (^ dQ
dt = 0, 
Z
Q = d3 x j0 (x) (2.42)

3| f h
b
 j (x) → T
µ µνσρ (x) R R
∂
Tµνσρ (x) = 0 (2.43)
∂xµ

5C (^
Z
Qνσρ = d3 x T0νσρ (x) (2.44)

3| f h
hH(?0
∂
Tµν = 0 (2.45)
∂xµ

-Xh  h8h3
X ∂ϕγ ∂L
Tµν = −Lgµν +
γ
∂xν ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ )

 t| f h3Pν ≡ R d3xT0ν = R d3 x[Pγ πγ ∂ϕ

∂x
γ
ν 
− g0ν L] Pν = (H, −P ).

X
T00 = πγ ϕ̇γ − L = H (2.46)
γ

3U h 
X
T0j = πγ (∇j ϕγ ) = −Pj (2.47)
γ

∆
P =−
P
3h 
πγ (∇ϕγ )

1 S hh oj ϕ, π 0Vhh , 
ovh  I D

γ

[ϕγ (x, t) , πs (x′ , t)] = iδγs δ 3 (x − x′ ) (2.48)

{ &/  X
(
ϕ̇γ = i [H, ϕγ ]
(2.49)
π̇γ = i [H, πγ ]

f  (^/  X
(
Ȧ = i [H, A]
(2.50)
∇A = −i [P , A]

y <
∂
A = i [Pµ , A] (2.51)
∂xµ
b x µ = (t, −x) , ?jHm8T c = 1, ~ = 1
EHp DsoUuO 11

[R
XZ  
[P , ϕσ (x)] = − d3 x′ πρ (x′ ) ∇′ ϕρ (x′ ) , ϕσ (x)
ρ

XZ
= − d3 x′ [πρ (x′ ) , ϕσ (x)] ∇′ ϕρ (x′ )
ρ

XZ
= i d3 x′ δρσ δ 3 (x − x′ ) ∇′ ϕρ (x′ )
ρ

= i∇ϕσ (x)

b  h
Z
P = d3 xP

f
Z Z
∂T0µ (x)
[Pi , Pµ ] = d3 x [Pi , T0µ (x)] = −i d3 x =0
∂xi
XZ
[P , πσ (x)] = − d3 x′ πρ (x′ ) ∇′ [ϕρ (x′ ) , πσ (x)]
ρ

XZ
= −i d3 x′ πρ (x′ ) δρσ ∇′ δ 3 (x − x′ )
ρ
Z
= i d3 x′ πσ (x′ )∇δ 3 (x − x′ )

= i∇πσ (x)

§2.4.1 sh8Mk$
Lorentz

Lorentz 0 t x → x = a x ϕ (x) → ϕ
µ
′
µ µν
ν
γ
′
γ (x′ ) = Λγs ϕs (x) Bv 9 <;^t Lorentz 0 t 
aµν = gµν + εµν (2.52)

 Lorentz a0C Jrx x µ

µ
= x′ν x′ν 
a
o I D
µν

aµλ aνλ = δµν

aλµ aλν = δµν

I
xµ xµ = x′ν x′ν = aνλ xλ aνσ xσ
3 3 3
!
X X X
= aνλ xλ · aνσ xσ
ν=0 λ=0 σ=0

3 X
X 3 3
XX
= aνλ aνλ xλ xλ + 2 aνλ aνσ xλ xσ
λ=0 ν=0 λ<σ ν=0
EHp DsoUuO 12
3
X
= xλ xλ
λ=0

 a a = δ V℄
νλ
νσ
λ
σ

= 9I DC (^
aµλ aµν = (gµλ + εµλ ) (g µν + εµν )


= δλν + ελ ν + εν λ + O ε2

= δλν ⇒ ελ ν = −εν λ ⇒ ελµ = −εµλ

 ε = −ε  U
µν νµ

f & 1 /7?
1
Λγs = δγs + εµν Sγs,µν (2.53)
2
QtOt0 t 3
1
ϕγ (x) → ϕ′γ (x′ ) = ϕγ (x) + εµν Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
2
R R Qth
o1 Lorentz 0 t G?05
  
δL = L ϕ′γ (x′ ) , ∂ϕ′γ (x′ ) ∂x′µ − L [ϕγ (x) , ∂ϕγ (x)/∂xµ ]
     
= L ϕ′γ (x′ ) , ∂ϕ′γ (x′ ) ∂x′µ − L ϕ′γ (x) , ∂ϕ′γ (x) ∂xµ
  
+L ϕ′γ (x) , ∂ϕ′γ (x) ∂xµ − L [ϕγ (x) , ∂ϕγ (x)/∂xµ ]
∂L ∂L ∂L ∂ϕγ
= ∆xµ + δϕγ + δ =0
∂xµ ∂ϕγ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ ) ∂xµ

o  
′

δϕγ = ϕ′γ (x) − ϕγ (x) = ϕ′γ (x − εx) − ϕγ (x)
1
= ϕγ (x − εx) + εµν Sγs,µν ϕs (x − εx) − ϕγ (x)
2
∂ϕγ 1

= − µ εµν xν + εµν Sγs,µν ϕs (x) + O ε2
∂x 2
∂
δ (∂ϕγ /∂xµ ) = δϕγ
∂xµ

 qZQtht0 # jm3
 
∂L µν ∂L ∂ϕγ µν 1 µν
δL = ε xν − ε xν − ε S ϕ
γs,µν s (x)
∂xµ ∂ϕγ ∂xµ 2
 
∂L ∂ ∂ϕγ µν 1 µν
− ε xν − ε Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ ) ∂xρ ∂xµ 2

-X
∂L µν ∂L ∂xρ µν ∂L
ε xν = ε xν = gµρ εµν xν
∂xµ ∂xρ ∂x µ ∂xρ
 
∂
= εµν (Lgµρ xν ) − Lgµν
∂xρ
EHp DsoUuO 13
∂
= εµν (Lgµρ xν )
∂xρ

Z Euler-Lagrange  XC sq

 
µν ∂ ∂L ∂ϕγ 1 ∂L
δL = ε Lgµρ xν − xν + Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
∂xρ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ ) ∂xµ 2 ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ )
 
∂ 1 ∂L
= εµν −Tρµ xν + Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
∂xρ 2 ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ )


∂ ∂ ∂ 1 ∂
εµν (−Tρµ xν ) = ενµ (−Tρν xµ ) = −εµν (−Tρν xµ ) = εµν (−Tρµ xν + Tρν xµ )
∂xρ ∂xρ ∂xρ 2 ∂xρ

F
 
1 µν ∂ ∂L
δL = ε −Tρµ xν + Tρν xµ + Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
2 ∂xρ ∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ )
1 µν ∂
≡ ε Mµν,ρ = 0
2 ∂xρ

(^| f r
∂
Mµν,ρ = 0 (2.54)
∂xρ

∂L
Mµν,ρ = −Tρµ xν + Tρν xµ + Sγs,µν ϕs (x) (2.55)
∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ )

 t| f   h3Jµν =∆ R d3 xMµν,0 f Mµν,ρ t  ÆjmC ^ Mµν,ρ I M3 µ, ν 

U,  & 3nC s 9 ℄t # h
R R µ, ν ? (i, j) 5  H  | f htjm
Z Z
∆ 3
Jµν = d xMµν,0 = d3 x [(−T0µ xν + T0ν xµ ) + πγ Sγs,µν ϕs ]

µ, ν ? (i, j) (i, j = 1, 2, 3)5m  h3

Z Z
3
Jij = −Jji = d xMij,0 = d3 x [(−T0i xj + T0j xi ) + πγ Sγs,ij ϕs ] = Lij + Sij (2.56)

-X{B # l6Ot Q r  h
Z Z
∆
Lij = d3 x (−T0i xj + T0j xi ) = d3 x(xj Pi − xi Pj ) (2.57)

{  B # l6Otz  hjvS O O1w3  Gt0 t mV I 

2
1. 3hOS = 0  ϕ (x ) = ϕ (x) jv3n
γs,µν
′ ′
γ

2. jhOS = g g − g g  A (x ) = a A (x)
γ
′ ′ s
γs,µν µγ νs µs νγ γs

3. vhOS
γ
1 1
= (γ γ − γ γ ) = (σ )
γs,µν 4 µ ν ν µ γs 2i µν γs

h
Z Z
Mjk = πMjk ϕd3 x = πr (Mjk )rs ϕs d3 x (2.58)
EHp DsoUuO 14

-X M 3 n × n t8Bϕ, π 3 n k8B# Vf 9 B #
Mjk = Ljk + Sjk (2.59)

-X
   
∂ ∂
Ljk ≡ xj − xk (2.60)
∂xk ∂xj
(Sjk )rs = Srs,jk (2.61)

 ID
[J1 , J2 ] = iJ3 , [J2 , J3 ] = iJ1 , [J3 , J1 ] = iJ2 (2.62)

-X J ≡ J , J ≡ J , J ≡ J 
1 23 2 31 3 12

=`  I DC f { &  I D
[πγ (x, t) , ϕs (x′ , t)] = −iδγs δ 3 (x − x′ )

Is^=Xqb 8BKt  :

m' 1 hH(?0m ⇒ 2 h  h| f hHt>.m 3 H  ?0m ⇒ 4 m  h|
f Ht ; X!m
§2.4.2 m 4! ℄ L6  s eMk

R R Qth1RGt0 t X?0m


ϕr (x) → ϕr − iελrs ϕs (x) ϕ (x) → e−iελ ϕ (x) (2.63)

-X ε x < I Em  # 5

δϕr = −iελrs ϕs = ϕ′r − ϕr

Qtht0 # 
∂L ∂L ∂ϕr
δL = δϕr + δ
∂ϕr ∂ (∂ϕr /∂xµ ) ∂xµ
 
∂ ∂L
= −iε λrs ϕs = 0
∂xµ ∂ (∂ϕr /∂xµ )

f  s^ 9 | f r
∂
Jµ (x, λ) = 0 (2.64)
∂xµ
∂L
Jµ (x, λ) = −i λrs ϕs (2.65)
∂ (∂ϕr /∂xµ )
J0 = −iπr (x) λrs ϕs (x) (2.66)

| f h3 \ 
Z Z
3
Q (t) = d x J0 (x) = −i d3 xπr (x) λrs ϕs (x) (2.67)

1.  \ | f U (1) 0 t ?07qλ rs = δrs 

Z
Q (t) = −i d3 xπr ϕr (2.68)
EHp DsoUuO 15

 3hORQ 7q \ 
2. !8v| f SU (2) G


r, s = 1, 2, · · · , n, λa=1,2,3
rs = ta=1,2,3 rs
, [ti , tj ] = iεijk tk (2.69)

ti (i = 1, 2, 3) 3 SU (2) GfV& t| f h

Z Z
T = −i d3 xπtϕ = −i d3 xπr (t)rs ϕs (2.70)

3. |fh SU (n) G
 
λrs = (λa )rs , a = 1, 2, · · · , n2 − 1, λa , λb = if abc λc (2.71)

3 SU (n) GtfV&f 3 SU (n) Gt'DQ R1 SU (3) GXa =

λa a = 1, 2, · · · , n2 − 1

abc

1, 2, · · · , 8  8 9 ℄t # h
 />  * 5 q
§3.1 G + 6 r
3hO
1 Lorentz  G?0tOx → x = a x , ϕ (x) → ϕ (x ) = ϕ (x)
µ
′
µν
ν ′ ′

>83hO _ y3hO
µ

(1) 1 Lorentz 0 t G>8

(2) M86K1H  b0 t GtmV?!
(
H0 t  xt →→tx==t −x 1=[0 t G
′

1. 3h scalar ϕ (x, t) → ϕ (x , t ) = ϕ (x, t) ′ ′ ′

2. y3h pseudo scalar ϕ (x, t) → ϕ (x , t ) = −ϕ (x, t) ′ ′ ′

[R π *hq 9 y3h*h
jt3hO !Py3h
o Klein-Gordon  X


 + m2 ϕ (x) = 0, (3.1)

-X
∂2 ∂ ∂
= − ∇2 = (3.2)
∂t2 ∂xµ ∂xµ

_ = 9 X  tQth3
  
1 ∂ϕ ∂ϕ 1
L= − m2 ϕ2 (3.3)
2 ∂xµ ∂xµ 2

G5  hπ = = ϕ̇ ∂L

G5hh o 
∂ ϕ̇

(
[ϕ (x, t) , ϕ (x′ , t)] = [π (x, t) , π (x′ , t)] = 0
(3.4)
[π (x, t) , ϕ (x′ , t)] = −iδ 3 (x − x′ )

mt U  h3
Z
H = d3 xH (π, ϕ, ∇ϕ) (3.5)
 
H = π ϕ̇ − L = 1/2 π 2 + (∇ϕ)2 + m2 ϕ2 (3.6)

 h , 
Z
P =− π∇ϕd3 x (3.7)

h  h8h
1h i
Tµν = (∂µ ϕ) (∂ν ϕ) − (∂µ ϕ)2 − m2 ϕ2 gµν (3.8)
2
  h
∂L
Mµν,ρ = −Tρµ xν + Tρν xµ + Sγs,µν ϕs (x)
∂ (∂ϕγ /∂xρ )

16
E\p >UDUuO 17

= −Tρµ xν + Tρν xµ (3.9)

31 Lorentz  GQtOt0 t 3

1
ϕr (x) → ϕ′r (x′ ) = ϕr (x) + ǫµν Srs,µν ϕs (x) (3.10)
2
 3hO ϕ(x) → ϕ′ (x′ ) = ϕ(x) jvSrs,µν = 0 jv3n
(/  X (3.1) C sq
Z
1 1  
ϕ (x) = 3/2
d3 k 1/2
a (k) e−ikx + a∗ (k) e+ikx (3.11)
(2π) (2ω)

-X kx = k x − k · x = ωt − k · x, ω = k + m
p
2 2
0 0

i3hϕ (x) = ϕ (x) ∗

|i3hO h1 I Dmϕ (x) = ϕ (x)a † ∗

→ a†  (tjm3
Z
1 1  
ϕ (x) = d3 k √
3/2
a (k) e−ikx + a† (k) e+ikx (3.12)
(2π) 2ω
Z r
−i 3 ω 
π (x) = ϕ̇ (x) = 3/2
d k a (k) e−ikx − a† (k) e+ikx (3.13)
(2π) 2

1 (3.12) mtf.W e+ik x

′
9  x }# 9Z δ Y t  Æ
Z
1
δ(k) = d3 xe±ik·x
(2π)3

C sq
Z Z Z
′ 1 1 h ′ ′
i
d3 xe+ik x ϕ(x) = d3 x
d3 k √ a(k)e−ikx e+ik x + a† (k)eikx e+ik x
(2π)3/2 2ω
Z  Z Z 
1 3 1 3 i(k′ −k)x † 3 i(k′ +k)x
= d k√ a(k) d xe + a (k) d xe
(2π)3/2 2ω
1 h ′
i
= (2π)3/2 √ a(k′ ) + e2iw t a† (−k′ ) (3.14)
2ω ′
 (3.13) m-lQ!Hu
Z Z Z r
′ −i ωh ′ ′
i
d3 xe+ik x π(x) = d3 x d3 k
a(k)e−ikx e+ik x − a† (k)eikx e+ik x
(2π)3/2 2
Z r  Z Z 
−i 3 ω 3 i(k′ −k)x † 3 i(k′ +k)x
= d k a(k) d xe − a (k) d xe
(2π)3/2 2
r h i
ω′ ′
= −i(2π) 3/2
a(k′ ) − e2iw t a† (−k′ ) (3.15)
2
 (3.14) · ω + (3.15) · i 5C sq
′

Z r r
+ik′ x ω′ ω′
3
d xe ′
[ω ϕ(x) + iπ(x)] = (2π) 3/2
a(k′ ) + (2π)3/2 a(k′ )
2 2
√
= (2π)3/2 2ω ′ a(k′ )

f  C (^
E\p >UDUuO 18
Z
1
a(k) = d3 xe+ikx [ωϕ(x) + iπ(x)] (3.16)
(2π)3/2 (2ω)1/2

!XCs
Z
1
a† (k) = d3 xe−ikx [ωϕ(x) − iπ(x)] (3.17)
(2π)3/2 (2ω)1/2

Qt  I D3
   † 
a(k), a(k′ ) = 0, a (k), a† (k′ ) = 0,
 
a(k), a† (k′ ) = δ 3 (k − k′ )

5  ht6im3
Z
1  † 
Pµ = d3 k kµ a (k)a(k) + a(k)a† (k) (3.18)
2

?^ } &5
X1 hp p p p i
Pµ = lim kµ ∆τk a† (k) ∆τk a(k) + ∆τk a(k) ∆τk a† (k)
∆τk →0 2
k
X1 h i
= lim kµ a† ak + ak a† (3.19)
∆τk →0 2 k k
k
-X p p
ak = ∆τk a(k), a† = ∆τk a† (k) 
Z I Dm
k

δ ′
lim p kk = δ 3 (k − k′ ) (3.20)
∆τ
k→0 ∆τk ∆τk ′

C (^  I D
  h i h i
ak , ak′ = a† , a† ′ = 0, ak , a† ′ = δkk′ (3.21)
k k k
 qZ 5  ht6njm3
X kµ h † i X  1

Pµ = a ak + ak a† = kµ a† ak + (3.22)
2 k k k 2
k k
_ bAhtjm d Z
U  h3
X  X  
† 1 1
H= ω k a ak + = ωk Nk + (3.23)
k 2 2
k k

b 
p
ω k = k 2 + m2
^h  , Nk = ak ak †

f  Nk nk = nk nk , Nk ak nk = nk − 1
ak nk

, N k a† n k = n k + 1 a† n k
q j ;7j
k k

1. ak \ , \ 9 4  h3 k = (ω, −k) t3h^h µ

2. a Nf , Nf 9 3h^h

†

3. Nk = a ak ^h  ,
k
†

4. |0i ? W2 3h^ht>Hak |0i = 0

k
E\p >UDUuO 19

5. nk ^h 3 nk t
1  † nk
nk = p a |0i (3.24)
nk ! k

6.    ^hD5
E 1  n  
nk 1 , nk 2 , · · · = q a† k1 a† nk2 · · · |0i (3.25)
nk1 !nk2 ! · · · k1 k2

^h  ,
ot  I D3 Nk , ak
h i  
†
= a† , Nk , ak = −ak .
k
1. . f:\#  t Um
|k1 , · · · , ki , · · · , kj , · · ·i = |k1 , · · · , kj , · · · , ki , · · ·i (3.26)

2.!^h_C h1M t^h

§3.1.1 ;  Wk)m;&xK F 

Nf\ , t  I DCsOht  I D
Z Z
1 d3 k d3 k′ n ′

 −ikx+ik′ x′  † ′

 ikx−ik′ x′ o
[ϕ (x) , ϕ (x′ )] = 3
√ a (k) , a †
k e + a (k) , a k e
(2π) 2ω · 2ω ′
Z
1 1  −ik(x−x′ ) ′

= 3 d3 k e − eik(x−x ) ≡ i∆ (x − x′ ) (3.27)
(2π) 2ω

b q
Z Z
3 1

d k = d4 kδ k 2 − m2 θ (k0 ) (3.28)
2ω

-X


1
δ k 2 − m2 = δ k02 − k2 − m2 = [δ (k0 − ω) + δ (k0 + ω)] (3.29)
2ω
( (
1, k0 > 0 1, k0 > 0
θ (k0 ) = , ε (k0 ) = θ (k0 ) − θ (−k0 ) = (3.30)
0, k0 < 0 −1, k0 < 0

θ(x) 3 ,[Y 
Z
d4 k
′
∆ (x − x′ ) = −i 3δ k 2 − m2 ε (k0 ) e−ik(x−x ) (3.31)
(2π)

q Lorentz ?0t Vh 8 k > k E 9 6im1VH 8 >3n

ε (k0 ) 2 2

Vh 8 x = t − x > 0VH 8 x = t − x < 0 VH 8 x _ x f|  ftp

0
2 2 2 2 2 2 ′

 RI D Principle of Micro-causality
C I
∆ (t, x) = ∆ (t, −x, ) ∆ (t, x) = −∆ (−t, −x) {∆ (x) = −∆ (−x)} (3.32)
∂∆ (x) ∂ ∂
= −δ (3) (x) , ∆ (t, x) = 0, ∆ (t, x) = 0, (i = 1, 2, 3) (3.33)
∂t t=0 ∂xi t=0 ∂xi xi =0


 + m2 ∆ (x) = 0, [ϕ (x) , ϕ (x′ )] ∼ ∆ (x − x′ ) , ∆ (0, x) = 0 (3.34)
E\p >UDUuO 20

S + 6 r §3.2

/ 3hOC uf 9 i3hO ϕ (x) , ϕ (x) pV 1 2

(
ϕ= √1 [ϕ1 (x) + iϕ2 (x)]
2 (3.35)
ϕ† = √12 [ϕ1 (x) − iϕ2 (x)]

!h  m 9 t3hOR
oj^ht Klein-Gordon  XRGmn

 + m2 ϕi (x) = 0 i = 1, 2 (3.36)

Qth3
1 1
L= (∂µ ϕi ) (∂ µ ϕi ) − m2 ϕi ϕi (3.37)
2 2
 qi3hOt9j5πi = ϕ̇i Qt  I D3
( 
 

ϕi (k, t) , ϕj k′ , t = πi (k, t) , πj k′ , t = 0


(3.38)
πi (k, t) , ϕj k′ , t = −iδij δ 3 k − k′

U  h3
Z Z
1 2 
H= d3 xH = d3 x πi + (∇ϕi ) (∇ϕi ) + m2 ϕi ϕi (3.39)
2

hh oj 5
Z  
1
d3 k ω(k) a†i (k)ai (k) + = H
2

S^h  , 
Ni (k) = a†i (k)ai (k) (3.40)

 I D
h i

 h i
ai (k), a†j (k′ ) = δij δ 3 k − k′ , ai (k), aj k′ = a†i (k) , a†j (k′ ) = 0 (3.41)

  / 3hO5
1 1
ϕ (x) = √ (ϕ1 + iϕ2 ) , ϕ† (x) = √ (ϕ1 − iϕ2 ) (3.42)
2 2

Bv0t ϕ (x) → e iελ

ϕ (x) , ϕ† (x) → e−iελ ϕ† (x) RR/3hO=[0 t ;?0m5|f h
Z Z
Q = −i d xπr λrs ϕs = −i d3 xλ [πϕ − π ∗ ϕ∗ ]
3
(3.43)

 \ | f 
\  \ O ℄h \ .  Xm^h D#tQ 7 TPhC 3
1 1
L = (∂µ ϕi ) (∂ µ ϕi ) − m2 ϕi ϕi
2 2
= (∂µ ϕ∗ ) (∂ µ ϕ) − m2 ϕ∗ ϕ (3.44)

f  sq
E\p >UDUuO 21
∂L 1
π= = ϕ̇∗ = √ (ϕ̇1 − iϕ̇2 )
∂ ϕ̇ 2
(3.45)
∂L
∗ 1
π = = ϕ̇ = √ (ϕ̇1 + iϕ̇2 )
∂ ϕ̇∗ 2

U  h
Z
1 
H = d3 x πi πi + (∇ϕi ) (∇ϕi ) + m2 ϕi ϕi
2
Z
 
= d3 x π ∗ π + (∇ϕ∗ ) (∇ϕ) + m2 ϕ∗ ϕ (3.46)

hh oj 

 
 
 

ϕ (k, t) , ϕ k′ , t = ϕ (k, t) , ϕ† k′ , t = π (k, t) , π k′ , t = π (k, t) , π † k′ , t = 0.

 


π (k, t) , ϕ k′ , t = π † (k, t) , ϕ† k′ , t = −iδ 3 k′ − k (3.47)

 hH
Z
1 1  
ϕ (x) = 3/2
d3 k √ a(k)e−ikx +b† (k)eikx
(2π) 2ω
Z
† 1 1  † 
ϕ (x) = 3/2
d3 k √ a (k) e+ikx + b(k)e−ikx (3.48)
(2π) 2ω

f  (^  I D
   

a(k), a† (k′ ) = b(k), b† (k′ ) = δ 3 k − k′ (3.49)

     
    
a(k), b k′ = a† (k), b† (k′ ) = a(k), a(k′ ) = a(k), b k′ = a† (k), a† (k′ ) = b† (k), b† (k′ ) = 0

5  h3
Z Z  
  1
Pµ = d3 k kµ a† (k)a(k)+ b† (k)b(k) + δ 3 (k − k) = d3 k kµ a†i (k)ai (k) + δ 3 (k − k) (3.50)
2

| f r j
o ∂ j = 0
µ
µ
µ

 t| f h3
Z Z Z h i
   
Q=i d3 x ϕ† ϕ̇− ϕϕ̇† = d3 k a† (k)a(k)− b† (k)b(k) = d3 k N + − N − (3.51)
k k

-X a, a #8l6G^ht\_Nf, b, b #8l6^ht\_Nf, =7(=j Klein-

† †

Gordon  Xh1t 0 xt:Klein-Gordon  XÆtq 9 G  ^hpVtk[ \ t

3hO
+$ 6 §3.3

hhO|3|5^hKtQ l u ? jX| > ;9ks Zb& -1 x _
0Æx

V3C3 ;qJr^h1hHXqR a /  tG ;k 7 l Y  9  Æa;
h
{IR)t Klein-Gordon  X


 + m2 ϕ (x) = J (x) (3.52)

i3hO _/ 3hOt Klein-Gordon  XjmQ!F Gt'|  f<#r

E\p >UDUuO 22

3( (3.52){Ia;h 7 l Y G (x − x′ ):


x + m2 G (x − x′ ) = −δ 4 (x − x′ ) (3.53)

JHU (3.53) (5 (3.52) t(7C6n3

Z
ϕ (x) = ϕ0 (x) − d4 xG (x − x′ ) J (x′ )

-X ϕ qj Klein-Gordon  X (3.1) t
o.)t( a;h-l Fourier 0 t

0
Z
d4 k −ik(x−x′ )
G (x − x′ ) = 4e G (k) (3.54)
(2π)

q
Z

d4 k −ik(x−x′ )


2x + m2 G (x − x′ ) = 4e −k 2 + m2 G (k)
(2π)

Z
Z
4 ′ d4 k −ik(x−x′ )
δ (x − x ) = 4e
(2π)

9 (3.53)  'CJ
1 1
G (k) = = 2
k 2 − m2 (k 0 ) − ω 2

f 9 .| k = ±ω,  }# (3.54) ? k ti_-l

G(k) 0 0

3jL?= 9 S
 
1 1 1 1 1
∆F (k) = = = −
k 2 − m2 + iǫ′ (k 0 )2 − (ω − iǫ)2 2ω k 0 − (ω − iǫ) k 0 + (ω − iǫ)

-X ǫ = 2ωǫ. qj ǫ ,3 0 1 SXX<q># ǫ _ ǫ .  ∆

′ ′
F (k) 6imlS (3.54)

Z
d4 k 1 ′
∆F (x − x ) = ′
4
2 − m2 + iǫ
e−ik(x−x )
(2π) k
Z Z  
d3 k eik·(x−x ) +∞ dk 0 −ik0 (t−t′ )
′
1 1
= 3 e −
(2π) 2ω −∞ 2π k 0 − (ω − iǫ) k 0 + (ω − iǫ)

9Z /# ?t'| θ (t) t  Æ (3.30) 

Z +∞
e−iζt
lim dζ = −2πiθ (t)
ǫ→0 −∞ ζ + iǫ

f  sq
Z h i
d3 k ′ ′
∆F (x − x′ ) = −i 3 θ (t − t′ ) e−ik·(x−x ) + θ (t′ − t) eik·(x−x ) (3.55)
(2π) 2ω

 o  ;
Z Z
d3 k d3 k
ϕ (x) |0 >= q a+ (k) eik·x |0 >= q eik·x |k >
3 3
(2π) 2ω (2π) 2ω
E\p >UDUuO 23

Z
d3 k′ ′ ′
< 0|ϕ (x′ ) = q e−ik ·x < k′ |
3
(2π) 2ω ′

Z P  o 


< k′ |k >= δ 3 k − k′


Z
d3 k ′
′
< 0|ϕ (x ) ϕ (x) |0 >= q eik·(x−x )
3
(2π) 2ω

q (3.55) CO , 6i3

i∆F (x − x′ ) = θ (t − t′ ) < 0|ϕ (x) ϕ (x′ ) |0 > +θ (t′ − t) < 0|ϕ (x′ ) ϕ (x) |0 >

= < 0|T [ϕ (x) ϕ (x′ )] |0 > (3.56)

-X T [· · ·]  Æj 9 /hW }  3h , ~

(
A (x) B (x′ ) , t > t′
T [A (x) B (x′ )] ≡
B (x′ ) A (x) , t′ > t

C
(3.1) I (3.55) mXt ∆ F (x − x′ )
o  X
2


2x + m ∆F (x − x′ ) = −δ 4 (x − x′ )

 ∆ (x − x ) q 7 l Y 
F
′

(3.2) I / 3hO (3.55) mC 63

 
i∆F (x − x′ ) =< 0|T ϕ (x) ϕ+ (x′ ) |0 >

y
 
i∆F (x − x′ ) =< 0|T ϕ (x′ ) ϕ+ (x) |0 >
 /W  Ii3&* 5 q
§4.1 wJ+ &  6 r
{ &tbO (m = 0); Massive vector field
O ObO Aµ , W ±, Z 0 j f< S j  *E x sVhQt Lorentz 0 t 3A (x ) =
′ ′


µ
aµν Aν (x)
_ f< qjv3 1 tjhO Q A 6n µ

 Quark, Lepton Fermion O


G ,W ,A ,Zµ O O±
µ
0

Higgs O
 µ

 φ

O  X3
∂ µ Fµν = −m2 Aν (4.1)

-X
Fµν ≡ ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ

 'jtbO
∂ µ Fµν = 0, Fµν ≡ ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ (4.2)

O  X7?7C sq
Aν − ∂ν (∂ µ Aµ ) = −m2 Aν

-X  = ∂ ∂ = ∂ − ∇  µ
µ
t
2 2

 _mf./^5C sq
∂ ν Aν − ∂ ν ∂ν (∂ µ Aµ ) = −m2 ∂ ν Aν

 m 6= 0 ∂ A = 0 ν
ν

 ∂ A = 0 qO  XtB # fXC ^ ℄tj O 3 9 

ν
ν

F O  XC v3
(

 + m2 Aµ = 0
(4.3)
∂ µ Aµ = 0

 QtQth3
1 1
L = − Fµν F µν + m2 A2µ (4.4)
4 2
-X F F = (∂ A − ∂ A ) (∂ A − ∂ A ) = 2∂ A ∂ A − 2∂ A ∂ A A = A, A = A .
µν
µν
µ ν ν µ
µ ν ν µ
µ ν
µ ν
µ ν
ν µ † †
0

hh o L X? W  Ȧ (F = 0, l6 Ȧ )A ?q ℄0h ,s A \
6n3 A, π

0

0 00 0 0 0

tY 
 ∂ F = −m A ? ν = 05
µ
µν
2
ν

1
1
A0 = − 2
∇j F j0 = − 2 ∇ · π
m m
A q ℄0h
24
Eap _UMFCDUuO 25
∂L
πj = = −Ȧj + ∇j A0
∂ Ȧj

1 1
π = −Ȧ + 2
∇ (∇ · π) → Ȧ = −π + 2 ∇(∇ · π) (4.5)
m m

1
Ȧ · π = −π 2 + π · ∇ (∇ · π)
m2
 H }# (# B }#)5
Z Z  
1 2
Ȧ · πd3 x = − π2 + (∇ · π) d3 x
m2

 Hamiltonian 3
Z  
H = −π · Ȧ − L d3 x

Z "  2 #
1 2 ∇·π 2 2 2
= π + + (∇ × A) + m A d3 x (4.6)
2 m

hh o
[Ai (x, t), πj (x′ , t)] = −iδij δ 3 (x − x′ ) (4.7)

-t [A , A ] , [π , π ] >vn
i j i j

 h6ZO  X3
(

 + m2 Aµ = 0
(4.8)
∂ µ Aµ = 0

( <(3
Aµ (k, x) = eµ (k) ei(k·x−ωt) (4.9)

-X  3 o jh= 9 ' R lSO  Xt{ 9 X5C sq

p
ω = k2 + m2 eµλ (k)

kµ eµλ (k) = 0 (λ = 1, 2, 3) (4.10)

m'_ f 9 '|7C sqG t'|

(
Aµ (k, x) = eµ (k) ei(k·x−ωt)
(4.11)
kµ eµλ (k) = 0 (λ = 1, 2, 3)

f (4.10) mC Jro k F  j 7Oh1X 9 ℄t o jh e µ

λ=1,2,3 (k) 7q

 k (k · ελ )
 ελ + m(ω + m)
 µ = 1, 2, 3
eµλ=1,2,3 (k) = (4.12)
 k · ελ

 µ=0
m
>
o k e (k) = 0-X ε
µ
µ λ λ=1,2,3 qX 9 GtX5m8jh
G P m
Eap _UMFCDUuO 26
 µ
 eλ (k)eµλ′ (k) = −δλλ′ (λ, λ′ = 1, 2, 3)
(4.13)

kµ eµλ (k) = 0

,$l3
3
X kµ kν
eµλ (k)eνλ (k) = −g µν +
m2
λ=1

?m8jh{X # h k !X- ε 1
· k = ε2 · k = 0 5 o jhtjm3


eλ=1 (k) = 0, ε1


eλ=2 (k) = 0, ε2 (4.14)
 
|k| ω k
eλ=3 (k) = ,
m m |k|

(tjmhh o 
3
X Z  
1 1
µ
A (x) = d3 k √ eµλ (k) aλ (k)e−ikx + a†λ (k)e+ikx (4.15)
(2π)3/2 2ω
λ=1

?2 tw3D5C sq

Z X h i
1 1
A(x) = d3 k √ ελ (k) aλ (k)e−ikx + a†λ (k)e+ikx
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=1,2

ω k h i
+ a3 (k)e−ikx + a†3 (k)e+ikx (4.16)
m |k|


π = −Ȧ − ∇A0 (4.17)

Cs

Z r
i ωX h i
π(x) = d3 k ελ (k) aλ (k)e−ikx − a†λ (k)e+ikx
(2π)3/2 2
λ=1,2

m k h i
+ a3 (k)e−ikx − a†3 (k)e+ikx (4.18)
ω |k|

jhOC # 3 e O _ nO


 π = πT + π L



π T = −ȦT (∇ · π T = 0) (4.19)





π L = −ȦL + 1/m2 ∇(∇ · π L )

f (4.16) _ (4.18) mC  (^} , 

Z r 
1 ω i
aλ=1,2 (k) = d3 xe+ikx ελ (k) · A(x) − √ ελ (k) · π(x)
(2π)3/2 2 2ω
Z r 
1 3 +ikx ωm k i ω k
aλ=3 (k) = d xe · A(x) − √ · π(x) (4.20)
(2π)3/2 2 ω |k| 2ω m |k|
Eap _UMFCDUuO 27

  λ = 1, 2, 3  
h i
aλ (k), a†λ′ (k′ ) = δλλ′ δ 3 (k − k′ )
 U  h3
Z "  2 # Z " 3
#
1 ∇·π 2
X
H= 3
d x π + 2
+ (∇ × A) + m A 2 2
⇒ 3
d k ω(k)a†λ (k)aλ (k) (4.21)
2 m
λ=1

Otjv ,
Z Z h i
Sjk = d3 x (πj Ak − πk Aj ) = d3 xπr Ŝjk ϕs (4.22)
rs

-X _ S
h i
Ŝjk ≡ Srs,jk rs,µν = (grµ gsν − grν gsµ ).
95
rs

Ŝ3 ≡ Ŝ12 Ŝ2 ≡ Ŝ31 Ŝ1 ≡ Ŝ23

     
0 1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0
     
= 
 −1 0 0 
 =  0
 0 0 
 =  0 0
 1 

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −1 0
7q 
h i
Ŝi , Ŝj = −ǫijk Ŝk
Z X h ih i
k i ′
Sz ≡ S· = d3 k ek · ǫλ (k) × ǫλ (k) a†λ′ (k)aλ (k) − a†λ (k)aλ′ (k)
|k| 2
λ,λ′ =1,2
Z h i
= i d3 k a†2 (k)a1 (k) − a†1 (k)a2 (k)
Z h i
= d3 k a†+1 (k)a+1 (k) − a†−1 (k)a−1 (k) (4.23)

-X a (k) = 1/√2 [a (k) − ia (k)]a (k) = 1/√2 [a (k) + ia (k)]

+1 1 2 −1 1 2

a qjv{X # h3 1 t\ , a qjv{X # h3 1 t\ , a qjv{X #

+1 −1 3

h3 0 t\ , 
B
2
X kikj
eiλ (k)ejλ (k) + = δij
λ=1
k2
3
X kµ kν
eµλ (k)eνλ (k) = −g µν +
m2
λ=1

-X a = P (a · ε ) ε a
λ=1
3
λ λ
i
=
3 P
P
λ=1
( aj εjλ )εiλ
j
P j i

ελ ελ = δij .
λ

§4.2 4' U(1) ℄IÆ+ 6 r

 U8hFµν = ∂µAν −∂ A ν µ

O  X3
∂ µ Fµν = 0 (4.24)

-A7?5
[Aν − ∂ν (∂ µ Aµ )] = 0
Eap _UMFCDUuO 28

O ?0m 1RGt O 0 t GO  X;?0m

Aµ (x) → A′µ (x) = Aµ (x) − ∂µ φ(x)1! 9 GBDX

Qt  U8ht0 t 3
′
Fµν (x) = ∂µ A′ν (x) − ∂ν A′µ (x)

= ∂µ Aν (x) − ∂µ ∂ν φ(x) − ∂ν Aµ (x) + ∂ν ∂µ φ(x)

= Fµν

 1 O 0 t GO3 F 9? 3 0 µν

f  O  Xt?0m
∂ µ Fµν
′
(x) = ∂ µ Fµν (4.25)

w4  t O  1  f  k;?0m
§4.2.1  ) - \H^

1. Lorentz a0 O (Covariant Gauge):

O ∂ A = 0  O  X3
µ
µ

 Aµ = 0
(4.26)

∂ µ Aµ = 0

O tw4: R R Aν ?
o ∂ ν Aν = 0 5? φ = ∂ ν Aν 9p A′µ = Aµ − ∂µ φf  C sq

∂ ν A′ν = ∂ ν Aν − φ = 0 
!R R ∂ A C
µ
µ =0 ⇒ ∂ µ A′µ = 0 -X A ′
= Aµ − ∂µ Λ _ Λ = 0 
2. J{ O Coulomb Gauge 
µ

O ∇ · A = 0 
O  X (4.24) C 6n3
  

 A + ∇ ∇ · A + Ȧ0 = 0
  (4.27)

 A0 − ∂/∂t ∇ · A + Ȧ0 = 0

_ O 5
 
 A + ∇Ȧ0 = 0  A = 0

 jOA0 = 0 →  (4.28)
∇2 A0 = 0 ∇·A= 0

M a  9 jhO C 6nV


V = V T + V L = δij − ∂i ∂j /∇2 Vj + ∂i ∂j /∇2 Vj (4.29)

-X
eO

 ∇·VT =0
(4.30)

∇×VL = 0 nO
  S Coulomb Gaugeks A = A  T
Eap _UMFCDUuO 29

R R ∇ · A 6= 05? ∇ φ = ∇ · Ap A = A − ∇φ 0 t m 5 ∇ · A = 0J{ O

2 ′ ′

tE|qJt Lorentz a0mnqJ6njbOq 9e O!h (4.28) mC J

rǫ · k = 0
λ

§4.3 Coulomb Gauge l[ 6 + 6 r

L hOtQthC V
1 1

L = − Fµν F µν = E2 − B2 (4.31)
4 2
(
-X  Æ E ≡ −∇A0 − Ȧ
B ≡∇×A
L  X? W  Ȧ  0 A0 ? ℄
95
∂L
πj = = Ej (4.32)
∂ Ȧj

b 1K1|t  1X∇ · A = 0 _ A 0 =0 jOt9M 

R R S  I D
 
Ai (x, t), π j (x′ , t) = −iδij δ 3 (x − x′ ) (4.33)

5
 
∂i Ai (x, t), πj (x′ , t) = i∂j δ 3 (x − x′ ) 6= 0

= Coulomb Gauge Q   ,s =3 I D

o 3j t  I D3
 
 i j
 ′ ∂i ∂j
A (x, t), π (x , t) = −i δij − 2 δ 3 (x − x′ ) (4.34)
∇

=7 ∇ · A = 0 _ ∇ × π = 0 R-t  R [A , A ] = [π , π ] = 0 i j i j

 h6Z

O  X  A(x) = 0 C (^
∇ · A(x) = 0
Z
1 3 1 X h −ikx ∗ † +ikx
i
A(x) = d k √ ε λ (k)a λ (k)e + ε λ (k)a λ (k)e (4.35)
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=1,2

-X k = ω = |k|
0 95
ελ (k) · k = 0  sqG5  h
Z r
i 3 ω X h −ikx ∗ † +ikx
i
π = d k ε λ (k)a λ (k)e − ε λ (k)a λ (k)e (4.36)
(2π)3/2 2
λ=1,2

fX  (^ a (k), a (k) λ
†
λ
Z r 
1 ω i
aλ (k) = d3 xe+ikx ελ (k) · A(x) − √ ελ (k) · π(x) (4.37)
(2π)3/2 2 2ω

q j  I Dtjm3
h i
aλ (k), a†λ′ (k′ )
Eap _UMFCDUuO 30
Z  
1 3 3 ′ +ikx −ik′ x′ i j ′ ∂i ∂j
= d xd x e e ελ (k)ελ′ (k ) δij − 2 δ 3 (x − x′ )
(2π)3 ∇

= δλλ′ δ 3 (k − k′ ) (4.38)

 I Dt(pXq I Dm
  Z  
∂i ∂j 1 pi pj
d p δij − 2 eip·(x−x )
′
δij − 2 δ 3 (x − x′ ) = 3
∇ (2π)3 p
ελ (k) · ελ′ (k) = δλλ′

ελ (k) · k = 0

q j U  htjm3
Z X
H = d3 k |k|a†λ (k)aλ (k) ω = |k| (4.39)
λ=1,2
Z X
P = d3 k ka†λ (k)aλ (k) (4.40)
λ=1,2

λ = 1, 2t?!K`1  jvt A L? VhtjhOtjv8Bq,DQ!t

§4.3.1  ;  Wk (,E)

Ot  I D3
Z h i
  1 d3 k X i ′ ′
Ai (x), Aj (x′ ) = eλ (k)ejλ (k) e−ik(x−x ) − eik(x−x ) (4.41)
(2π)3 2ω
λ=1,2

Z
X kikj
eiλ (k)ejλ (k) = δij −
|k|2
λ=1,2

L hOOf 9  o X
5  I D
 
 i
 j ′ ∂i ∂j
A (x), A (x ) = i δij − 2 D(x − x′ ) (4.42)
∇

-X D(x) = ∆(x)| ;tjm3 m=0

1
D(x) = [δ(t + |x|) − δ(t − |x|)] (4.43)
4π|x|

=q 9 Jmt Lorentz a0

§4.4 Lorentz Gauge l+4'+ 6 r
E|qSj >Xtj ,s\A
GO  X3
Lorentz Gauge
Eap _UMFCDUuO 31

 Aµ = 0
(4.44)

∂ µ Aµ = 0

Aµ (µ = 0, 1, 2, 3) u3 ℄tO , O u3>Xj
ot ha| ∂ A µ

µ |ai = 0 f  iq"Z
Jmt Lorentz Covariant.
Qthtjm3
1
L = − Fµν F µν
4
 F 00 =0  Ȧ0 ?h1f  A ? ℄F ,so 3 Qth
0

1
L = − Fµν F µν
4
1 1 2 1 1
= − (∂µ Aν ) (∂ µ Aν ) + (∂µ Aµ ) + ∂µ (Aν ∂ ν Aµ ) − ∂ ν (Aν ∂µ Aµ )
2 2 2 2
yA j t 5Z V5
1 1 2
L ⇒ − (∂µ Aν ) (∂ µ Aν ) + (∂µ Aµ )
2 2

S Lorentz O  ⇒ 1
− (∂µ Aν ) (∂ µ Aν )
2
Qth  h8h3
1



Tµν = − ∂µ Aλ (∂ν Aλ ) + (∂ν Aλ ) ∂µ Aλ − gµν (∂ρ Aλ ) ∂ ρ Aλ
2
Ot  h3
Z
Pµ = d3 xT0µ
Z n
1
o
= − d3 x Ȧλ (∂µ Aλ ) + (∂µ Aλ ) Ȧλ − g0µ (∂ρ Aλ ) ∂ ρ Aλ
2
R 3 R

P = d xE × B, H = 12 d3 x E 2 + B 2
!GRhh o 
πµ =
∂L
∂ Ȧµ
= −Ȧµ (µ = 0, 1, 2, 3) =h A ℄0

SG5  I D
[Aµ (x, t), πν (x′ , t)] = igµν δ 3 (x − x′ ) (4.45)

-t [π , π ] = [A , A ] = 0
µ ν µ ν

/  X
Ȧµ = i [H, Aµ ] π̇µ = i [H, πµ ] (4.46)

U  h3
Z
H = d3 xH

1
H = − (πµ π µ + ∇Aµ · ∇Aµ )
2
=XCpRh?G  
Eap _UMFCDUuO 32

 h _   htjm
Z
P = − π µ ∇Aµ d3 x
Z
Mjk = d3 xπ µ [Ljk + Sjk ]µν Aν

y < M = R d3xπ [L + S] AMi = 12 ǫijk Mjk 

Aµ = 0  2 u3O ,
ot  X
Lorentz 
χ = ∂ µ Aµ = 0 ⇒ [χ(x, t), A0 (x′ , t)] = 0 (4.47)

 I D [π0(x, t), A0 (x′, t)] = −iδ3(x − x′)    ?N3q ,
ot

 h6Z Aµ = 0 C (^
Z
d3 k X h µ i
3
1
Aµ (x) = √ eλ (k)aλ (k)e−ikx + eµ∗
λ (k)a †
λ (k)e ikx
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=0

 <j k ?
e0 = (1, 0) = (1, 0, 0, 0)

e1 = (0, ε1 ) = (0, 1, 0, 0)

e2 = (0, ε2 ) = (0, 0, 1, 0)
k
e3 = (0, ) = (0, 0, 0, 1) (4.48)
ω
5
eµλ (k)e∗µλ′ (k) = −ζλ δλλ′ (λ, λ′ = 0, 1, 2, 3), G Q l K
,$m
3
X
ζλ eµλ (k)eνλ (k)∗ = −g µν
λ=0

-X ζ = −1, ζ1 = ζ2 = ζ3 = +1.
0  (^ aλ(k), a†λ (k)5
h i
aλ (k), a†λ′ (k′ ) = ζλ δλλ′ δ 3 (k − k′ ) (4.49)

-t [a , a 
h i
λ λ′ ] = a†λ , a†λ′ = 0

Z 3
X
Pµ = d3 kkµ ζλ a†λ (k)aλ (k) (4.50)
λ=0


Z " 3
#
X
H= 3
d kω(k) a†λ (k)aλ (k) − a†0 (k)a0 (k) (4.51)
λ=1

p Nk = −ak ak 5 ak , ak = −δkk -AC sq Nk , ak _ Nk0, ak0 = −ak0 

h i h i
† † †
′ ′ = a†
0 0 0 0 k0
 Nk t&DL3 0, 1, · · ·
0 0 0

  >H3 ak |0 >= 0 _ < 0|0 >= 15 ak |0 > t3

0
†
0 0
Eap _UMFCDUuO 33
h i
< 0|ak0 a† |0 > = < 0| ak0 , a† |0 >
k0 k0
= − < 0|0 >= −1

f  '|
n
nk 0 nk 0 = (−1) k0 (4.52)

h , t(>LC3 0 
nk 0 H nk 0 = ω(k) nk0 Nk0 nk0

= ω(k)nk0 nk0 nk0

n
= (−1) k0 ω(k)nk0

f  ^Kj 0 :
Lorentz χ = ∂ A ha| χ |ai = 0 
µ
µ

 Lorentz  o VG tjm
∂ µ Aµ = ∂ µ A(+) µ (−)
µ + ∂ Aµ (4.53)

-X A l6 G' \ , B # A l6 0 ' Nf , B # 

(+)
µ
(−)
µ

Lorentz ?? ∂ A |ai = 0  ,s?V ∂ A |ai = 0 = 9 q\ # t

µ µ (+)
µ µ

?  ha| ∂ A = 0C (^ ha| ∂ A + ∂ A |ai = ha| ∂ A |ai = 0

µ (−)
µ
µ (−)
µ
µ (+)
µ
µ
µ

 Æ
3
X
L(k) ≡ k µ eµλ (k)aλ (k) = |k| [a0 (k) − a3 (k)] (4.54)
λ=0

Z
d3 k X h µ i
3
1
Aµ (x) = √ eλ (k)aλ (k)e−ikx + eµλ (k)a†λ (k)eikx (4.55)
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=0

3 k e = 0k e = −k · |kk| = − |k|k e = k = |k|h

µ
µ λ=1,2
µ
µ λ=3
µ
µ λ=0 0

 Lorentz  ∂ A |ai = 0 5 [a (k) − a (k)] |ai = 0 y < ha| a (k) − a (k) = 0

i
µ (+) † †
µ 0 3 0 3

f  sq^h  , 
N3 (k) + N0 (k) = a†3 (k)a3 (k) − a†0 (k)a0 (k)
1 †  1 † 
= − a0 − a†3 (a0 + a3 ) − a0 + a†3 (a0 − a3 ) (4.56)
2 2
 ;
ha| N3 (k) + N0 (k) |ai = 0

f  ;C ^ λ = 3 n L hλ = 0 3h L h  h  h4>Xh?uM aA LOgG

λ = 1, 2 t eL h
Lorentz C \A 0 
o Lorentz t;RGjm

L(k) |af i = 0 (4.57)

nq a ?  q>HC W  eL h _ n L h3h L h j f<  >Xh A L

f

i t>X Æ C 6n3

Eap _UMFCDUuO 34

|af i = Rf |a0 i (4.58)

-X |a i 6nO W  eL ht
0 λ = 1, 2 
R tjm3
f
X X
Rf = 1+ f (k)L† (k) + · · · + f (k1 , · · · , kn )L† (k1 ) · · · L† (kn ) + · · · (4.59)
k k1 ···kn

f2 t  Æm (4.54) C (^
  h i
L(k), L† (k′ ) = |k| k′ ak 0 − ak 3 , a† ′ − a† ′
k0 k3
nh i h io
= |k| k′ ak 0 , a† ′ + ak 3 , a† ′ (4.60)
k0 k3
= 0

 L(k) _ L (k )    † ′

L(k) |af i = L(k)Rf |a0 i

= Rf L(k) |a0 i = 0 (4.61)

K1RG?!tKt } 
 |a i _ |b i >
o Lorentz # 86n3|a i = R
f g f f 
|a0 i |bg i = Rg |b0 i t } 3
haf | bg i = ha0 | Rf† Rg |b0 i

= ha0 | Rg Rf† |b0 i

= ha0 | b0 i (4.62)

f<t } Odq>X eL ht } 

=XG t
 
X
Rf† |b0 i = 1 + f ∗ (k)L(k) + · · · |b0 i
k
= |b0 i

7q
o Lorentz tt } ' R 3>X eL ht } f  (=j 0 t:

§4.5 4'$ 6
)bO  XC 3
∂µ F µν = j ν

y
Aν − ∂ ν (∂µ Aµ ) = j ν (4.63)

-X j ν
≡ (j 0 , j). KQtQth3
1
L = − Fµν F µν − Aµ j µ (4.64)
4
Eap _UMFCDUuO 35

S OH V (gauge − f ixing term)

1
LGF = − (∂µ Aµ )2 (4.65)
2ξ

j /  XK03:
1
Aν − (1 − )∂ ν (∂µ Aµ ) = j ν
ξ

3 3
1
[g λµ  − (1 − )∂ λ ∂ µ ]Aµ = j λ (4.66)
ξ

-X ξ 3G qC sqa;h (7 l Y )Dµν (x − x′ )
otvm

1
[g λµ  − (1 − )∂ λ ∂ µ ]Dµν (x − x′ ) = δ λ ν δ 4 (x − x′ ) (4.67)
ξ

-l Fourier 0 t
1
−[g λµ k 2 − (1 − )k λ k µ ]Dµν (k) = δ λ ν (4.68)
ξ

 D µν (k) ,qOS k tU3 2 t8hF C63 g _ k k tOmp b 5 µν µ ν

1
δλ ν = −[g λµ k 2 − (1 − )k λ k µ ](agµν + bkµ kν )
ξ
1 1
= −ak 2 δ λ ν + [a(1 − ) − bk 2 ]k λ kν (4.69)
ξ ξ

(s
1 1−ξ
a=− 2
,b =
k k4
a;h
1 kµ kν
Dµν (k) = − [gµν − (1 − ξ) 2 ]
k2 k
-?.|sq Feynman a;h
1 kµ kν
Dµν (k) = − [gµν − (1 − ξ) 2 ] (4.70)
k 2 + iǫ k
C/hW }  , R6i
< 0|T Aµ (x)Aν (x′ )|0 > = iDµν (x − x′ )

= −gµν [i△F (x − x′ )]m=0

Z
1 −igµν −ik(x−x′ )
= 4
d4 k 2 e (4.71)
(2π) k + iǫ

t  Æ (3.55) m
△F (x − x′ )
0h ξ 9?^K1qZ 'RXF?!tOw4?v U>XJ Jh 9Qt O RG
Feynman-’t Hooft gauge
igµν
ξ=1 → iDµν (k) = − (4.72)
k 2 + iǫ
Landau gauge
Eap _UMFCDUuO 36
i kµ kν
ξ=0 → iDµν (k) = − [gµν − 2 ] (4.73)
k 2 + iǫ k
1 Landau gauge G k D (k) = 0.
µ
µν

V t # ?C s^1?S OH VhbOta;hq<(?h1t-'1bOO

f 9 ℄j A ,f 9 ℄ # h
µ

C (4.1)
IjbOQth L = − 1
4 Fµν F
µν
1 k y 5Z V _ S O  j C 3
1
L = − (∂µ Aν )(∂ µ Aν )
2
 /i  ~* 5 q
vhOMtqjv3 1/2 thhO6hKEv
§5.1 Dirac K!{7 u{ *
m^htQ  |<  X
∂
i ψ = Hψ (5.1)
∂t
H = α · (−i∇) + βm (5.2)
 
ψ1
 
-Xvh ψ=
 ψ2 
  α
  _ β q 4 × 4 t8B
 ψ3 
ψ4
1}qhht  
∂
E→i p → −i∇ (5.3)
∂t
Q  |a0  X
pµ pµ = m2

Z_ t   I D5C (^ Klein-Gordon  X

 
∂2
∇2 − 2 φ = m2 φ
∂t

2 X  jQ  |th  h I D;JtQ  |a0m

nqu3 Schrödinger  X( N t Klein-Gordon  X v3m^h<  X h1f 0 xtO

 Xt-
Dirac

1. h _ Ht/^ qdt
∂
i ψ = [αi (−i∂i ) + βm] ψ = (α · p + βm) ψ (5.4)
∂t
2. ψ R q # htα, β   q n × n t8BR R Tw&E .0 xtOψ ψ u3 x ∗

 d xψ ψ 3| f h ψ ψ ,sq 4 jhth # hψ 7?qmt3h

3 ∗ ∗

3. ψ t 9# h ,s
o Klein-Gordon  X7q ∂ ∂ + m ψ = 0 

µ 2
µ α

f Dirac  X (5.4) C Jr

∂2
− ψ = (α · p + βm) (α · p + βm) ψ
∂t2
= (αi pi + βm) (αj pj + βm) ψ


= αi αj pi pj + αi pi βm + βmαj pj + β 2 m2 ψ
 
1 2 2
= (αi αj + αj αi ) pi pj + (αi β + βαi ) mpi + β m ψ (5.5)
2

SRGt
37
Efp iUDUuO 38

αi αj + αj αi ≡ {αi , αj } = 2δij (5.6)

αi β + βαi = 0 (5.7)

β2 = 1 (5.8)

C  (5.5) m o V
∂2

− ψ = p2 + m2 ψ (5.9)
∂t2
 5 q N × N t8B= 7f8Bt&DL3 ±1!h (5.7) mC Jr
4. α2i = 1, β 2 = 1
βα β = −α  
i i

Tr[αi ] = − Tr[βαi β] = − Tr[β 2 αi ] = − Tr[αi ] = 0 (5.10)

 8Bt 3n N ,s3" 3 3&DLK _  &DL3 ±1 

αi
!h N = 2 ?l3=h ℄t8B3 Pauli 8B_m88BH
o (5.6)
m=tnq _ m88Bq  t?
o (5.7) m q^t" N = 4
RF? Pauli-Dirac 6Z
! ! !
0 σ I 0 1 0
α= β= I= (5.11)
σ 0 0 −I 0 1

§5.2 Dirac K!+u yL

 Æ
γ ≡ βα (5.12)

γ0 ≡ β (5.13)

f α, β 8Bt  I DC Jr γ µ†
= γ 0γ µγ 0 (µ = 0, 1, 2, 3) 
Dirac  XC 3 V

(iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ(x) = 0 (5.14)

=7q Dirac  Xta0jm

Æ
i
γ 5 = γ5 ≡ iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 = ǫµνσρ γ µ γ ν γ σ γ ρ (5.15)
4!
-X ǫ 3  U8h z tO 5 !h s  γ γ
µνσρ
5 µ
+ γ µγ 5 = 0 _ γ52 = 1 
m'G7
(
µ γ = βα
γ γ µ γ ν + γ ν γ µ = 2g µν (5.16)
γ0 = β
(
5 γ 5 = iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3
γ  5 µ γ52 = 1 (5.17)
γ ,γ = 0

Dirac Xt  jm
 Æ ψ̄ ≡ ψ† γ 0  (5.14) m?  C ~5
Efp iUDUuO 39
 
←−
ψ † −i(γ µ )† ∂µ − m = 0

f.W γ 0

 
←−
ψ † −i(γ µ )† ∂µ − m γ 0 = 0

=Xq γ γ µ ν
+ γ ν γ µ = 2g µν f  
 
←−
ψ † γ 0 −iγ µ ∂µ − m = 0
 
←−
ψ̄ iγ µ ∂ µ + m = 0 (5.18)

§5.2.1( 4 )m;&J
U  h3
H = α · p + βm (5.19)

1. [p, H] = 0 
dx
= [x, H] /i = [x, α · p] /i = αx
dt
 υ ≡ ṙ = α Qom^ht/  Æ 
2. jv  h
dˆ h i h i h i
li = −i l̂i , H = −i l̂i , αj pj = −iαj ˆli , pj
dt
= ǫijk αj pk


d
l = α×p ∼υ×p (5.20)
dt
Sdt>Xh
!
σ 0
Σ = (5.21)
0 σ

Q I [Σ, H] = −2i (α × p)ĵ = l̂ + 1/2Σ 3| f h 

h i
ĵ, H = 0
3. Helicity }v  Æ3
Σ·p
h ≡ (5.22)
|p|

3 l̂ · p = 0 [h, H] = 0h 2

= 1 ⇒ h = ±1 3| f h
Dirac  Xt Lorentz a0m

(iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ(x) = 0

0 t x → x = ax, x = a x 5 ψ(x) → ψ (x ) = Λψ(x)ψ (x ) = Λ

′ ′
µν
ν ′ ′ ′ ′
αβ ψβ (x) 4 #h 
Dirac  X  ta0jm3
µ α

iγ µ ∂µ′ − m ψ ′ (x′ ) = 0
Efp iUDUuO 40



∂  aµλ aνλ = δµν
∂µ′ = = aνµ ∂ν ∵ (5.23)
∂x′µ 
aλµ aλν = δµν

lS5


iγ µ aνµ ∂ν − m Λψ(x) = 0

RR Λ −1
iγ µ aνµ Λ = iγ ν 5f_ 7C (^
(iγ ν ∂ν − m) ψ(x) = 0

 a0q Λ
o Λ −1
iγ µ aνµ Λ = iγ ν Z a a
λ ν
ν µ = gµλ = δµλ 0p λ → µ5
Λ−1 γ µ Λ = aµ ν γ ν (5.24)

Lorentz  a00 > 0 <;^ 5

aµν = gµν + ǫµν (5.25)
i

Λ = I − ǫµν σ µν + O ǫ2 (5.26)
4
-X σ µν
= i/2 (γ µ γ ν − γ ν γ µ )  tOR
1

Λ = I + ǫµν S µν + O ǫ2
2
  Dirac OR
i 1
S µν = − σ µν = (γ µ γ ν − γ ν γ µ ) (5.27)
2 4
 (5.26) mC sq
i
Λ−1 = I + ǫµν σ µν (5.28)
4
5qI Λ −1 µ
γ Λ = aµν γ ν Z [AB, C] = A {B, C} − {A, C} B -X {A, B} = AB + BA5
[γ ν , σαβ ] = i [γ ν , γα γβ ]

= 2i(gαν γβ − gβν γα ) (5.29)


1 µν

Λ−1 γ µ Λ = γµ + ǫ γν − ǫλµ γλ
2
= γ µ + ǫµν γν = (gνµ + ǫµν ) γ ν

= aµν γ ν

 Y t0 t jm3
ψ(x) → ψ ′ (x′ ) = Λψ(x) (5.30)

ψ̄(x) → ψ̄ ′ (x′ ) = ψ̄(x)Λ−1 (5.31)

m (5.31) t(p S XRG

Efp iUDUuO 41

∵ ψ̄ ′ (x′ ) = ψ ′† (x′ )γ 0

∴ ψ̄ ′ (x′ ) = [Λψ(x)]† γ 0 = ψ † (x)γ 0 γ 0 Λ† γ 0

3
 
0 † 0 0 i ∗
γ Λ γ = γ 1 + ǫµν (σ ) γ 0
µν †
4

-X (σ ij †
) = σ ij , (σ 0j )† = −σ 0j , ǫ∗µν = ǫµν (0,1,2,3 O)
 
i
γ 0 Λ† γ 0 0
= γ 1 + ǫµν (σ ) γ 0 µν †
4
i
= 1 + ǫµν σ µν = Λ−1
4
Oma0h
ψ̄ ′ (x′ )ψ ′ (x′ ) = ψ̄(x)Λ−1 Λψ(x) = ψ̄(x)ψ(x) 3h (5.32)

ψ̄ ′ (x′ )γ µ ψ ′ (x′ ) = ψ̄(x)Λ−1 γ µ Λψ(x) = aµν ψ̄(x)γ ν ψ(x) jh (5.33)

ψ̄ ′ (x′ )γ µ γ ν ψ ′ (x′ ) = ψ̄(x)Λ−1 γ µ γ ν Λψ(x) = aµρ aνλ ψ̄(x)γ ρ γ λ ψ(x) 8h (5.34)

 ψ̄ψ 33hψ̄γ ψ 3jhqψ̄γ ψ 3 µ µ

r 
§5.3 Dirac K!+3-
jt Dirac  Xtjm3
∂
i ψ = [α · (−i∇) + βm] ψ
∂t
( <(3
ψ = W (p)ei(p·x−ωt) (5.35)

-X W 3 # htk8B
lSq Dirac  XXC sq
ω·W = (α · p + βm) W (5.36)

1. ω = +E =
p
m2 + p2 =h 5.36 m3
EW (+) = (α · p + βm) W (+) (5.37)

-X
 
ϕ
 
W (+) (p) =  σ·p  (5.38)
ϕ
E+m
1=Y ϕp3 # h
2. ω = −E = − m + p =h 2 2 5.36 m3
−EW (−) = (α · p + βm) W (−) (5.39)
Efp iUDUuO 42

-X
σ ·p !
(−) − E+m ϕ
W (p) = (5.40)
ϕ

0uq 5.36 mp

!
ϕ
W = (5.41)
χ

ϕ, χ 3 Pauli # hvho*α, β F Pauli  Dirac 6Z

! !
0 σ I 0
α = β=
σ 0 0 −I

 Dirac  XC V3
! ! !
m σ·p ϕ ϕ
= ω (5.42)
σ·p −m χ χ

5
(
mϕ + (σ · p) χ = ωϕ
(5.43)
(σ · p) ϕ − mχ = ωχ

f_ { 9 mhC sq χ = σ p ϕlSq{ 9 mhXA5 ·

m+ω

1
(ω − m)ϕ = (σ · p) (σ · p) ϕ
ω+m
p2
= ϕ
ω+m
 C sq


ω2ϕ = p2 + m2 ϕ

f
p
ω = ±E = ± p2 + m2

1. G(jm ω = +E 5C (^ W = W  (+)

2. 0 (
f2 (5.43) t{ 9 mh^  C  (−E + m) χ = σ · pϕ(5.43) {m < ^ ϕ = −σ · p
m+E χ 
5
−σ · p
!
−1 m+E χ
(−E + m) χ = p2 χ ⇒ W = = W (−) (p)
E+m χ

 C  Æ
 
√ ϕr
 
ur (p) ≡ W (+) (p) = E + m σ·p  (5.44)
ϕr
m+E
Efp iUDUuO 43
σ·p  
√ χr
 m+E 
vr (p) ≡ W (−) (−p) = m + E   (5.45)
χr

G3 r l6jv # h-X

 (/
p − m)u(p) = 0
/p = γ µ pµ (5.46)

(/
p + m)v(p) = 0

C ~  X3
(
ū(p)(/
p − m) = 0
(5.47)
v̄(p)(/
p + m) = 0

7q u(p) → (E, p)v(p) → (−E, −p).

√  σ·p 
u†r (p) = m+E ϕ†r ϕ†r (5.48)
m+E
  ū (p) = u (p)γ sq
γ
†
γ
0

√  σ·p 
ūr (p) = m+E ϕ†r −ϕ†r (5.49)
m+E
!C sq
√  σ·p 
vr† (p) = m + E χ†r χ†r (5.50)
m+E
√  σ·p 
v̄r (p) = m + E χ†r −χ†r (5.51)
m+E

 σ·p 
ϕr ϕ†r −ϕr ϕ†r
 m +E 
ur ūr = (m + E)   (5.52)
σ·p σ · p σ·p
ϕr ϕ†r − ϕr ϕ†r
m+E m+E m+E
 σ·p σ · p σ · p 
χr χ†r − χr χ†r
 m+E m+E m+E 
vr v̄r = (m + E)   (5.53)
σ·p
χr χ†r −χr χ†r
m+E
 
p2
u†r ur = †
(m + E)ϕr ϕr 1 + = 2Eϕ†r ϕr (5.54)
(m + E)2
 
p2
vr† vr = †
(m + E)χr χr 1 + = 2Eχ†r χr (5.55)
(m + E)2

 r qjvt3P (r = 1, s = −1/2; r = 2, s = 1/2)

X X
ϕr ϕ†r = χr χ†r = 1 (5.56)
r r

G P  o 3
u†r (p)us (p) = vr† (p)vs (p) = 2Eδrs , vr† (p)us (−p) = u†r (p)vs (−p) = 0 (5.57)
Efp iUDUuO 44

3
pµ
ū(p)γµ u(p) ∼ ⇒ ū(p)γ0 u(p) = 2E (5.58)
m
 ū(p)u(p) = −v̄(p)v(p) = 2mū (p)u (p) = −v̄ (p)v (p) = 2mδ 
r s r s rs

,$m
1 X
(ur (p)ūr (p) − vr (p)v̄r (p)) = I (5.59)
2m r=1,2

 Æ$ , 
1 X
Λ+ (p) = ur (p)ūr (p)
2m r=1,2

1 X
Λ− (p) = − vr (p)v̄r (p) (5.60)
2m r=1,2

Cs
 σ·p 
Xm+E  ϕr ϕ†r −ϕr ϕ†r
m+E  /p + m
Λ+ (p) =  = (5.61)
2m σ · p σ · p σ · p 2m
r ϕr ϕ†r − ϕr ϕ†r
m+E m+E m+E
 σ·p † σ·p σ·p †

X m + E  m + E χr χr m + E − m + E χr χr  /p − m
Λ− (p) = −  =− (5.62)
2m σ · p 2m
r=1,2 χr χ†r −χr χ†r
m+E
Q I
Λ+ u(p) = u(p), Λ+ v(p) = 0, Λ− u(p) = 0, Λ− v(p) = v(p);

ū(p)Λ+ = ū(p), v̄(p)Λ+ = 0, ū(p)Λ− = 0, v̄(p)Λ− = v̄(p);

Λ+ + Λ− = I, Λ2+ = Λ+ , Λ2− = Λ− , Λ+ (p)Λ− (p) = Λ− (p)Λ+ (p) = 0.

e Λ ± (p) = A± + B± γ · p !h (/p + m)v(p) = 0, Λ + v(p) = 0, Λ+ (p) = C(/

p + m) Z
Λ2+ = Λ+ ⇒ C = 1
2m  
/p + m /p − m
Λ+ (p) = Λ− (p) = − (5.63)
2m 2m

§5.4 + 6 r
1. 1}OtG5jm
O  XC s^Qth3
L = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ (5.64)

Qtht0 t L → L 5 ′

1 −
→ ←−

L′ = ψ̄iγ µ ∂ µ ψ − ψ̄i ∂ µ γ µ ψ − mψ̄ψ
2
fXC ^f<OM 9 Z V 
Efp iUDUuO 45
Z Z
d4 xL = d4 xL′

N Æ  h3
∂L
πα ≡ = iψα† (5.65)
∂ ψ̇α

 V3
∂L
π† = =0 (5.66)
∂ ψ̇ †

U h 3


H = π ψ̇ − L = iψ † ψ̇ − L = ψ † −iγ 0 γ · ∇ + γ 0 m ψ

= ψ̄ (−iγ · ∇ + m) ψ = ψ † (α · p + βm) ψ (5.67)

U  h3
Z Z
3
H= d xH = d3 xψ † (α · (−i∇) + βm) ψ (5.68)

' R 6K^?G  
h  h8h3
Tµν = ψ̄iγµ ∂ν ψ − gµν ψ̄ (iγ ρ ∂ρ − m) ψ (5.69)

o ∂ T µ
=0
µν  h1Qt| f h
Z Z
Pµ = T0µ d3 x = [ψ̄iγ0 ∂µ ψ − ψ̄ (iγ ρ ∂ρ − m) ψg0µ ]d3 x (5.70)

-X
Z Z
P = − π∇ψd3 x = ψ † (−i∇)ψd3 x, _ P0 = H

Qt| f r3
jµ = q ψ̄γµ ψ (5.71)

∂ j
µ
µ =0 C (^| f\ 
Z
Q=q d3 xψ † ψ (5.72)

2. Qhh o /tO
Z r
1 3 1 X

ψ(x) = d p cr (p)ur (p)e−ipx + d†r (p)vr (p)e+ipx
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2
Z r
1 3 1 X †

ψ̄(x) = d p c (p)ūr (p)e+ipx + dr (p)v̄r (p)e−ipx (5.73)
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2 r

1}t 5  htjm3
Z
Pµ = d3 p pµ
X
(c∗r (p)cr (p) − dr (p)d∗r (p)) → h?G  (5.74)
r=1,2
Efp iUDUuO 46
Z
\G
X
Q = q d3 p (c∗r (p)cr (p) + dr (p)d∗r (p)) → (5.75)
r=1,2

R R ; QtG5hh oO 5S  I D

h i
[ψα (x, t), πβ (x′ , t)] = ψα (x, t), iψβ† (x′ , t)

= iδαβ δ 3 (x − x′ )

-3n
d jH7C sq
h i h i
cr (p), c†r′ (p′ ) = dr (p), d†r′ (p′ )

= δrr′ δ 3 (p − p′ )

hC  K
(2.1) 0 OOth?G 
(2.2) Pauli 'XQ 

3.  I D ! #

b, b† = 1

{b, b} = b† , b† = 0 (5.76)

1 [A, B] = AB − BA, {A, B} = AB + BA

!  Æ^h  , N = b†b!h  I DC Jr b2 = b†2 = 0 N 2 = b† bb† b =
† † †2 2
  N (N − 1) = 0
b (1 − b b)b = −b b + b b = N †

 N |n >= n|n >CJ n(n − 1) = 0 ^h  , t&DLO? 01

o*  I DC (^
[N, b] = −b [N, b† ] = b†

 b 3\ , b 3Nf , N 3^h  ,  †

4. Dirac Othh o

∂L
πα = = iψα† (5.77)
∂ ψ̇α

S  I D
n o
ψα (x, t), iψβ† (x′ , t) = iδαβ δ 3 (x − x′ ) (5.78)
n o
{ψα (x, t), ψβ (x′ , t)} = ψα† (x, t), ψβ† (x′ , t) = 0 (5.79)

1
[AB, C] = A{B, C} − {A, C}B (5.80)

/  X
ψ̇α (x, t) = i[H, ψα (x, t)] → (iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ = 0
Efp iUDUuO 47
←−
π̇α (x, t) = i[H, πα (x, t)] → ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ + m) = 0 (5.81)

 h6Z
Z r
1 3 1 X 
ψ(x) = d p cr (p)ur (p)e−ipx + d†r (p)vr (p)eipx
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2
Z r
1 3 1 X  †
ψ̄(x) = d p c (p)ūr (p)eipx + dr (p)v̄r (p)e−ipx (5.82)
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2 r

 (^R j  (=XZ P  o  u†(p)u(p) = v† (p)v(p) = 2E) 

r Z
1 1
cr (p) = d3 xeipx u†r (p)ψ(x)
(2π)3/2 2E
r Z
1 1
c†r (p) = d3 xe−ipx ψ † (x)ur (p) (5.83)
(2π)3/2 2E
r Z
1 1
dr (p) = d3 xeipx ψ † (x)vr (p)
(2π)3/2 2E
r Z
1 1
d†r (p) = d3 xe−ipx vr† (p)ψ(x) (5.84)
(2π)3/2 2E

 C (^  I D
n o
cr (p), c†r′ (p′ ) = δrr′ δ 3 (p − p′ ) (5.85)
n o
dr (p), d†r′ (p′ ) = δrr′ δ 3 (p − p′ ) (5.86)

U  h
Z X 
H = d3 p E(p) c†r (p)cr (p) − dr (p)d†r (p)
r=1,2
Z X 
= d3 p E(p) c†r (p)cr (p) + d†r (p)dr (p) − δ 3 (p − p) (5.87)
r=1,2

-X 0 tn|C G O W } \

| f\
Z X 
Q = q d3 p c†r (p)cr (p) + dr (p)d†r (p)
r=1,2
Z X 
= q d3 p c†r (p)cr (p) − d†r (p)dr (p) + δ 3 (p − p) (5.88)
r=1,2

hh o t Æ
(4.1) hG 
(4.2)
o Pauli 'X

jv# I D
(4.1)  jv3E tO,sS  I D(=jh?G   x?G  t:  Bose
# Qt  I D3 [ψ(x, t), π(x , t)] = iδ (x − x ) ′ 3 ′

(4.2)  jv3 . tO,sS  I Df  (=h?G  t:  Fermi # Q

Efp iUDUuO 48

t  I D3 [ψ(x, t), π(x , t)] = iδ (x − x ) ′

+
3 ′

O=E
o9t/ J  R m
$\x N \, 1Nf,t. tf<thi  ! hNf 90[ 
:\h?^K 0[ 
 
(+) (−)
N (ψ̄α ψβ ) = N (ψ̄α(+) + ψ̄α(−) )(ψβ + ψβ )
n o
(+) (+) (−) (−)
= N ψ̄α(+) ψβ + ψ̄α(−) ψβ + ψ̄α(−) ψβ + ψ̄α(+) ψβ
n o
(+) (+) (−) (−)
= ψ̄α(+) ψβ + ψ̄α(−) ψβ + ψ̄α(−) ψβ − ψβ ψ̄α(+) (5.89)

-XU  htG O W } jm

Z


H = d3 xN ψ̄(−iγ · ∇ + m)ψ

(2π)3 X X  
= E(p) c†p,r cp,r + d†p,r dp,r (5.90)
V p r=1,2

| f\ tG O W } jm3
Z
Q = q d3 xN (ψ † ψ)

(2π)3 X X  † 
= q cp,r cp,r − d†p,r dp,r (5.91)
V p r=1,2

5.  I DtQ  |a0m
uG 2tQ i3hO
[ϕ(x), ϕ(y)] = i∆(x − y) (5.92)
Z
1 3 1  −ik(x−y) +ik(x−y)

= d k e − e (5.93)
(2π)3 2ω

o x → x , y → y Qt ϕ(x) → ϕ (x ), ϕ(y) → ϕ (y ) hO6

′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′

[ϕ′ (x′ ), ϕ′ (y ′ )] = i∆(x′ − y ′ ) (5.94)

!   Dirac O!t'|
Z
 1 1 h ′ ′
i
ψα (x, t), ψ̄β (x′ , t′ ) = d3 p p + m)αβ e−ip(x−x ) − (/
(/ p − m)αβ eip(x−x )
(2π)3 2E

 u}# = i(iγ µ ∂µ + m)αβ ∆(x − x′ ) = i(i/∂ + m)αβ ∆(x − x′ )


{ψα (x), ψβ (x′ )} = ψ̄α (x), ψ̄β (x′ ) = 0 (5.95)



ψα (x), ψ̄β (y) = i(i/∂ + m)αβ ∆(x − y) (5.96)

 GBDt0 t x → x′ = ax, ψ(x) → ψ′(x′ ) = Λψ(x)5


ψα′ (x′ ), ψ̄β′ (y ′ ) = i(i/∂ ′ + m)αβ ∆(x′ − y ′ ) (5.97)

3
Efp iUDUuO 49
 
ψα′ (x′ ), ψ̄β′ (y ′ ) = Λαα′ Λ−1
β ′ β ψα′ (x), ψ̄β ′ (y)

= Λαα′ Λ−1
β ′ β i(i/
∂ + m)α′ β ′ ∆(x − y)
 
∂
= i(Λγµ Λ−1 )αβ + mδαβ i∆(x − y)
∂xµ
"   #
ν ∂
= i aνµ γ + mδαβ i∆(x − y)
∂xµ αβ
 
∂
= iγ ν ′ν + m i∆(x − y)
∂x αβ
 
∂
= iγ ν ′ν + m i∆(x′ − y ′ )
∂x αβ

= i(i/∂ ′ + m)αβ ∆(x′ − y ′ )

 h Oma0h 1VH 8 X3n

jµ (x) = ψ̄(x)γµ ψ(x) = ψ̄α (x)(γµ )αβ ψβ (x) (5.98)

ψ̄(x)ψ(x) = ψ̄α ψα (5.99)

Z   I DmCs
 
ψ̄α (x)ψβ (x), ψ̄r (x′ )ψδ (x′ )
 
= ψ̄α (x) ψβ , ψ̄r (x′ ) ψδ (x′ ) − ψ̄α (x), ψ̄r (x′ ) ψβ (x)ψδ (x′ )

−ψ̄α (x)ψ̄r (x′ ) {ψβ (x), ψδ (x′ )} − ψ̄r (x′ ) ψ̄α (x), ψδ (x′ ) ψβ (x)

= 0

R R (x − x ) ′ 2
<0 VH 8
∆(x − y) = 0,if(x − y)2 < 0
 C (^
o/ J  R m
∂∆(x)
= −δ(x) (5.100)
∂t t=0

∂∆(x)
= 0 (5.101)
∂xi t=0

 VH 8 C Jr δ(x) = 0 2t.|1 L d

$ 6 §5.5 Dirac

|3hObOa;hV If) Dirac  XSz

(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ(x) = J(x) (5.102)

S Dirac a;h (7 l Y )S(x − x′ ):

(iγ µ ∂µx − m)S(x − x′ ) = δ 4 (x − x′ ) (5.103)

(5.102) t(C6i3
Efp iUDUuO 50
Z
ψ(x) = ψ0 (x) + d4 xS(x − x′ )J(x′ )

ψ0 (x) qj Dirac  X (5.14) t(t Fourier 0 t:

Z
d4 p −ip·(x−x′ )
S(x − x′ ) = e S(p) (5.104)
(2π)4

q
(/
p − m)S(p) = I

f.!W /p + m s
(p2 − m2 )S(p) = p
/+m

3hO9jQ!SGh ǫ sq Feynman a;h

/p + m
SF (p) = (5.105)
p2 − m2 + iǫ

y  3
1
SF (p) = (5.106)
/p − m + iǫ

 (5.105) lS (5.104) 
Z
d4 p −ip·(x−x′ ) /p + m
SF (x − x′ ) = 4
e = (i/∂ + m)△F (x − x′ )
(2π) p − m2 + iǫ
2

3hOa;h △ F (x − x′ ) t  Æ (3.55) m;7?

Z
d3 p ′ ′
iSF (x − x′ ) = [θ(t − t′ )(/
p + m)e−ip·(x−x ) − θ(t′ − t)(/
p − m)eip·(x−x ) ]
(2π)3 2E

CO , 6i
iSF (x − x′ )αβ = θ(t − t′ ) < 0|ψα (x)ψ̄β (x′ )|0 > −θ(t′ − t) < 0|ψ̄β (x′ )ψα (x)|0 >

= < 0|T [ψα (x)ψ̄β (x′ )]|0 > (5.107)

-X ! hOt/hW } ÆRG
(
  ψα (x) ψ̄β (x′ ) , t > t′
T ψα (x) ψ̄β (x′ ) ≡
−ψ̄β (x′ ) ψα (x) , t′ > t

C
(5.1) I T r(γ ) = 0 5 {γ , γ } = 0 (µ = 0, 1, 2, 3).
5 µ 5

I ū(p)γ u(p) = ū(p)u(p)(n ūγ sW (5.46) X{m9 γ u W (5.47) X{

(5.2) µ pµ µ µ

mfmQ Cs^), 9!t  p^ v(p)
otQ tvm' b (5.57) I P  o oC

m

63 ū (p)u (p) = −v̄ (p)v (p) = 2mδ . =YqM^tq 2 mOr m 6= 0 9j (5.57)  M
r s r s rs

m L>r

(5.3) k_Xt  I Gordon identity

Efp iUDUuO 51
1
ū(p′ )γ µ u(p) = ū(p′ )[(p + p′ )µ − iσ µν qν ]u(p)
2m
-X q = p − p . Gordon identity '_Xtvm = ;+2mv [ !Itvh  ?!t  h
′

4 gt!yCwf(p v
ot Gordon identity.

(5.4) (p ! Oh  I D:
{cr (p), cr′ (p′ )} = 0 {dr (p), dr′ (p′ )} = 0

{c†r (p), c†r′ (p′ )} = 0 {d†r (p), d†r′ (p′ )} = 0

{cr (p), c†r′ (p′ )} = δrr′ δ 3 (p − p′ ) {dr (p), d†r′ (p′ )} = δrr′ δ 3 (p − p′ )

(5.5) I Dirac vhO| f\ t6im3

Z X 
Q = q d3 p c†r (p)cr (p) + dr (p)d†r (p)
r=1,2
 /"  *nn 9 iP<t
§6.1 4'oo :
§6.1.1 }  2%)mm 8
 j^h H)= p + m  qbO5 H = eA + (p − eA) + m Qt0 t 3
p p
2 2 2 2
0

p → p − eA -X p = (H, −p) 1hh`yX p → i∂/∂x = i∂ hhO|

H → H − eA 0 µ
µ µ µ µ µ µ
p → p − eA
X p → p − eA =⇒ ∂ → ∂ + ieA a0/^
µ µ µ µ µ µ

j Dirac O
LD = ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ → ψ̄[iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ ) − m]ψ

= ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ

= LD + LI

-X L = −eψ̄γ ψA .
I
µ
µ

 q j Qthtjm3
L = Le.m. + LD + LI
1
= − Fµν F µν + ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ
4
1
Lorentz Gauge → − (∂µAν ) (∂ µ Aν ) + ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ (6.1)
2
Z Euler-Lagrange  XC sq

 µ
eγ µ ψAµ
 (iγ ∂µ − m)ψ
 =
←−
ψ̄(i ∂ µ γ µ + m) = −eψ̄γ µ Aµ (6.2)


 A = eψ̄γµ ψ
µ

b =Xqj Lorentz Gauge ∂ A µ

µ
=0 
_  XX{X 9 C 6n3
Aµ = jµ (6.3)

-X j µ = eψ̄γµ ψ
or| f X ∂ j µ
µ
=0 
Z
| f\
 
←−
e ψ̄γ µ ∂ µ ψ + ψ̄γ µ ∂µ ψ = 0→ j0 (x)d3 x =

(∂µ Aµ ) = ∂µ j µ = 0 M hF  ∂ A µ
µ

= 0 ((∂µ Aµ )t=0 = 0, ∂/∂t(∂µ Aµ )|t=0 = 0) 
NÆh
∂L
πα ≡ = iψα†
∂ ψ̇ α

∂L
πµ ≡ = −Ȧµ
∂ A˙µ
G5hh oI D {p, q} = 1 
n o
ψα (x, t), ψβ† (x′ , t) = δαβ δ 3 (x − x′ )

52
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 53
h i
Aµ (x, t), Ȧν (x′ , t) = −igµν δ 3 (x − x′ )
h i
[ψα (x, t), Aµ (x′ , t)] = ψα† (x, t), Ȧµ (x′ , t) = 0
n o
{ψα , ψβ } = ψα† , ψβ† = 0
h i
[Aµ , Aν ] = Ȧµ , Ȧν = 0

U h
H = π ψ̇ + πµ Ȧµ − L

= HD + He.m. + HI

-X
HD = ψ̄(iγ · ∇ + m)ψ
1
He.m. = − {πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )}
2
HI = −LI = jµ Aµ = eψ̄γµ ψAµ

U  h H = R Hd3x = HD + He.m. + HI 
/  X3
ψ̇ = i[H, ψ] π̇ = i[H, π]

Ȧµ = i[H, Aµ ] π̇µ = i[H, πµ ]

Qt < a|∂ A |a >= 0

µ
µ

jmz 3 Ḣ = 0, Ṗ = i[H, P ] = 0P = − R d x(π∇ψ + π ∇A )(GbO _ vhOthh o)

3 µ
µ

ψ(x, t) = eiHt ψ(x, 0)e−iHt

Aµ (x, t) = eiHt Aµ (x, 0)e−iHt

-X
∇ψ = i[ψ, P ] ψ(x, t) = e−iP ·x ψ(0, t)eiP ·x

∇Aµ = i[Aµ , P ] Aµ (x, t) = e−iP ·x Aµ (0, t)eiP ·x

b 9/R5
(
ψ(x) = eiP x ψ(0)e−iP x
P µ = (H, P ) (6.4)
Aµ (x) = eiP x Aµ (0)e−iP x

6ZXt , hH(
Heisenberg

§6.1.2 h2% ( )mm 8

j / 3hO
L = (∂µ ϕ∗ )(∂ µ ϕ) − m2 ϕ∗ ϕ (6.5)

lt
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 54

∂µ ϕ → (∂µ + ieAµ )ϕ = Dµ ϕ
∗
(6.6)
∂µ ϕ → (∂µ − ieAµ )ϕ∗ = (Dµ ϕ)∗

5
LI = ie [(∂µ ϕ∗ )ϕ − ϕ∗ (∂µ ϕ)] Aµ + e2 ϕ∗ ϕAµ Aµ (6.7)

Ot/  X
(
(∂ + ieA)2 ϕ = −m2 ϕ
Aµ = −ie [(∂µ ϕ∗ )ϕ − ϕ∗ (∂µ ϕ)] − 2e2 ϕ∗ ϕAµ = jµ (6.8)
(∂ − ieA)2 ϕ∗ = −m2 ϕ∗

r| f X
∂µ j µ = 0 → (∂µ Aµ ) = 0

LI 6= −jµ Aµ LI = −jµ Aµ − e2 ϕ∗ ϕAµ Aµ

hh oj
∂L
π = = ϕ̇† − ieϕ† A0
∂ ϕ̇
∂L
π† = = ϕ̇ + ieϕA0
∂ ϕ̇†
∂L
πµ = = −Ȧµ
∂ Ȧµ
 ID
[ϕ(x, t), π(x′ , t)] = iδ 3 (x − x′ )
 
ϕ† (x, t), π † (x′ , t) = iδ 3 (x − x′ )

[Aµ (x, t), πν (x′ , t)] = igµν δ 3 (x − x′ )

U h
H = π ϕ̇ + π † ϕ̇† + πµ Ȧµ − L = HKG + He.m. + HI

HKG = π † π + ∇ϕ† · ∇ϕ + m2 ϕ† ϕ
1
He.m. = − (πµ π µ + ∇Aµ · ∇Aµ )
2
HI = −LI − e2 ϕ† ϕA20

§6.1.3 2%mm 8 )\Hz

Dirac OtQth
1
L = − Fµν F µν + ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ
4
1
= − Fµν F µν + ψ̄[iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ ) − m]ψ
4
O ?0m Aµ → Aµ + ∂x∂Λ =q 9 # O 0 t 
µ

ψ(x) → e−ieΛ(x) ψ(x)

EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 55

ψ̄(x) → ψ̄eieΛ(x)

;
(∂µ + ieAµ ) ψ → e−ieΛ (∂µ + ieAµ ) ψ a0/^
pR
ψ̄iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ ) ψ → ψ̄iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ ) ψ

Fµν F µν → Fµν F µν

3hO
1
L = (∂µ − ieAµ )ϕ† (∂ µ + ieAµ )ϕ − m2 ϕ† ϕ − Fµν F µν
4
[R L I -X σ = i/2(γ γ − γ γ )
∼ eψ̄σµν F µν ψ µν µ ν ν µ

3 F µν → Fµν  O 0 t G L → eψ̄σ F ψ = L I µν
µν
I

§6.2 oo :  Q= u P,C,T Æ

 
1 0 0 0
 
Lorentz 0t x → ax[RHb  0 −1
a=
 0 0

0 0 
.
−1 0 

qOt0t3 ϕ(x) → ϕ′(x′ ) =
0 0 0 −1
 jhOR Λrs = ars)
Λϕ(x)(
  Lorentz  
   
∂ϕ(x) ∂ϕ′ (x′ )
L ϕ(x), = L ϕ′ (x′ ),
∂xµ ∂x′µ

 ϕ(a x) → ϕ (x) = Λ(a)ϕ(a x)

−1 ′ −1

G0 t U ϕ(x)U ≡ ϕ (x) = Λ(a)ϕ(a

−1 ′ −1
x) R R Qth
o
U L(ϕ(x))U −1 = L(ϕ′ (x)) = L(Λϕ(a−1 x))
     
∂ϕ(x) ∂ϕ′ (x) ∂(Λϕ(a−1 x))
U L ϕ(x), U −1 = ′
L ϕ (x), −1
= L Λϕ(a x),
∂xµ ∂xµ ∂xµ
 
∂ϕ(a−1 x)
= L ϕ(a−1 x),
∂(a−1 x)µ

5UQth1 U 0 t G?0


U L(ϕ(x))U −1 = L U ϕ(x)U −1 = L(ϕ′ (x)) = L(ϕ(a−1 x)) (6.9)

§6.2.1 FBs( P
H  b0 t 3 tx → x′ = −x
3h y3h O Λ =
(
+1 3h 
→ ′
t =t −1 y3h
Pϕ(x, t)P−1 = ±ϕ(−x, t)

ϕ(x, t) → ±ϕ(−x, t)
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 56

 L ;?0m
1 1
L = (∂µ ϕ)(∂ µ ϕ) − m2 ϕ2
2 2
( + m2 )ϕ(x) = 0

 h6Z
Z
1 1
ϕ(x, t) = d3 k √ [a(k)e−ikx + a† (k)eikx ]
(2π)3/2 2ω

H  b0 tj
Z
Pϕ(x, t)P−1 =
1
(2π)3/2
1
P
d3 k √ [ a(k)
2ω
P−1eik·x−iωt + Pa†(k)P−1 e−ik·x+iωt]
= ±ϕ(−x, t)
Z
1 1
= ± 3/2
d3 k √ [a(k)e−ik·x−iωt + a† (k)eik·x+iωt ]
(2π) 2ω


Pa(k)P−1 = ±a(−k)
Pa† (k)P−1 = ±a†(−k) (6.10)

e P|0 >= |0 >5

Pa† (k)|0 > = Pa† (k)P−1P|0 >= ±a†(−k)|0 >
Z Z
3 †
Pµ = d kkµ a (k)a(k) → d3 kkµ a† (−k)a(−k)

-X k 
p
0 = k 2 + m2

P → −P

H → H

O 3 0  h
Dirac Ox → −x, t → t 5

ψ(x, t) → ψ ′ (−x, t) = γ 0 ψ(x, t)

ψ(x) → ψ ′ (x′ ) = Λψ(x)

ψ̄(x, t) → ψ̄ ′ (−x, t) = ψ̄(x, t)γ 0

Pψ(x, t)P−1 = γ 0 ψ(−x, t)

Pψ̄(x, t)P−1 = ψ̄(−x, t)γ 0

 t
U ϕ(x)U −1 = ϕ′ (x)
 
µ ∂
iγ − m ψ(x) = 0
∂xµ
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 57
 
µ ∂
iγ − m ψ ′ (x′ ) = 0 ψ ′ (x′ ) = γ 0 ψ(x′ )
∂x′µ
(
′µ −x µ = 1, 2, 3
x =
t µ=0

 hH
Z r
1 1 X  
ψ(x) = d p 3
cr (p)u(p)ei(p·x−Et) + d†r (p)vr (p)e−i(p·x−Et)
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2

H  b , u_A j
Z r
1 X  
Pψ(x, t)P −1
=
1
(2π)3/2
d p 3
2E r=1,2
P
cr (p) P−1ur (p)ei(p·x−Et) + Pd†r (p)P−1 vr (p)e−i(p·x−Et)
= γ 0 ψ(−x, t)
Z r
1 3 1 X  0 −i(p·x+Et) † 0 i(p·x+Et)

= d p c r (p)γ u r (p)e + dr (p)γ vr (p)e
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2

-X
! ! !
0 I 0 ϕr ϕr
γ ur (p) ∼ σ ·p = −σ · p = ur (−p)
0 −I E+m ϕr E+m ϕr
! σ ·p ! σ ·p !
0 I 0 E+m χr E+m χr
γ vr (p) ∼ = = −vr (−p)
0 −I χr −χr


(
Pcr (p)P−1 = cr (−p)
P|0 >= |0 >
Pd†r (p)P−1 = −d†r (−p)

PpP−1 = −p PH P−1 = H
bO Aµ (x, t)5 PA(x, t)P−1 = −A(−x, t), PA0(x, t)P−1 = A0 (−x, t) L = −1/4Fµν F µν (x, t) →

−1/4Fµν F µν (−x, t)

§6.2.2 $ F 4 V ; s (Charge Conjugation)

jv3nt / 3hO
Cϕ(x)C−1 = ϕ† (x)

Cϕ† (x)C−1 = ϕ(x)

Qth3
L = (∂µ ϕ† )(∂ µ ϕ) − m2 ϕ† ϕ

 h6Z
Z
1 1
ϕ(x) = d3 k √ [a(k)ei(k·x−ωt) + b† (k)e−i(k·x−ωt) ]
(2π)3/2 2ω
Z
Cϕ(x)C −1
=
1
(2π)3/2
1
d3 k √ [ a(k)
2ω
C C−1 ei(k·x−ωt) + Cb†(k)C−1 e−i(k·x−ωt) ]
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 58

= ϕ† (x)
Z
1 1
= d3 k √ [a† (k)e−i(k·x−ωt) + b(k)ei(k·x−ωt) ]
(2π)3/2 2ω


Ca(k)C−1 = b(k) (6.11)

Cb† (k)C−1 = a† (k) (6.12)

o*
C|0 > = |0 >

Ca† (k)|0 >= Ca† (k)C−1 C|0 >= b†(k)|0 >

G^h03  ^h1=[0 t G| f r _ | f\ t0 t 3


jµ = i ϕ† ∂µ ϕ − ϕ∂µ ϕ† → −jµ
Z Z
Q = i d x(ϕ ϕ̇ − ϕϕ̇ ) = d3 k[a† (k)a(k) − b† (k)b(k)] → −Q
3 † †

>\
H  bG Dirac Ot`q℄t>Xh
ψ → γ0ψ ψ̄ → ψ̄γ 0

ψ̄ψ → ψ̄ψ 3h
ψ̄γ5 ψ → −ψ̄γ5 ψ y3h
(
ψ̄γµ ψ →
−ψ̄γµ ψ
ψ̄γµ ψ
µ = 1, 2, 3
µ=0
jh
(
ψ̄γµ γ5 ψ →
+ψ̄γµ γ5 ψ
−ψ̄γµ γ5 ψ
µ = 1, 2, 3
µ=0
_jh
 '1 Lorentz 0 t G
x → x′ = ax
(
ψ̄γ5 ψ → ψ̄γ5 ψ
ψ̄ψ → ψ̄ψ
3h
(
ψ̄γµ ψ → aνµ ψ̄γν ψ
ψ̄γµ γ5 ψ → aνµ ψ̄γν γ5 ψ
jh
O
Dirac
Qth3
 
µ ∂
L = ψ̄ iγ −m ψ
∂xµ

/  X3
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 59
 
µ ∂
iγ −m ψ = 0
∂xµ

C ~t  X3
←−− !
∂ µ
ψ̄ iγ +m = 0
∂xµ

SbO j
[iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ ) − m]ψ = 0

C ~t  X3
←−
ψ̄[iγ µ (∂µ − ieAµ ) + m] = 0

1 C ~0 t G ϕ → ϕ , ϕ † †

→ ϕ ψ → ψc = Cγ 0 ψ ∗ = Cψ̄ T 
CϕC−1 = ϕc = ϕ† ψc = CψC−1 = Cψ̄T
SbO j t Dirac  Xf.u C s:
[iγ µ (∂µ − ieAµ ) − m]ψc = 0

y ? /C ~
[(i∂µ + eAµ )γ µ∗ + m]ψ ∗ (x) = 0

f W Cγ 0 8B5
[(i∂µ + eAµ )(Cγ 0 )γ µ∗ + m(Cγ 0 )]ψ ∗ (x) = 0

1. U:q 9 .8B C
o:(Cγ )γ 0 µ∗

(Cγ 0 )−1 = −γ µ y (Cγ 0)γ µ∗ = −γ µ(Cγ 0)5 v 
[iγ µ (∂µ − ieAµ ) − m](Cγ 0 ψ ∗ ) = 0

2. Gm C †
= C−1
3. ψc = Cψ̄ T  ψ = Cψ̄  C = −C ψ̄ = −ψ C  T T
c
T −1

Iψ = Cψ̄ f  (ψ ) = (ψ̄ ) C = [(ψ γ ) ] C  C

c
T † T † † † 0 T † †
c c = (γ 0† ψ)T C† = ψ T γ 0T C† †
=
C −1
 ψ γ C = ψ γ C = −ψ C γ
T 0T † T 0T −1 T −1 0

R R = ψ = Cψ̄ 5 C = −C T T

e C = ηγ γ , |η| = 1R R η = −i5

c
2 0

!
0 iσ2
C = (6.13)
iσ2 0

 h6Z
Z r
1 3 1 X
ψ = d p {cr (p)ur (p)e−ipx + d†r (p)vr (p)eipx }
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2

C ~0 tj
Z r
1 X
Cψ C −1
=
1
(2π)3/2
d p 3
2E r=1,2
{ cr (p)C C−1 ur (p)e−ipx + Cd†r (p)C−1 vr (p)eipx }
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 60

= ψc = Cψ̄ T

1 (6.13) t9MG
u = Cv̄ T (6.14)

v = CūT (6.15)

-X
!
T
√ ϕ∗r
ū = m+E σ ∗ ·p
− E+m ϕ∗r

ū = u† γ 0
!
2 0 0 iσ2
C = −iγ γ =
iσ2 0

q j C sq
 ! !




 Ccr (p)C−1 = dr (p) ^h ϕr
1
0
↑
0
1
↓
! ! (6.16)
 ^h




 Cdr (p)C −1
= cr (p) χr
0
↑
1
↓
−1 0

Qth3
L = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ
Z X
H = d3 p E(p){c†r (p)cr (p) − dr (p)d†r (p)}
r
Z X
= d3 p E(p){c†r (p)cr (p) + d†r (p)dr (p) − δ 3 (p − p)}
r

G O W } jm3
 
L = N ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ
Z X
H = N d3 p E(p){c†r (p)cr (p) − dr (p)d†r (p)}
r

o*
1 
L = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ + ψ̄c (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψc
2
 
= N ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ


CLC−1 = L
1 (+) l6\ , (−) l6Nf , 5
ψ(x) = ψ (+) (x) + ψ (−) (x)

ψ̄(x) = ψ̄ (+) (x) + ψ̄ (−) (x)

EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 61



1 
N ψ̄α (x)ψβ (x) − ψ̄α (x), ψβ (x)
2
1 n o 1 n (−) o
(+)
= ψ̄α(−) (x), ψβ (x) − ψβ (x), ψ̄α(+) (x)
2 2
Z
1 1 X β
= d3 p [u (p)ūα β α
r (p) − vr (p)v̄r (p)]
2(2π) 3 2E r=1,2 r
Z
1 m
= d3 p δβα
2(2π)3 E

-X
X
[uβr (p)ūα β α
r (p) − vr (p)v̄r (p)] = 2mδαβ
r

-tmh3
1 
N (ψ̄γµ ψ) − ψ̄, γµ ψ ∼ Tr(γµ ) = 0
2
1 
N (ψ̄γ5 ψ) − ψ̄, γ5 ψ ∼ Tr(γ5 ) = 0
2
1 
N (ψ̄ψ) − ψ̄, ψ ∼ Tr(1) 6= 0
2
QthC V3
1 
L = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ + ψ̄c (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψc
2
1

= ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ + i∂µ ψ T γ µT ψ̄ T − i(∂µ ψ T )γ µT ψ̄ T + mψ T ψ̄ T
2
 
A
Z V ⇒
1
2
iψ̄γ µ ∂ψ
∂xµ
∂ψ T µT T
− i µ γ ψ̄ − mψ̄ψ + mψ ψ̄
∂x
T T

   
1 µ ∂ψ
 
= i ψ̄, γ − m ψ̄, ψ
2 ∂xµ
   Z 2 Z 2

∂ψ 4 3 m 4 3 m
= iN ψ̄γ µ µ − d p − N (m ψ̄ψ) + d p
∂x 2(2π)3 E 2(2π)3 E
 
= N ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ

|fr
e

jµ = ψ̄γµ ψ − ψ̄c γµ ψc
2


= eN ψ̄γµ ψ
e

= ψ̄γµ ψ − ψ T γµT ψ̄ T
2
C ~0 t G Cjµ C−1 = −jµ 
§6.2.3mm 8 ) PCT sz )
1. bQ l u
| f r j = eN ψ̄γ ψ
Q l utQth3 L
µ µ I = −jµ Aµ 
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 62

P 0t x → −x, t → t  (
j → −j, j0 → j0  ψ̄γ ψ → µ
−ψ̄γµ ψ
ψ̄γµ ψ
µ = 1, 2, 3
µ=0

A → −A, A0 → A0
C 0t
LI = −jµ Aµ -X j µ → −jµ , Aµ → −Aµ L ht C "U3 -1,J PC
= 1−− .
2. π − N Q l u
Q l utQth3
LI = −ig ψ̄γ5 ψϕ → −ig N̄γ5 τ N · ϕ

-X
! !
p ψp (x)
ψ = N= =
n ψn (x)
 
ϕ1
ϕ =
 
 ϕ2 
  jh
ϕ3

1=X ψ l6 ℄ hϕ l6*h !8v3 15X 9 !8v # h ±1, 0

1
ϕ± = √ (ϕ1 ± iϕ2 ) = π ±
2
ϕ0 = ϕ3 = π 0

P 0 t 5 ψ̄γ5ψ → −ψ̄γ5ψ, ϕ → −ϕ π *h 

C 0t
1

[ψ̄, γ5 ψ] = N ψ̄γ5 ψ
2
 −C −1
γµ C = γµT , C−1 γ5 C = γ5T  C ψ̄, γ ψ C 5
−1

= ψ̄, γ5 ψ


T
ψ → Cψ̄ , ψ̄ → −ψ C T −1
, Cϕ C = ϕ 
0 −1 0

  π0, J P C = 0−+ 
3. +r ! VQ l u
R ! hQ l u
n → p + e− + ν̄e β
0
µ− + p → n + νµ µ -x
µ+ → e+ + νe + ν̄µ (π + → e+ νe , µ+ νµ , π ∼ q q̄)


Fermi 1934
X
Ci ψ̄a Γ(i) ψb ψ̄c Γ(i) ψd + h.c.
i

Γ(i) = 1, γµ , γ5 , γµ γ5 , σµν

Lee-Yang, 1956
GF
HI = √ ψ̄a γ µ (1 − γ5 )ψb ψ̄c γµ (1 − γ5 )ψd + h.c.
2
EVp DgNvmMJTGA=P 63

-X G = 1.02 × 10
F
−5

/m2N V − A Q l u
P 0 t G
ψ̄γψ → −ψ̄γψ ψ̄γγ5 ψ → ψ̄γγ5 ψ

ψ̄γ0 ψ → ψ̄γ0 ψ ψ̄γ0 γ5 ψ → −ψ̄γ0 γ5 ψ

 XR R Q l ut U  h
o Lorentz ?0m _ m5>rzGFtjv#

CPT
I D5X|1 CPT a b 0 t G"Z?0

C
(6.1) I: 1  # O 0 t
( ′
ψ(x) → ψ (x) = e−ieθ(x) ψ(x)
′
Aµ (x) → Aµ (x) = Aµ (x) + ∂µ θ(x)

GD ψ → D ψ
µ
′ ′ ′ ′
= e−ieθ(x) Dµ ψ, ψ̄Dµ ψ = ψ̄ Dµ ψ ,
′
F Dirac O _ bOQ l uD#tQth
1  # O 0 t G?0
µ
µ 1 µν
L = ψ̄(iγ Dµ − m)ψ − 4 Fµν F

(6.2) I C 8B
oRGmV

C−1 γ µ C = −γ µT

C−1 γ 5 C = γ 5T

(6.3) eS F (x1 − x2 ) qvhOa;h5

CSFT (x1 − x2 )C−1 = SF (x2 − x1 )

CSFT (x)C−1 = SF (−x)

-X C 3 C 0 t t C 8BI _fm
(6.4) I: | f r j C 3 N W } jm µ

e e
jµ ≡ [ψ̄, γµ ψ] = (ψ̄γµ ψ − γµ ψ ψ̄) = eN (ψ̄γµ ψ)
2 2

(6.5) I:
1
[ψ̄, γ5 ψ] = N (ψ̄γ5 ψ)
2
(6.6) ! hVQ l ut_Qth3:
GF
Lef f = − √ J µ† Jµ + h.c.
2
GF
= − √ ψ̄a γ µ (1 − γ5 )ψb ψ̄c γµ (1 − γ5 )ψd + h.c.
2

IU G 3i 5 L 1 P _ C ; j0 t G?;?0mn1 CP a b 0 t G;?0

F ef f

mU G 3 / (W r B #)5 L 1 CP 0 t G?0?0

F ef f
 /5  C  id9D
oo : q §7.1

?!t6Z S G0 t QaD>X J Lh 8B& Q!-X H l6 V ℄# (Heisenberg) 6

ZS l6x  { (Schrödinger) 6ZI l6Q l u (Interaction) 6Z , 1?!6ZGt(>LQ
v
H
< b|OH (t)|a >H = S
< b, t|OS |a, t >S = I
< b, t|OI (t)|a, t >I

H 1} S q(t), p(t) → ϕ(x, t), π(x, t) 5

 
ϕ̇H (x) = −i ϕH (x), H
 
π̇ H (x) = −i π H (x), H
 
ȮH (x) = −i OH (x), H

-X Ḣ = 0, H = H 0 +H I 1 H ,S 6ZXQ!?h0 o)o*
(

ϕH (x, t) = eiH t ϕH (x, 0)e−iH t

π H (x, t) = eiH t π H (x, 0)e−iH t

OH (x, t) = eiH t OH (x, 0)e−iH t

S 5
OS (x) = OH (x, 0) = e−iH t OH (x)eiH t

|a, t >S = e−iH t |a >H

I U  hC V
H = H 0 +H I

  , Kt0 t 3
S S
OI (x, t) = eiH 0 t OS (x)e−iH 0 t

S S
= eiH 0 t e−iH t OH (x, t)eiH t e−iH 0 t

Kt0 t 
S S
|a, t >I = eiH 0 t |a, t >S = eiH 0 t e−iH t |a >H

I S I
(0.1) H (t) = H ⇒ Ḣ (t) = 0
 , t/  X
0 0 0
I
 I I

(0.2) Ȯ (x, t) = i H 0 ,O (x, t)
(0.3) i∂t |a, t >I = H I
I |a, t >I -X_3l6Q l u6ZG3l6Q l u
I
∂ S S S
S ∂ S
|a, t >I = iH 0 eiH 0 t |a, t >S −eiH 0 t iH |a, t >S ( |a, t >S = −iH |a, t >S )
∂t ∂t
S S
S S
= iH 0 |a, t >I −ieiH 0 t H e−iH 0 t |a, t >I

64
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 65
S I
= iH 0 |a, t >I −iH |a, t >I
I I I I
= −iH I |a, t >I (H −H 0 =H I )

 1 t/  X3
H = H =   2 vh  I D1G0 t G?0 ⇒
OI (x, t) I S

[ϕ (x, t), π (x , t)] = iδ δ (x − x )  Q l u6Zt ,
ot/  X _ vh  I D

0 0
I I ′ 3 ′
AB

jOt9j,DQ! , h1Q l uh t6im jO <Q l u 9jGt6im,D

A B

Q!
Z
1 1  
ϕI (x, t) = d3 k √ a(k)eik·x−iωt + a† (k)e−ik·x+iωt
(2π)3/2 2ω
Z
1 1  
ϕH (x, t) = d3 k √ a(k, t)eik·x + a† (k, t)e−ik·x
(2π)3/2 2ω

§7.2 S Æ je:E
GyAQ l u6Zt3P
|a, t > ≡ u(t, t0 )|a, t0 >

-X u(t, t) = 1
ot  X3

∂ ∂
i u(t, t0 ) = H I (t)u(t, t0 ) ⇐ i |a, t >= HI (t)|a, t > (7.1)
∂t ∂t
jm (H †
I =H I ) 3
∂ †
−i u (t, t0 ) = u† (t, t0 )H I (t)
∂t
 _ f 9 XC (^
∂

u(t, t0 )u† (t, t0 ) = 0
∂t
f  C s^
u(t, t0 )u† (t, t0 ) =Q =1 (7.2)

 u(t, t ) 3G , f_ t'|C ^ u t  h13 u(t, t )u(t , t) = 1 

0 0 0

u−1 (t, t ) = u(t , t) o*

0 0

u(t, 0) = e e |a, t > = e e |a >

iH S
0 t −iH S
t
(7.3) I iH S
0 t −iH S
t H


u(t, t0 ) = u(t, 0)u(0, t0 ) = u(t, 0)u−1 (t0 , 0)
S S S
= eiH 0 t e−iH (t−t0 ) −iH
e 0 t0
(7.4)

S 8B3
S ≡ lim u(t, t0 ) = u(+∞, −∞) (7.5)
t→+∞
t0 →−∞

-18B3
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 66

< f |S |i > = S fi (7.6)

t = −∞h℄ |i > 1 S h o q t = +∞ = 9  03 S |i >1 <  |f > _

t$3 < f |S |i >
u  , t/J7?
Z t
u(t, t0 ) = 1−i H I (t1 )u(t1 , t0 )dt1
t0
Z t Z t Z t1
= 1−i H I (t1 )dt1 + (−i)2 dt1 dt2 H I (t1 )H I (t2 ) + · · ·
t0 t0 t0
Z t Z t1 Z tn−1
+(−i)n dt1 dt2 · · · dtn H I (t1 )H I (t2 ) · · · H I (tn ) + · · · (7.7)
t0 t0 t0

-X
Z t Z t1
dt1 dt2 H I (t1 )H I (t2 ) (t1 > t2 )
t0 t0
Z t Z t2
⇒ dt2 dt1 H I (t2 )H I (t1 ) (t1 < t2 )
t0 t0

 (7.7) mX{  V3
Z t Z t1
(−i)2 dt1 dt2 H I (t1 )H I (t2 )
t0 t0
Z t Z t1 Z t Z t2
1 1
= (−i)2 dt1 dt2 H I (t1 )H I (t2 ) + (−i)2 dt2 dt1 H I (t2 )H I (t1 )
2 t0 t0 2 t0 t0
Z t Z t Z t Z t
1 1
= (−i)2 dt1 dt2 H I (t1 )H I (t2 )θ(t1 − t2 ) + (−i)2 dt2 dt1 H I (t2 )H I (t1 )θ(t2 − t1 )
2 t0 t0 2 t0 t0
Z t Z t
1
= (−i)2 dt1 dt2 T (H I (t1 )H I (t2 ))
2 t0 t0

-X
T (H I (t1 )H I (t2 )) ≡ H I (t1 )H I (t2 )θ(t1 − t2 ) + H I (t2 )H I (t1 )θ(t2 − t1 )
(
H I (t1 )H I (t2 ) t1 > t2
= (7.8)
H I (t2 )H I (t1 ) t1 < t2

 (7.7) m3
Z t Z t Z t
(−i)2
u(t, t0 ) = 1 + (−i) H I (t1 )dt1 + dt1 dt2 T (H I (t1 )H I (t2 ))
t0 2! t0 t0
Z t Z t
(−i)n
+···+ dt1 · · · dtn T (H I (t1 ) · · · H I (tn )) + · · · (7.9)
n! t0 t0

y<
 Z t 
′ ′
u(t, t0 ) = T exp[−i H I (t )dt ] (7.10)
t0

f
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 67
 Z 
4
S = u(+∞, −∞) = T exp[−i HI (x)d x] (7.11)

S3 Lorentz ?0hT (HI (t1 ) · · · HI (tn )) 3 Lorentz ?0h

-X T W } Æ3
1 1
T (AB) ≡ {A, B}+ + ǫ(tA − tB )[A, B]
2 2
b 1VH>ǫ ?a0nq h [A, B] = 0
A _ B C qm 9 :\O , C q:\O ,_ Om ! O , pVt /b  , 
(
1 t A > tB
ǫ(tA − tB ) =
−1 tA < tB

 , O(x) = ϕ (x)ϕ (x) = ψ̄ (x)ψ (x)/ J  R m= [O(x), O(x )] = 0, if (x − x )

a b α β
′ ′ 2
<0 VH
f 9 Cm
1. [ϕa (x), ϕb (x′ )] = 0, (x − x′ )2 < 0
E jvt Klein-Gordon O
 
a, a† = 1 → [ϕa (x), ϕb (x′ )] = i∆(x − x′ ) = 0, (x − x′ )2 < 0
  
a, a† = 1 → {ϕa (x), ϕb (x′ )} = i ∆(+) (x − x′ ) − ∆(−) (x − x′ ) = ∆1 (x − x′ ) 6= 0, (x − x′ )2 < 0

2. ψα (x), ψ̄β (x′ ) = 0, (x − x′ )2 < 0
Dirac O . jv
 
a, a† = 1 → ψα (x), ψ̄β (x′ ) = i(iγ µ ∂µ + m)αβ ∆(x − x′ ) = 0
   
a, a† = 1 → ψα (x), ψ̄β (x′ ) = −S1 (x − x′ )αβ 6= 0

F
E jvO < ^ a, a  = 1:\# †

. jv < ^ a, a = 1! # †

§7.3 T yQf N yWick 7

Zb8Bt$ < f |S |i >= S fi -X℄3 |i >= a b · · · d |0 >3 |f >= e f
† † † † †
· · · g † |0 > 

S fi = < f |S |i >

= < 0|g · · · f eS a† b† · · · d† |0 >

Oo S X W  ab · · · d  e f † †
· · · g† $E?3nmXt , C
o  I DC
o
 I D
Æ N W}
N (U V W · · · Z) = δp U ′ V ′ W ′ · · · Z ′ (7.12)

mX U V W · · · Z ;  tt#k-Xt\ , #1Nf , t.R R f

′ ′ ′ ′

U V W · · · Z t q U V W · · · Z h! h t " d5 δ = 1 ( 5 δ = −1 

′ ′ ′ ′
p p
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 68

[R


N ψ(x)ψ̄(y) = ψ (+) (x)ψ̄ (+) (y) − ψ̄ (−) (y)ψ (+) (x) + ψ (−) (x)ψ̄ (+) (y) + ψ (−) (x)ψ̄ (−) (y)
   
N ψ(x)ψ̄(y) = −N ψ̄(y)ψ(x) (7.13)

N [ψ(x)ψ(y)] = −N [ψ(y)ψ(x)] (7.14)

   
N ψ̄(x)ψ̄(y) = −N ψ̄(y)ψ̄(x) (7.15)

mVG O W } Bt ! h , C  t:\h , C  

N (ABC · · · D) = δp N (A′ B ′ C ′ · · · D′ )

T (ABC · · · D) = δT T (A′′ B ′′ C ′′ · · · D′′ )

 Æ T (ABC · · · D) = δT A′B′C ′ · · · D′   ! h d JH

N (ABC · · · XY · · · D) = −N (ABC · · · Y X · · · D)

§7.3.1 Wick 6
1)  , tx (Contraction)  I X
Æ
ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) ≡ T (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) − N (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) (7.16)

1.  , txv T / j 1>HtL
ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) =< 0|T ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )|0 > (7.17)

I
T (ϕA (x1 )) = N (ϕA (x1 )) (7.18)

W ϕB (x2 )  t 1 > t2 5
T (ϕA (x1 )) ϕB (x2 ) = T (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) = ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )
(+) (−)
N (ϕA (x1 )) ϕB (x2 ) = N (ϕA (x1 )) ϕB (x2 ) + N (ϕA (x1 )) ϕB (x2 )
(+) (+) (−) (+) (+) (−) (−) (−)
= ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )
   
(+) (−) (−) (+) (−)
= N ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + N ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )

-X
h i
(+) (−) (−) (+) (+) (−)
ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) = ±ϕB (x2 )ϕA (x1 ) + ϕA (x1 ), ϕB (x2 )
∓

# 8  :\h _! h
  h i
(+) (−) (+) (−)
= N ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) + ϕA (x1 ), ϕB (x2 )
∓

C.number 3
h i h i
(+) (−) (+) (−)
ϕA (x1 ), ϕB (x2 ) = < 0| ϕA (x1 ), ϕB (x2 ) |0 >
∓ ∓

(+) (−) (−) (+)

= < 0|ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ) ∓ ϕB (x2 )ϕA (x1 )|0 >
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 69
(+) (−)
= < 0|ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )|0 >=< 0|ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )|0 >

if t1 > t2 = < 0|T ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )|0 >

 ot 1 > t2 h
T (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) = N (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) + < 0|T (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) |0 > (7.19)

o t < t hZ T (ϕ
1 2 A ϕB ) = δp T (ϕB ϕA ) , N (ϕA ϕB ) = δp N (ϕB ϕA ) 
2. ?!OKtxvn

Aµ (x)ψ(y) = 0 ⇐ [Aµ (x), ψ(y)] = 0

3. \ , KNf , Ktx3n

ψ(x)ψ(y) = 0 ψ̄(x)ψ̄(y) = 0

4. I xt 9 %$  X
 Æ
N (U V W · · · Y Z) ≡ δp V ZN (U W · · · Y ) (7.20)

-X δ = (−1) n 3 V _ Z  q/ t t ! h , t !h ^  C 

p
n

Æ 9 xGt N  , 


N UV W · · · Y Z ≡ δp V Z W Y N (U · · · X) (7.21)

6R R  , Z thL' U V · · · XY ^5

N (U V · · · XY )Z = N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z)

+ · · · + N (U V · · · XY Z) (7.22)

{IOI Z qNf , h  XGFC3   Z 3\ , 5

UZ = T (U Z) − N (U Z) = U Z − U Z = 0 (7.23)

-dOI U V · · · XY q\ , h  XV℄7 E j

e 1  \ , V℄5
N (U V · · · XY )Z = N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z)

+ · · · + N (U V · · · XY Z)

s.0W_Nf , P 5
P N (U V · · · XY )Z = P N (U V · · · XY Z) + P N (U V · · · XY Z) + P N (U V · · · XY Z)

+ · · · + P N (U V · · · XY Z)

-A(p
N (P U V · · · XY )Z = N (P U V · · · XY Z) + N (P U V · · · XY Z) + N (P U V · · · XY Z) + · · ·

( P, Z qNf ,  P Z = 0) 
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 70

G , Z y P   C I U V · · · XY q\ , Z qNf , h  XqGFt

o n = 1 h
N (Y )Z = Y Z = T (Y Z) = N (Y Z) + Y Z

e  n V℄5I   n + 1 V℄
{I;
N (U V · · · XY )Z = N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z) + N (U V · · · XY Z)

+ · · · + N (U V · · · XY Z)

f.sW\ , R
RN (U V · · · XY )Z = RN (U V · · · XY Z) + RN (U V · · · XY Z) + RN (U V · · · XY Z)

+ · · · + RN (U V · · · XY Z)

 _m.t{V
RN (U V · · · XY Z) = RZU V · · · XY δp = N (RZ)U V · · · XY δp + RZU V · · · XY δp

= N (RU V · · · XY Z) + N (RU V · · · XY Z)

F X   n + 1 V℄ XsI
5. Wick  X 1

T (U V · · · XY Z) = N (U V · · · XY Z) <xV
+N (U V · · · XY Z) + · · · + N (U V · · · XY Z) dxV
+N (U V · · · XY Z) + · · · fdxV
+···

DBxV
 
+N U V W · · · XY Z + · · · (7.24)

'. yP X n = 2 qV℄t

e   n 1V℄W  , R -h^- , th 
T (U V · · · XY Z)R = T (U V · · · XY ZR)

N (U V · · · XY Z)R = N (U V · · · XY ZR) + N (U V · · · XY ZR) + · · ·

N (U V · · · XY Z)R = U V N (W · · · XY Z)R

= N (U V · · · XY ZR) + N (U V W · · · XY ZR) + · · ·

R GAC I  X   n + 1 V℄
6. Wick  X 2
R R T W } X W  N W } U3 wb W } 5_7?OHV℄nq 9 N W } B
;  , KtxyAR


T /
N (ψ̄(xn )Aψ(x /
n )) · · · N (ψ̄(x1 )Aψ(x1 ))

-X A/ = γ A 
µ
µ
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 71

§7.4 N*$ 6 jN*a

§7.4.1 Feynman Propagator

 , xt  Æ
ϕA ϕB ≡ T (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )) − N (ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 ))

= < 0|T ϕA (x1 )ϕB (x2 )|0 > (7.25)

i3hO< 0|T ϕ(x )ϕ(x )|0 >= i∆ (x − x )

1 2 F 1 2

/ 3hO< 0|T ϕ(x )ϕ (x )|0 >= i∆ (x − x )

1
†
2 F 1 2

bO< 0|T A (x )A (x )|0 >= iD (x − x ) = g

µ 1 ν 2 µν 1 2 µν iDF (x1 − x2 )
Dirac O< 0|T ψ (x )ψ̄ (x )|0 >= iS (x − x )
α 1 β 2 F 1 2 αβ

1. i3hO
 x > x 10 20

T ϕ(x1 )ϕ(x2 ) = ϕ(x1 )ϕ(x2 )

= ϕ(+) (x1 )ϕ(+) (x2 ) + ϕ(−) (x1 )ϕ(−) (x2 ) + ϕ(−) (x1 )ϕ(+) (x2 ) + ϕ(+) (x1 )ϕ(−) (x2 )

N ϕ(x1 )ϕ(x2 ) = ϕ(+) (x1 )ϕ(+) (x2 ) + ϕ(−) (x1 )ϕ(−) (x2 ) + ϕ(−) (x1 )ϕ(+) (x2 ) + ϕ(−) (x2 )ϕ(+) (x1 )


i∆F (x1 − x2 ) = ϕ(+) (x1 )ϕ(−) (x2 ) − ϕ(−) (x2 )ϕ(+) (x1 ) (7.26)

 h6Z
Z
1 d3 k  
ϕ(x) = √ a(k)e−ikx + a† (k)eikx
(2π)3/2 2ω

 C sq
Z Z
1 1 ′  
i∆F (x1 − x2 ) = d3 k d3 k′ √ e−ikx1 +ik x2 a(k), a† (k′ )
(2π)3 4ωω ′
Z
1 1 −ik(x1 −x2 )
= d3 k e (7.27)
(2π)3 2ω

RR x 10 < x20 5Oq x ↔ x2 1 C h

Z
1 1
i∆F (x1 − x2 ) = d3 k eik(x1 −x2 ) (7.28)
(2π)3 2ω

S θ Y 
(
1 x0 > 0
θ = (7.29)
0 x0 < 0

Qt Y  Æ53
i∆F (x) ≡ θ(x0 )i∆(+) (x) − θ(−x0 )i∆(−) (x) (7.30)

f
[ϕ(x1 ), ϕ(x2 )] ≡ i∆(x1 − x2 )
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 72
Z
1 d3 k  −ik(x1 −x2 ) 
= e − eik(x1 −x2 )
(2π)3 2ω
= i∆F (x1 − x2 ) |x10 >x20 −i∆F (x1 − x2 ) |x10 <x20

= i∆(+) (x1 − x2 ) + i∆(−) (x1 − x2 ) (7.31)

Jma0d k → d k = d kdk 
3 4 3
0
Z
i e−ikx
i∆F (x) = d4 k (7.32)
(2π)4 Cf k 2 − m2

}# t3R& 7.1(I) n

C2

−ω −ω
+ω +ω
Cf
(k0)
C1
(k0)
(I) ( II )

(k0)
−ω +ω
−ω
+ω

C(-) C(+) (k0)

C

( III ) ( IV )

CR

C
CA

(V) ( VI )

' 7.1: ~$u4'

I
1 1 1
= =
k2 − m2 k02 −ω 2 (k0 + ω)(k0 − ω)

eikx = eik0 x0 −ik·x

o x > 0 h% }Y Xh exp[−ik x ] ks }# 1G ( j >#R& 7.1(II)O

0 0 0

k0 = ω tq A L
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 73
Z
eik·x−ik0 x0 1 ik·x−iωx0
dk0 = −2πi e
k 2 − m2 2ω

ox 0 h% }Y Xh exp[−ik x ] ks }# 1_ ( j >#R& 7.1(II)O

<0 0 0

k0 = −ω tq A L
Z
eik·x−ik0 x0 1 ik·x+iωx0
dk0 = −2πi e
k 2 − m2 2ω

 ox 0 >0 h
Z Z
i e−ikx
4 i 1 ik·x−iωx0
d k 2 = d3 k × (−2πi) e
(2π)4 Cf k − m2 (2π)4 2ω
Z
1 1 −ik·x
= d3 k e
(2π)3 2ω
= i∆F (x) |x0 >0

ox 0 <0 h
Z Z
i e−ikx
4 i 1 iωx0 +ik·x
d k 2 = d3 k × (−2πi) e
(2π)4 Cf k − m2 (2π)4 2ω
Z
1 1 iωx0 +ik·x
= d3 k e
(2π)3 2ω
Z
1 1 iωx0 −ik·x
= d3 k e
(2π)3 2ω
= i∆F (x) |x0 <0

F
Z
i e−ikx
i∆F (x) = d4 k
(2π)4 Cf k 2 − m2

I)
 3hO
Z
i e−ikx
i∆F (x) = < 0|T ϕ(x)ϕ(0)|0 >= d4 k (7.33)
(2π)4 Cf k2− m2

Qt
i i
→ (m2 → m2 − iǫ) (7.34)
k2 − m2 k2 − m2 + iǫ

Z
i e−ikx
i∆F (x) = d4 k (7.35)
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 + iǫ

1 - }#Y
Z
(±) 1 e−ikx
∆ (x) = d4 k (7.36)
(2π)4 C (±) k 2 − m2

}# t3& 7.1(III)
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 74
Z
1 e−ikx
∆(x) = ∆(+) (x) + ∆(−) (x) = d4 k (7.37)
(2π)4 C k 2 − m2

}# t3& 7.1(IV)
Z
(+) (−) i e−ikx
∆1 (x) = i∆ (x) − i∆ (x) = d4 k (7.38)
(2π)4 C k 2 − m2

}# t3& 7.1(V)
2. bO
Z

1
 + m2 ∆f (x) = − d4 ke−ikx = −δ 4 (x) (7.39)
(2π)4

L hta; Y 
< 0|T Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 )|0 > = iDµν (x1 − x2 ) = −gµν DF (x1 − x2 )

-X
Z
i e−ikx
DF (x) = i∆F (x)|m=0 = d4 k (7.40)
(2π)4 k 2 + iǫ

}# t3& 7.1(VI)b  o 
X
eλµ (k)eλν (k) = −gµν
λ=0,1,2,3

CR 3([C 3S2 A

L ht  h6Z (A (x) = 0) 3 µ

Z X
1 d3 k  λ 
Aµ (x) = √ eµ (k)aλ (k)e−ikx + eλ∗ ∗
µ (k)aλ (k)e
ikx
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=0,1,2,3

b q A = A ,a †
µ
∗
= −a†0
Qt  I D3
µ 0

 
aλ (k), a∗λ′ (k′ ) = ζλ δλλ′ δ 3 (k − k′ )

J{ O Gt o 3
X ki kj
eλi (k)eλj (k) = δij −
λ=1,2
k2

3. Dirac Ota;h
iSF (x1 − x2 ) = < 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )|0 > (7.41)

# f[9MR|
(3.1) x10 > x20 5
< 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )|0 > = < 0|ψ (+) (x1 )ψ̄ (−) (x2 )|0 >
n o
= ψ (+) (x1 ), ψ̄ (−) (x2 )
Z Z r n o
1 X 1 ′
= d3
p d3 p′ ur (p)ūr′ (p′ )e−ipx1 +ip x2 cr (p), c†r′ (p′ )
(2π)3 ′ 4EE ′
r,r
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 75
1 XZ 1
= d3 p ur (p)ūr (p)e−ip(x1 −x2 )
(2π)3 r
2E
Z 
1 3 /p + m −ip(x1 −x2 )
= d p e
(2π)3 2E
  Z 3
∂ 1 d p −ip(x1 −x2 )
= iγµ +m e
∂x1µ (2π)3 2E

1 $ ,
X

uα β
r (p)ūr (p) = /p + m αβ
(7.42)
r

(3.2) x10 < x20 5

< 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )|0 > = − < 0|ψ̄(x2 )ψ(x1 )|0 >

= − < 0|ψ̄ (+) (x2 )ψ (−) (x1 )|0 >

n o
= − ψ̄ (+) (x2 ), ψ (−) (x1 )
Z
1 X 1
= d3 p (−1)vr (p)v̄r (p)eip(x1 −x2 )
(2π)3 r 2E
Z
1 −p/ + m ip(x1 −x2 )
= 3
d3 p e
(2π) 2E
Z 3
∂ 1 d p ip(x1 −x2 )
= (iγµ + m) e
∂x1µ (2π)3 2E

1
1 X
2m r
(ur (p)ūr (p) − vr (p)v̄r (p)) = I 4×4 m88B (7.43)

f
X
−vr v̄r = −p
/+m
r

qZa;hjm3
 
∂
< 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )|0 > = iγµ + m i∆F (x1 − x2 )
∂x1µ
Z
i m + /p
= d4 p 2 e−ip(x1 −x2 )
(2π)4 p − m2 + iǫ
Z
1 i
= d4 p e−ip(x1 −x2 ) (7.44)
(2π)4 p
/ − m + iǫ

y<
Z
1 1 −ip(x1 −x2 )
< 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )|0 > = θ(x10 − x20 )(i∂/1 + m) d3 p e
(2π)3 2E
Z
1 1 ip(x1 −x2 )
+θ(x20 − x10 )(i∂/1 + m) d3 p e (7.45)
(2π)3 2E

b 
∂/∂x0 θ(x0 ) = δ(x0 ) δ(x10 − x20 )∆(x1 − x2 ) = 0 3VHh x 2
<0  ∆(x) = 0 
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 76

§7.4.2 S  ) 8  hM)_

S 8Bt/J7?jm3
X∞ Z Z
(−i)n
S = u(+∞, −∞) = 1 + d x1 · · · d4 xn T [H I (x1 ) · · · H I (xn )]
4
(7.46)
n=1
n!

S fi = < f |S |i > (7.47)

  QED R
H I (x) = eN (ψ̄(x)γ µ ψ(x)Aµ (x))

S 8Bt$/JV3
Z Z
(1)
 
S = (−i) d4 xH I (x) = (−ie) d4 xN ψ̄(x)γ µ ψ(x)Aµ (x)
Z n   o
(+) (−)
= (−ie) d4 xN ψ̄ (+) (x) + ψ̄ (−) (x) A / (x) ψ (+) (x) + ψ (−) (x)
/ (x) + A
Z
- 7 V
h i
(−)
= (−ie) d4 x ψ̄ (−) (x)A
/ (x)ψ (+) (x) + (7.48)

& 7.2 n3$/J ! &

e |i >= cp |0 >, |f >= cp aq
†
,σ
†
′ ,σ ′
†
′
,λ
|0 > 5 (& (a))
(1) (1) †
S fi = < 0|aq ′ λ cp′ ,σ′ S cp,σ |0 >
Z r ! r ! r !
4 1 1 ′ 1 1 ∗ ′ iq′ x 1 1
= (−ie) d x ūσ′ (p′ )eip x /e (q )e uσ (p)e−ipx
(2π)3/2 2E ′ (2π)3/2 2ω ′ λ (2π)3/2 2E
 3 r r Z
1 1 1 ′ ′
= ūσ′ (p′ )/e∗λ (q ′ )uσ (p)(−ie) d4 xei(−p+p +q )x
(2π)3/2 4EE ′ 2ω ′
 3 r r
1 1 1
= ūσ′ (p′ )/e∗λ (q ′ )uσ (p)(−ie)(2π)4 δ 4 (p − p′ − q ′ )
(2π)3/2 4EE ′ 2ω ′

b
Z r
1 3 1 X  
ψ(x) = d p cr (p)ur (p)e−ipx + d†r (p)vr (p)eipx
(2π)3/2 2E r=1,2
Z X h i
1 d3 k †
Aµ (x) = √ eλµ (k)aλ (k)e−ikx + eλ∗
µ (k)a λ (k)e ikx
(2π)3/2 2ω λ=0,1,2,3

=Xq  I D {c, c } = 1, [a, a ] = 1 † †

f S 8B&CJ p − p − qp= 0 p = p + q (  h| f)R R ?℄h2ND p = 05

′ ′ ′ ′

p = −q  h E(p) = m 6= m + |p | + |p |  ?!h"Ih  h| f R R p l6h

′ ′ 2 ′ 2 ′

 p = (m , p), m > m5C  f

µ ′ ′
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 77

P' q'

( x) Aˆ ( −) ( x)ψ ( +) ( x ) (b) ψ ( ) ( x ) γ µψ ( ) ( x ) Aµ( ) ( x )

− + +
(a) ψ (
−)

(c) ψ
( +)
( x) γ µψ ( −) ( x ) Aµ(+) ( x) (d) ψ ( −) ( x ) γ µψ ( −) ( x ) Aµ(−) ( x )

(e) ψ ( +) ( x ) γ µψ ( +) ( x ) Aµ( +) ( x ) (f) ψ (

+)
( x ) γ µψ ( +) ( x ) Aµ( −) ( x )

(g) ψ
( −)
( x ) γ µψ ( −) ( x ) Aµ( +) ( x ) (h) ψ
( +)
( x ) γ µψ ( −) ( x ) Aµ(−) ( x )

' 7.2: S 9Cu%0K"' gH.`AY4  _i

S  $8B&
Z Z
(−ie)2 


S (2) = d4 x1 d4 x2 T N / 1 )ψ(x1 ) N
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 )
ψ̄(x2 )A(x (7.49)
2!
Z Z
(−ie)2

= d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.50)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2
+ d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.51)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2
+ d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.52)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2
+ d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.53)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2
+ d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.54)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2 4
+ d x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.55)
2!
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 78
Z Z  
(−ie)2
+ d4 x1 d4 x2 N / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.56)
2!
Z Z  
(−ie)2 4 4
+ d x1 / 1 )ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )A(x
d x2 N ψ̄(x1 )A(x / 2 )ψ(x2 ) (7.57)
2!

S  $8B&tB #! &R& 7.3 n

' 7.3: S %0K"'

(7.50) mXxV1 x , x |` ; X 9 ^h= 9S X? v f ? ,b h  h| f 
1 2

(7.51) m6ntq 9 }h S X1& 7.3(A) Xnt3hhZb& 7.3(B) 6nt3

hGhZb
(7.52) mÆtqh L hZb! &R& 7.3(C) nb 1 ! &X! ht  Xq?
M < t:\h5C ?3  X
(7.53) mt S X (7.52) mÆt/ Oq x , x   1 2

(7.54) m6tq 9 hj S XR& 7.3(D) 

(7.55) mV (7.54) m
(7.56) mÆtq L ht>H o R& 7.3(E) 
(7.57) m5  j>Ht9R& 7.3(F) 
G RSE # ?`}h S X
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 79

1. hhZbR& 7.4(1) n
< p′ σ ′ , q ′ τ ′ |S (2) |pσ, qτ >= A + B
Z Z
(−ie)2
= d4 x1 d4 x2
2!
 
hp′ σ ′ , q ′ τ ′ | N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ (+) (x1 )ψ̄ (−) (x2 )γ ν ψ (+) (x2 )Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) |pσ, qτ i
Z Z
(−ie)2 4
= d x1 d4 x2
2!
 
h0| cq ′ τ ′ cp′ σ′ N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ (+) (x1 )ψ̄ (−) (x2 )γ ν ψ (+) (x2 )Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) c†pσ c†q τ |0i (7.58)

-X A, B # 83
Z Z " s # " s #
′ ′ 1 1 1 1
A = (−ie)2 d4 x1 d4 x2 eip x1 e−ipx1 eiq x2 e−iqx2 ūp′ σ′ γ µ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s # Z
1 1 ν 1 1 1 −igµν
× ūq τ γ
′ ′ uqτ d4 ke−ik(x1 −x2 ) · 2
(2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)4 k + iǫ
Z " s # " s #
2 4 4 (4) ′ 4 (4) ′ 1 1 µ 1 1
= (−ie) d k(2π) δ (p − p − k)(2π) δ (q − q + k) ūp′ σ′ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s #
1 −igµν 1 1 ν 1 1
× ūq′ τ ′ γ uqτ
(2π)4 k 2 + iǫ (2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Eq
" s # " s #
2 4 (4) ′ 1 ′ 1 µ 1 1 −igµν
= (−ie) (2π) δ (p − p + q − q) ūp′ σ′ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π) 3/2 2Ep (p − p)2 + iǫ
′

" s # " s #
1 1 ν 1 1
× ūq′ τ ′ γ uqτ (7.59)
(2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Eq
Z Z " s # " s #
2 4 4 iq′ x1 −ipx1 ip′ x2 −iqx2 1 1 µ 1 1
B = −(−ie) d x1 d x2 e e e e ūq′ τ ′ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s # Z
1 1 ν 1 1 1 −igµν
× ūp′ σ′ γ uqτ d4 ke−ik(x1 −x2 ) · 2
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)4 k + iǫ
Z " s # " s #
1 1 1 1
= −(−ie)2 d4 k(2π)4 δ (4) (q ′ − p − k)(2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − q + k) ūq′ τ ′ γ µ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s #
1 −igµν 1 1 ν 1 1
× ūp′ σ′ γ uqτ
(2π)4 k 2 + iǫ (2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Eq
" s # " s #
2 4 (4) ′ 1 ′ 1 µ 1 1 −igµν
= −(−ie) (2π) δ (p − q + q − p) ūq′ τ ′ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Eq′ (2π)3/2 2Ep (q ′ − p)2 + iǫ
" s # " s #
1 1 ν 1 1
× ūp′ σ′ γ uqτ (7.60)
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Eq

0[ R) ! # 3 B X  fjh t A : N JH

   
c†p′ cp c†q′ cq , B : N c†q′ cp c†p′ cq
A _ B QM 90[ 
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 80

(A) q'
(B)
P' q' P'

x1 x2 x1 x2
+
q q
P P

x1 x2 x1 x2

(1) e+e e' + e'

(A) (B)
P' q'
P' q'
x2

x1 x2
+
k
q
P

x1 x2 x1
q
P
x1 x2
(2) e + e+ e+' + e'

(A) (B)
P' k' P' x2
x2
k

q q
+
k'

x1 P x1
k
P
x1 x2 x1 x2

(3) e+ ' +e'

' 7.4: S %0K"'~i TY $ 

2. hGhZb R& 7.4(2) 
(2)
hp′ σ ′ , q ′ τ ′ | S |pσ, qτ i = A+B (7.61)

-X A A Lt N W } 3
 
N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ (+) (x1 )ψ̄ (+) (x2 )γ ν ψ (−) (x2 )Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) + N (x1 ↔ x2 ) (7.62)

B A Lt N W } 3
 
N ψ̄ (+) (x1 )γ µ ψ (+) (x1 )ψ̄ (−) (x2 )γ ν ψ (−) (x2 )Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) + N (x1 ↔ x2 ) (7.63)

Qt8B&3
Z " s # " s #
2 4 4 (4) ′ 4 (4) ′ 1 1 µ 1 1
A = (−ie) d k(2π) δ (p − p − k)(2π) δ (q − q + k) ūp′ σ′ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s #
1 −i 1 1 1 1
× ῡqτ γµ υq ′ τ ′
(2π)4 k 2 + iǫ (2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)3/2 2Eq′
" s # " s #
1 1 1 1 −i
= (−ie)2 (2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p + q ′ − q) ūp′ σ′ γ µ
upσ ′
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π) 3/2 2E p (p − p)2 + iǫ
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 81
" s # " s #
1 1 1 1
× v̄qτ γµ vq′ τ ′ (7.64)
(2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)3/2 2Eq′
Z " s # " s #
2 4 4 (4) ′ ′ 4 (4) 1 1 µ 1 1
B = −(−ie) d k(2π) δ (p + q − k)(2π) δ (p + q − k) ūp′ σ′ γ υq ′ τ ′
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)3/2 2Eq′
" s # " s #
1 −i 1 1 1 1
× ῡqτ γµ upσ
(2π)4 k 2 + iǫ (2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)3/2 2Ep
" s # " s #
2 4 (4) ′ ′ 1 1 µ 1 1 −i
= −(−ie) (2π) δ (p + q − p − q) ūp′ σ′ γ υq ′ τ ′
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π) 3/2 2Eq′ (p + q)2 + iǫ
" s # " s #
1 1 1 1
× ῡqτ γµ upσ (7.65)
(2π)3/2 2Eq (2π)3/2 2Ep

0[ R) ! # 
3. L hhZb R& 7.4(3)
 
A: N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γ ν ψ (+) (x2 )A(−) (+)
µ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) + N (x1 ↔ x2 ) (7.66)
 
B: N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γ ν ψ (+) (x2 )A(+) (−)
µ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) + N (x1 ↔ x2 ) (7.67)

8B&
(2)
hk ′ λ′ , p′ σ ′ | S |kλ, pσi = A+B

-X A, B # 83
Z " r #" s #
1 1 µ∗ 1 1
A = (−ie)2 d4 q(2π)4 δ (4) (p′ + k ′ − q)(2π)4 δ (4) (p + k − q) e ′ ′ ūp′ σ′
(2π)3/2 2ω ′ k λ (2π)3/2 2Ep′
  " s #" r #
1 i 1 1 1 1 ν
×γµ γν upσ e
(2π)4 /q − m (2π)3/2 2Ep (2π)3/2 2ω kλ
" r #" s #
2 4 (4) ′ ′ 1 1 µ∗ 1 1
= (−ie) (2π) δ (p + k − p − k) e ′ ′ ūp′ σ′
(2π)3/2 2ω ′ k λ (2π)3/2 2Ep′
" s #" r #
i 1 1 1 1 ν
×γµ γν upσ e (7.68)
/p + k/ − m (2π)3/2 2Ep (2π)3/2 2ω kλ
Z " r #" s #
2 4 4 (4) ′ 4 (4) ′ 1 1 µ 1 1
B = (−ie) d q(2π) δ (p − k − q)(2π) δ (q + k − p) e ūp′ σ′
(2π)3/2 2ω kλ (2π)3/2 2Ep′
  " s #" r #
1 i 1 1 1 1 ν∗
×γµ γν upσ e ′ ′
(2π)4 /q − m (2π)3/2 2Ep (2π)3/2 2ω ′ k λ
" r #" s #
2 4 (4) ′ 1 ′ 1 µ 1 1
= (−ie) (2π) δ (p − k − p + k ) e ūp′ σ′
(2π)3/2 2ω kλ (2π)3/2 2Ep′
" s #" r #
i 1 1 1 1 ν∗
×γµ ′ γν upσ e ′ ′ (7.69)
/ − k/ − m
p (2π)3/2 2Ep (2π)3/2 2ω ′ k λ

b 1 feynman &X Fermi h  XqF  tBose ht  XC ?F  

EZp ℄^SqMe[I 82

4. hj
8B&3 < p σ |S ′ ′ (2)
|pσ > 
N W}3
 
N ψ̄ (−) (x1 )γ µ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γ ν ψ (+) (x2 )Aµ (x1 )Aν (x2 ) + N (x1 ↔ x2 )

8B&3
Z Z
(2)
< p′ σ ′ |S |pσ > = (−ie)2 d4 q d4 k(2π)4 δ (4) (p − q − k)(2π)4 δ (4) (q + k − p′ )
" s #    " s #
1 1 µ 1 i 1 −igµν ν 1 1
× ūp′ σ′ γ γ upσ
(2π)3/2 2Ep′ (2π)4 /q − m (2π)4 k 2 + iǫ (2π)3/2 2Ep

1 1 1
= 3
p p ūp′ σ′ (−i)Σ(2) (p)upσ (2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p) (7.70)
(2π) 2Ep′ 2Ep

-X
Z
d4 k µ i −i
(−i)Σ(2) (p) = (−ie)2 4
γ γµ 2
(2π) (/p − k/) − m k

5. L ht>H o
8B&
 
hk ′ λ′ | S (2)
|kλi ∝ h0| ak′ λ′ N ψ̄(x1 )γµ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γν ψ(x2 )Aµ(−) (x1 )Aν(+) (x2 ) a†kλ |0i +
 
h0| ak′ λ′ N ψ̄(x1 )γµ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γν ψ(x2 )Aµ(+) (x1 )Aν(−) (x2 ) a†kλ |0i

qZtjm3 Z Z
(2)
hk ′ λ′ | S |kλi = (−ie)2 d4 q d4 p(2π)4 δ (4) (k + q − p)(2π)4 δ (4) (k ′ + q − p)
" r #  " r #
1 1 µ∗ 1 i 1 i 1 1 ν
× e ′ ′ (−1) Tr γµ γν e
(2π)3/2 2ω ′ k λ (2π)4 p
/ − m (2π)4 /q − m (2π)3/2 2ω kλ

1 1 1
= √ √ (2π)4 δ (4) (k − k ′ )eµ∗ ν (2)
k′ λ′ ekλ Πµν (k) (7.71)
(2π)3 2ω 2ω ′

-X
Z  
d4 p i i
Π(2)
µν (k) = (−ie) (−1) 2
Tr γµ γν
(2π)4 / − m /p − k/ − m
p

b
ψ̄(x1 )γµ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γν ψ(x2 ) = −(γµ )αβ ψβ (x1 )ψ̄r (x2 )(γν )rδ ψδ (x2 )ψ̄α (x1 )

= − Tr [γµ iSF (x1 − x2 )γν iSF (x2 − x1 )] (7.72)

-X 0[ R) t! h , 
b 
 
iSF (x1 − x2 ) = < 0|T ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 ) |0 >

6. >H>H-1
 S S = I  Æ C =< 0|S |0 >5 C = e >H>H o Co>X  f
† iδ
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 83

§7.4.3 Feynman \ 

1. B ! hO A L3R& 7.5 n

Z
1 i
d4 piSF (p), iSF (p) = 4
(7.73)
(2π) /p − m
Z
iSF (x1 − x2 ) = d4 piSF (p)e−ip(x1 −x2 )

' 7.5: C" iP

2. *B ! hO A L
1
p
1
(2π)3 2Ep
ūr (p) y √1V p2E
1
p
ūr (p) Nf ! h  h p,  o r), R& 7.6(a) (7.74)

1
p
1
(2π)3 2Ep
υr (p) y √1V p2E
1
p
vr (p) Nf ! h  h p,  o r), R& 7.6(b) (7.75)

' 7.6: +C" iP I

1
(2π)3
p
1
2Ep
ur (p) y √1V p2E
1
p
ur (p) \ ! h  h p,  o r), R& 7.7(a) (7.76)

1
p
1
(2π)3 2Ep
v̄r (p) y √1V p2E
1
p
v̄r (p) \ ! h  h p,  o r), R& 7.7(b) (7.77)

' 7.7: +C" iP II

3. B L hOt A L Lorentz Gauge R& 7.8 n
Z
1 −i
gµν d4 kiDF (k) iDF (k) = 4 2
(7.78)
(2π) k + iǫ

Z
iDµν (x1 − x2 ) = gµν d4 kiDF (k)e−ik(x1 −x2 )

= gµν iDF (x1 − x2 )

EZp ℄^SqMe[I 84

' 7.8: CMiP

4. *B L hOt A LR& 7.9
1
(2π)3
1
√ eλ∗
2ω
µ (k) y √1V √12ω ǫλ∗
µ (k) Nf L h  h k  o λ R& 7.9(a) (7.79)

1 1
√ eλ (k)
(2π)3 2ω µ
y √1V √12ω ǫλµ(k) \ L h  h k  o λ R& 7.9(b) (7.80)

' 7.9: +CMiP

5.  9 V A L (−ie)γ (2π) δ
µ 4 (4)
( p) R& 7.10 n
P

HI = eN ψ̄γ µ ψAµ → e(−i) = (−ie)

' 7.10: WuBM

6.  9& *t ! hBt A L
bf%t  X h ~ 6imnq=9? 7f℄  16  1?
l   ^h50 Z Q  8B+q k bar t?l A L3

' 7.11: '+" iC

EZp ℄^SqMe[I 85

ψ̄(x1 )γµ ψ(x1 )ψ̄(x2 )γν ψ(x2 )ψ̄(x3 )γρ · · · · · · ψ̄(x6 )γδ ψ(x6 )

= (−1) Tr [γµ iSF (x1 − x2 )γν iSF (x2 − x3 ) · · · iSF (x6 − x1 )] (7.81)

§7.4.46Z feynman \ 
1. !8v| f tQ l ut feynman O 5
Q l utQth  V3
HI = −LI = ig N̄γ5 τ N · ϕ
1 
= ig N̄ , γ5 τ N · ϕ = igN (N̄γ5 τ N · ϕ) (7.82)
2
 
ϕ1
-X ϕ =  ϕ 2


 3!8vHjhN̄ γ τ N · ϕ 1!8vH  ?0-X:
5 π + → ϕ+ =
ϕ3
√ √
1/ 2(ϕ1 + iϕ2 ), π → ϕ− = 1/ 2(ϕ1 − iϕ2 ), π 0 → ϕ0 = ϕ3
−

 I t ! & (& 7.12)

' 7.12: ^i π +iv

(1.1) *hO (& 7.13)

' 7.13: +iP`^iP

Z
1 i
d4 k δij (7.83)
(2π)4 k 2 − µ2 + iǫ

-X µ 3*hVh
(1.2) ℄ hO (& 7.13)
Z
1 i
d4 p 4
(7.84)
(2π) /p − m + iε

-X m 3 ℄ hVh
(1.3)   (& 7.14)

gγ5 τi (2π)4 δ 4 (p′ − p − k) (7.85)

2. VQ l u ! hQ l u v_ ! & (& 7.15)

− −
µ → e + ν̄ + ν 6h | f e µ (7.86)
EZp ℄^SqMe[I 86

' 7.14: 

' 7.15: " iWRmv

Q l utQth3
1 
LI = − √ GF ν̄µ γ λ (1 − γ5 )µ {ēγλ (1 − γ5 )νe } + h.c.
2
 C~ (7.87)

-X ν̄ = ψ̄ (x), µ = ψ (x), ē = ψ̄ (x), ν = ψ (x) → Qo\ 9 X/h y <Nf 9 X/h

µ νµ µ e e νe

=q 9 }ht V − A hQ l uC Æ*h 3h → 6h

ψ̄1 γ λ (1 − γ5 )ψ2 ψ̄3 γλ (1 − γ5 )ψ4 (7.88)

[RC S Gk S X|6ht+rm
µ− + ν̄µ a  r
(

e− + ν̄e C k y
π− → (7.89)

nq6hXl τ 6htVh' π *htVhj ? v f_ S XutQth−

3
 
LI = −igπ ūγ λ (1 − γ5 )νµ + e− γ λ (1 − γ5 )νe + τ̄ γ λ (1 − γ5 )ντ ∂λ ϕπ− + h.c. (7.90)

! &3 (& 7.16)

' 7.16: 7i,sn

EZp ℄^SqMe[I 87

C
(7.1) < ^hhZbtqw$ S 8B&
(7.2) < ^hGhZbtqw$ S 8B&

(7.3) < ^hGh}3 L ht S 8B&

(7.4) qw$/J8B&I:  9L h? o 3f 9L h

 /
 CiT_ *d9Y
AD-jU P0+  UL
§8.1

Zb 1 + 2 → 1 + 2 + · · · + nR e + e → 2γ, · · · , p + p̄ → n + π vv

+ −

0 1 → 1 + 2 + · · · + nR π → µν̄, J/ψ → 3g, n → p + e + ν̄ v −

e

Zb , S = 1 + iR -X R 3℄ |i > q |f > t-1A +  fi

X X 1
Rf i = (2π)4 δ 4 ( pi − pf ) (ni +nf )/2 N
Tf i (8.1)
V i Nf

-X n , n # 83℄t^h 
i f
Y√ p Yp p
Ni = 2ωi 2Ei Nf = 2ωf 2Ef
i f

℄qt-1 x 1j T  8 t = −∞ → t = +∞ h 8 ,Vt

2
X X 1 2
|Rf i | = (2π)8 δ 4 ( pi − pf )δ 4 (0) |Tf i | (8.2)
V (ni +nf ) Ni2 Nf2
Z Z
1 1 1
δ 4 (0) = d4 xeipx = d4 x = T V (8.3)
(2π)4 p=0 (2π)4 (2π)4

m8ht-1 x3
2 X X
|Rf i | 1 2
Γf i = = (2π)4 δ 4 ( pi − pf )V (n +n ) 2 2 |Tf i | (8.4)
T V i f Ni Nf

§8.1.1 ?B,
 Æm8hm8Sbrq ; [CZt-1 xrh F incident flux factor a + b →
1 + 2 + ··· + n
i
uDR|: P lab
b =0  b t2NDf  F = υ /V 1/Vm8 } t^h  a

X Γf i Z
1
σ= = |Tf i |2 dLIP S(s; p1 , · · · , pn ) (8.5)
pf F 4f

-X Lorentz ?0QH
X n
Y
1 d3 pf
dLIP S(s; p1 , · · · , pn ) ≡ (2π)4 δ 4 (p − pf ) 3n
(8.6)
(2π) 2Ef
f f =1

b VeDmh3 s = (p + p ) = (E + E ) a b
2
a
2
b c.m.

1i
uD F = υ /V 1D F = |υ − υ |/V -X υ = p/E 3Q  |Æ 

a a b

VeD p + p = 0, → p = −p = p  h
a b a b c.m.
 
|pc.m. | 1 1 |pc.m. | 1
F = + = (Ea + Eb ) (8.7)
V Ea Eb V Ea Eb

a0jm
1 1
F = f (8.8)
V Ea Eb

-X Mφller’s invariant flux factor,

88
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 89
q
f = (pa · pb )2 − m2a m2b (8.9)

CI1VeD (c.m.) X f = s|p 2

c.m. |
2
s 3VeDmh
g 4 h π  4 )mm 8
 V3
ig N̄γ5 τ N · ϕ = ig N̄a γ5 (τi )ab Nb ϕi (8.10)

{I; I Dm
1 
ψ̄γ5 ψ = ψ̄, γ5 ψ = N (ψ̄γ5 ψ) (8.11)
2
π *ht6ijm3
 
ϕ1 √
  ϕ± = 1/ 2(ϕ1 ± iϕ2 )
ϕ= 
 ϕ2  , ϕ0 = ϕ (8.12)
3
ϕ3

℄ h3
! !
ψp p Na=1 = ψp
ψ= = , (8.13)
ψn n Na=2 = ψn

 1  V? i = 1 h3
! !

0 1 ψp
ig ψ̄p , ψ̄n γ5 ϕ1 (8.14)
1 0 ψn

o*
ϕi (x)ϕj (x′ ) = i∆F (x − x′ )δij , Na (x)N̄b (x′ ) = iSF (x − x′ )δab (8.15)

 Vt{X # h3
!

1 0
ig ψ̄p (x)γ5 ψp − ψ̄n (x)γ5 ψn ϕ3 , f or τ3 = (8.16)
0 −1

§8.1.2 S9hO/

0L m8hq ; [Ct-1 x
m8ht-1 x3
|Rf i |2
Γf i = (8.17)
T
?℄^h2ND E i =M 
0tmL 3
X Z
1
Γ= Γf i = |Tf i |2 dLIP S (8.18)
pf 2M

} τ = Γ → τ Γ = 1Γ &V_q 9 -1t x

−1

[R Compton Zb e + γ → e + γ,  ℄^h !Ph _L h t o =(> ^h o

(pol.=polarized) = _j
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 90
2
! 2 2
! 2
1X X 1X X
σunpol. = σpol. (8.19)
2 2 r=1
λ=1 λ′ =1 r ′ =1

 I t=  m
2 X
X 2 X
2
|ūr′ (p′ )tur (p)| = ūr (p)γ 0 t† γ 0 ur′ (p′ )ūr′ (p′ )tur (p)
r=1 r ′ =1 r,r ′
X
= ūr (p)γ 0 t† γ 0 (/p′ + m)tur (p)
r


= Tr (/p + m)γ 0 t† γ 0 (/p′ + m)t (8.20)
X 2
X
|ūr′ (p′ )tvr (p)| = v̄r (p)γ 0 t† γ 0 ur′ (p′ )ūr′ (p′ )tvr (p)
r,r ′ r,r ′
X
= v̄r (p)γ 0 t† γ 0 (/p′ + m)tvr (p)
r


= Tr (/p − m)γ 0 t† γ 0 (/p′ + m)t (8.21)

j [9M   L hG 0 h  
γ 8Bt=  m

/n = 0 R R n 3. -X a


1. Tr a
/1 a
/2 · · · a /i = (ai )µ γ µ
'.3 Tr(AB) = Tr(BA) 5




γ5 a
/1 a /n γ 5
/2 · · · a = (−1)n a
/1 a /n (γ 5 )2 = (−1)n a
/2 · · · a /1 a
/2 · · · a
/n






Tr[γ 5 a
/1 a /n γ 5 ] =
/2 · · · a Tr[ a
/1 a /n (γ 5 )2 ] = Tr a
/2 · · · a /1 a
/2 · · · a
/n


= (−1)n Tr a
/1 a
/2 · · · a
/n

R R n 3. 5(^j'|(pt S XXqj γ , γ 5 µ
= 0, (γ 5 )2 = 1 
a/b) = 4(ab), (ab) = a · b = aµ bµ = a0 b0 − a · b
2. Tr(/
Xqj γ γ µ ν
+ γ ν γ µ = 2g µν  Tr(γ µ γ ν ) = Tr(g µν ) = g µν Tr1 = 4g µν .

a/b) = aµ bν Tr(γ µ γ ν ) = 4(ab)
Tr(/ (8.22)

3. (a). Tr(γ 5 ) = 0; (b). Tr(γ 5 a

//b) = 0; (c). Tr(γ 5 a
//b/c) = 0; (d). Tr(γ 5 a /) = −4iǫµνρσ aµ bν cρ dσ
//b/cd
'.
(3.1) Tr(γ 5 ) = Tr(γ 5 γ 0 γ 0 ) = − Tr(γ 0 γ 5 γ 0 ) = − Tr(γ 5 γ 0 γ 0 ) = − Tr(γ 5 ) = 0
(3.2) Tr(γ 5 γ µ γ ν ) = Tr(γ 5 ) = 0 o µ = ν  Tr(γ γ γ ) = ±i 5 µ ν
Tr(γ ρ γ σ )|ρ6=σ = 0 3 γ 5
=
0 1 2 3
iγ γ γ γ 
(3.3) Tr(γ γ γ γ γ ) = −4iǫµνρσ
5 µ ν ρ σ
?v 0 tq µ, ν, ρ, σ ; ?Q!
4. o n 3" h
Tr(/
a1 a
/2 · · · a
/n ) = Tr(/
an · · · a
/2 a
/1 ) (8.23)

'.γ µT
= −C−1 γ µ C ,[ T 3 S
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 91

Tr(/
a1 a
/2 · · · a
/n ) = Tr(CC−1 a
/1 a
/2 · · · a
/n ) Z Tr(AB) = Tr(BA)

= Tr(C−1 a
/1 a
/2 · · · a
/n C)

= Tr(C−1 a
/1 CC−1 a /2 CC−1 · · · CC−1 a
/n C)
 
T T T
= (−1)n Tr a /1 a
/2 · · · a
/n

= (−1)n Tr[(/
an · · · a
/2 a
/1 ) ]
T
=XZj T
Tr[(AB) ] = Tr(B T AT )

= (−1)n Tr(/
an · · · a
/2 a
/1 )

o n 3" hsqj'|
5. o n 3" h

Tr(/
a1 a
/2 · · · a
/n ) = (a1 a2 ) Tr(/
a3 · · · a
/n ) − (a1 a3 ) Tr(/
a2 · · · a
/n ) + · · · + (a1 an ) Tr(/
a2 · · · a
/n−1 ) (8.24)

'.3 a/ a/ 1 2 = −/
a2 a
/1 + 2(a1 a2 )  
Tr(/
a1 a
/2 · · · a
/n ) = 2(a1 a2 ) Tr(/
a3 · · · a
/n ) − Tr(/
a2 a
/1 · · · a
/n ) = · · ·

= 2(a1 a2 ) Tr(/
a3 · · · a
/n ) − 2(a1 a3 ) Tr(/
a2 a
/4 · · · a
/n ) + · · ·

+2(a1 an ) Tr(/
a2 · · · a
/n−1 ) − Tr(/
a2 · · · a
/n a
/1 )

Z Tr(AB) = Tr(BA) 5 Tr(/

a2 · · · a
/n a
/1 ) = Tr(/
a1 a
/2 · · · a
/n )  (^'|
[  n  4
Tr(/
a1 a
/2 a
/3 a
/4 ) = 4(a1 a2 )(a3 a4 ) − 4(a1 a3 )(a2 a4 ) + 4(a1 a4 )(a2 a3 ) (8.25)

-Qt  m
/ = (γ µ γ ν + γ ν γ µ )aµ bν = 2g µν aµ bν = 2(ab)
//b + /ba
1. a
2. γ µ a
/γµ = −2/ a
µ /
3. γ a / bγµ = 4(ab)
4. γ µ a
//b/cγµ = −2/c/ba
/
µ / / /a
5. γ a / b/cdγµ = 2(d //b/c + /c/ba
/d/)

'.
γ µa
/γµ = γ µ (γ ν aν )γµ = (2g µν − γ ν γ µ )aν γµ = 2/
a − 4/
a = −2/
a

γ µa
//bγµ = γ µ (γ ν aν )(γ ρ bρ )γµ = (2g µν − γ ν γ µ )aν γ ρ bρ γµ

= 2/ba /(2g µρ − γ ρ γ µ )bρ γµ = 2/ba

/−a a/b = 4(ab)
/ + 2/

γ µa
//b/cγµ aγ µ + 2aµ )/b(−γµ /c + 2cµ ) = −2/
= (−/ a/b/c − 2/
a/c/b − 2/ba
//c + 4/b(ac)

a(/b/c + /c/b) − 2/ba

= −2/ //c + 2/b(/
a/c + /ca a + 2/b/ca
/) = −4(bc)/ /

= −2(/b/c + /c/b)/
a + 2/b/ca
/ = −2/c/ba
/

γ µa
//b/cd
/ γµ = γ µa
//b/cdν γν γµ = γ µ a
//b/cdν (2gνµ − γµ γν )

= 2γ µ a
//b/cdµ − γ µ a
//b/cγµ /d = 2(d
/a//b/c + /c/ba
/d/)
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 92

℄I {j Nl §8.2

Qth L = −j A r j = eψ̄γ ψ Bv S 8B&e*O L h5 T ∝ j (k)e (k)

I µ
µ
µ µ fi
µ λ

t T ∝ j (k)a (k)
µ
µ
µ

Bv O (Lorentz O) ?0 A → A = A + ∂ ΛX|jm?05 a (k) → a (k) − ik Λ(k)

µ
′
µ µ µ µ µ


µ

j µ (k)aµ (k) = j µ (k)a′µ (k)

= j µ (k)aµ (k) − ij µ (k)kµ Λ(k) → j µ (k)kµ = 0 (8.26)

r| f q O ?0t' R :[
§8.2.1 +bÆZ4
1.  9L ht9jR& 8.1 n

' 8.1: X:+PMi

S ∝ ū(p′ )γ µ u(p)aµ (k)

= j µ (k)aµ (k) -X a (k) =

µ √1 √1 eλ (k)
V 2ω µ

 j µ (k) = ū(p′ )γ µ u(p)


j µ (k)kµ = ū(p′ )γ µ u(p)kµ , k = p − p′

= ū(p′ )(p
/−p
′
/ )u(p)

= ū(p′ )(p
/−m−p
′
/ + m)u(p) = 0 -XqjO  X
2. W f 9L ht9jR& 8.2 n
i i
S (2) ∝ a∗ (k ′ )
ū(p′ )/ /(k)u(p) + ū(p′ )/
a a(k) ′ ∗
/ (k ′ )u(p)
a (8.27)
/p + k/ − m /p − k/ − m
= j µ (k)aµ (k) (8.28)

 j (k) = ū(p )/a (k )

µ ′ ∗ ′
p+/
/
i
k−m
γ µ u(p) + ū(p′ )γ µ /p′ −/ki −m a ∗
/ (k ′ )u(p) 
i i
j µ (k)kµ a∗ (k ′ )
= ū(p′ )/ k/ u(p) + ū(p′ )/
k ′ ∗
/ (k ′ )u(p)
a
/
/p + k − m /
/p − k − m
i i
a∗ (k ′ )
= ū(p′ )/ k + /p − m)u(p) + ū(p′ )(/
(/ k − /p′ + m) ′ ∗
/ (k ′ )u(p)
a
/p + k/ − m /p − k/ − m
a∗ (k ′ )iu(p) − ū(p′ )i/
= ū(p′ )/ a∗ (k ′ )u(p)
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 93

' 8.2: Xg:+PMi

= 0

_tI   a (k ), a (k) t VO L h (k

∗ ′
µ
2
6= 0, k ′2 6= 0) q  t
o*& 8.2 s C6nV& 8.3 tjm
µ

' 8.3: Xg:+PMi

C I  W  n 9L ht9j (& 8.4)O6
j µ (k)kµ = 0 (8.29)

' 8.4: X n :+PMi

G R|G n 9 *O L hR& 8.5 t9j5
1 1 1 1
g(p, p′ , qi , ai ) = ′ a
/n a
/n−1 · · · a
/2 a
/1 (8.30)
/p − m /pn−1 − m /p1 − m /p − m

-X a/ n = (an )µ γ µ .

' 8.5: X n :+PMi

RR1 q , q r r−1 KKS 9L h R& 8.6 5C sq n  1 9L htV3
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 94

' 8.6: 2X n :+PMi:kÆT :M i

1 1 1 1 1
ger = ger (p, p′ ; qi , ai ; q) = a
/ a
/ ···a
/r+1 /q a
/ ···a
/1 (8.31)
/′ + /q) − m n (/pn−1 + /q) − m n−1
(p (/pr + /q) − m /pr − m r /p − m

Z /q = (/p + /q − m) − (/p − m)C sq

1 1 1 1
q/ = − (8.32)
(p +
/ / q ) − m p
/ − m p
/ − m (p
/ /) − m
+ q

G Bv n+1 9L ht9j1 n 9L ht9MGn  1 9L ht9jR& 8.7 n

' 8.7: 2X n :+PMi:kÆT :M iu":N

= _ Cs
X
gr (p, p′ ; qi , ai ; q) =
e g(p, p′ ; qi , ai ) − g(p + q, p′ + q; qi , ai )
r

1 1 1
= ′ a
/n a
/n−1 · · · a
/1
/p − m /pn−1 − m /p − m
1 1
− ′ a
/n · · · a
/1 (8.33)
(p
/ / + q ) − m (p
/ /) − m
+ q

f tO t V*O5
1 1
→ u(p) ′ → ū(p′ + q) (8.34)
/p − m (p
/ + /q) − m

 q j m (8.33) 0V
 
  X

j µ (k)qµ ∝ ū(p′ + q) lim (p ′
/ + /q) − m gr /p − m
e u(p) = 0 (8.35)
 p2 →m2
r

(p′ +q)2 →m2
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 95

=XqjR R p → m , (p + q) 2 2 ′ 2
→ m2 , 5 (/p − m)u(p) = 0, ū(p + q) (/p + /q) − m = 0
′ ′

  r Ot9jR& 8.8 n

Z X
1
j µ (q)qµ ∝ d4 p Tr(/
a0 ger )
(2π)4 r
Z
1
= d4 p Tr{/
a0 [g(p, p′ ; qi , ai ) − g(p + q, p′ + q; qi , ai )]} (8.36)
(2π)4

P [ XfVt }# M8< 1 }# '|t0  p → p + q, p → p + q R R}# qxdt  '| ′ ′

j }# Lq?0tf  C (^m (8.36) 3n

' 8.8: X n :MiCYÆT :Mi

R R}# q  Zt5=r| f  j (q)q = 0 u3`X  Z }# t1 n = 2, n = 4
µ
µ

h}# q  Ztn 3 L h 
n  2 hr| f t L h o = _ 

S ∝ j (k)e (k)
µ
µ
λ(λ = 1, 2) i L h eL h (8.37)

 o 
X ki kj
eiλ (k)ejλ (k) = δij − (8.38)
k2
λ=1,2

1 P
|T |2 ∝
P
jµ∗ jν eµ∗X$q γ /t γ ? v * q a0m γ /e γ = /e  2
ν
λ eλ
0 † 0 0 † 0
eλµ <f [ 
  O γ = γ γ γ  e = e (µ = 1, 2, 3), e = e 
λ=1,2 λ=1,2
/e = γ µ eµ 0123 µ† 0 µ 0 ∗
µ µ
∗
0 0
X X
|T |2 = jµ∗ jν eµ∗ ν ∗ µν ∗ µ
λ eλ = jµ jν (−g ) = −jµ j (8.39)
λ=1,2 λ=1,2

  λ = 3 3n L hλ = 0 33h L h η = (1, 0, 0, 0)

k − (k · η)η (k0 , k) − k0 (1, 0) (0, k)
eλ=3 (k) = p = = = (0, 0, 0, 1) (8.40)
2
(k · η) − k 2 | k | |k|

eλ=0 (k) = η (8.41)

Zr| f 3a0jm:
X X X
|T |2 ∝ jµ∗ jν eµ∗ ν
λ eλ = jµ∗ jν ζλ eµ∗ ν
λ eλ
λ=1,2 λ=1,2 λ=0,1,2,3
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 96

§8.2.2 Mk)Z 4 #Æ Q

Aµ (x)Aν (x′ ) = iDµν (x − x′ ) = igµν DF (x − x′ ) (8.42)

L hO (& 8.9) C Vj µ

(k)Dµν (k)j ν (k) tjm-Xr| f j k
µ
µ 
= j ν kν = 0 Dµν (k) tj
m3

' 8.9: MiP

 
i kµ kν
iDµν (k) = −gµν + λ 2 (8.43)
k 2 + iǫ k

-X λ = 0 →Feynman Gauge λ = 1 →Lorentz Gauge

bLorentz Gauge
(
Aµ = jµ
(8.44)
< |∂µ Aµ | >= 0

9MGQthtjm3
L = Le.m. + LD + LI (8.45)

LD = ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ
1
Le.m. = − Fµν F µν
4
LI = −j µ Aµ , j µ = eψ̄γ µ ψ

1  #0 t G


 Aµ (x) → Aµ (x) + ∂µ Λ(x)

ψ(x) → e−ieΛ(x) ψ(x) (8.46)


 ψ̄(x) → ψ̄(x)eieΛ(x)

 Xtjm3
∂ µ Fµν = jν (8.47)

iγ µ (∂µ + ieAµ )ψ − mψ = 0 (8.48)

1 Coulomb Gauge G∇ · A = 0, (A = A )bO3 e Of  L X? W  Ȧ  A ? ℄

t
0 0

m 8.47 Cs ∇ · E = ρ, (ρ = j ) ∇ · (−∇A − Ȧ) = −∇ A − ∇ · Ȧ = −∇ A f  C (s

0 0
2
0
2
0

−∇2 A0 = ρ (8.49)

 (Cs
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 97
Z
1 ρ(r ′ , t)
A0 (r, t) = d3 r ′ (8.50)
4π |r − r ′ |

O3 E = E + E l t
= −∇A0 − Ȧ → E l = −∇A0 <v, E t
<Z
= −Ȧ Coulomb Gauge 
1h t 2 i
Le.m. = (E ) + 2E t · E l + (E l )2 − B 2
2
1h t 2 i
→ (E ) + (E l )2 − B 2 (8.51)
2
31  H }# th i |WV E · E }# ' R 3n0 t t=q=Qth L = R Ld r ?
t l 3

0 C k y_mXtn e O|WV

G5  h


 ∂L t
 π = ∂ Ȧ = −E

(8.52)

 ∂L

 p= = iψ †
∂ ψ̇

U h H = HD + He.m. + HI -X
HD = ψ † (iα · ∇ + βm)ψ
1
He.m. = [(E t )2 + B 2 ]
2
1 1
HI = jµ Aµ − (E l )2 = −j · A + Hcoul. , Hcoul. = ρA0 − (E l )2
2 2
-A
Z Z   Z
3 1 l 2 3
Hcoul. = Hcoul. d r = − (E ) d r + ρA0 d3 r
2
Z
1
= ρA0 d3 r (8.53)
2

Z Z
31 ρ(r, t)ρ(r ′ , t) 3 3 ′
HI = − j · Ad r + d rd r
2 4π|r − r ′ |

3
Z   Z Z Z
1 l 2 3 1 1 1
(E ) d r = ∇A0 · ∇A0 d3 r = − A0 ∇2 A0 d3 r = A0 ρd3 r
2 2 2 2

S  I D ∇·A R 
 
∇i ∇j
[πi (x, t), Aj (x′ , t)] = −i δij − δ 3 (x − x′ )
∇2
n o
ψα (x, t), ψβ† (x′ , t) = δαβ δ 3 (x − x′ ) (8.54)

 jO5
1 X 1 h i
A(x, t) = √ √ ak ei(k·x−ωt) + a† e−i(k·x−ωt) (8.55)
V 2ω k
k
 Coulomb Gauge∇ · A = 0 C (^
ak · k = 0 (8.56)
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 98

-X    ℄ o 
(1) (2)
ak = e1 (k)ak + e2 (k)ak (8.57)

Feynman &R& 8.10

' 8.10: i i[
&Xt A LC # 3fV
Z Z
{V = −i H coul dt = −
i
2
1
4π
ρ(r, t)ρ(r ′ , t′ )
d3 rd3 r ′
|r − r′ |
dt
Z
i 1 δ(t − t′ ) 4 4 ′
= − j0 (x)j0 (x′ ) d xd x (8.58)
2 4π |r − r′ |
Z
{V (−i)2  
= T j(x) · A(x) j(x′ ) · A(x′ ) d4 xd4 x′ (8.59)
2!
Z
fVK _ =
(−i)2
2!
T j µ (x)iDµν Coul.


(x − x′ )j ν (x′ ) d4 xd4 x′ (8.60)

-X
 R
 t ′ ′
 Dij (x − x ) = Ai (x)Aj (x )
 i, j = 1, 2, 3
Coul. ′ iδ(t−t′ )
iDµν (x −x)= 4π|x−x′ | µ=ν=0 (8.61)
-


 0

-  h6Z3

i ki kj
Z 
 k2 +iǫ (δij − ) µ = i, ν = j = 1, 2, 3
 k2
Coul. Coul.
iDµν (k) = iDµν (x)e−ikx d4 x = i
µ=ν=0 (8.62)
k2
-


 0

-X_ µ = ν = 0 q >Xn L h _ 3h L h A L Qo hJ{u

   
1 (k · a)(k · b) a0 b 0
aµ iDµν
Coul.
(k)bν = i a·b− +
k2 k2 k2
  
a · b a0 b0 k02
= i − 2 −1
k2 k k2
i
= (a · b − a0 b0 ) = aµ iDµν
Lorentz ν
b (8.63)
k2
=XZjr| f a k = b k µ
µ
µ
µ = 0, k · a = k0 a0 , k · b = k0 b0 
f_ C ^-l O 0 t
Lorentz Coul.
iDµν → iDµν (8.64)

j >X' R ?0>X' R ?S O tw?

E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 99

§8.3 }T1w+U jAD`!

§8.3.1  4 )<S
π

π *hV
0tv_tQth3
X
LI = −igπ ψ̄l γ λ (1 − γ5 )ψνl ∂λ ϕ + h.c. (8.65)
l=e,µ,τ

l66h 8q k yVh j qszDt

IG Dirac OtQth
L = ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ (8.66)

-X Dirac Spinor C # Vf 9 B #
1 1
ψ = ψL + ψR = (1 − γ5 )ψ + (1 + γ5 )ψ (8.67)
2 2
 Qthtjm3


L = ψ̄L (iγ µ ∂µ ) ψL + ψ̄R (iγ µ ∂µ ) ψR − m ψ̄L ψR + ψ̄R ψL (8.68)

-X3h ψ̄ψ = ψ̄ ψ + ψ̄ ψ R R m = 05 L 0Vsz _ z ℄fB # R R m 6= 05s

L R R L

z b f  zD  Um
=X ψ̄ (iγ ∂ )ψ = ψ̄ (iγ ∂ )ψ = 0=YÆO3 ψ = (1−γ )ψ Helicity 3 -1 tOHelicity
L
µ
µ R R
µ
µ L L
∆ 1
5

 Æ3
2

p
h≡Σ· (8.69)
|p|

-X
! !
σ 0 5 0 0 σ
Σ= =γ γ γ γ = βα, α = (8.70)
0 σ σ 0

1 0123 O G
!
5 0 I
γ = , Σ = γ5α (8.71)
I 0

Dirac Spinor
o
(/p − m)u(p) = 0 R Rm = 0 → /pu(p) = 0 → (Eγ 0
− γ · p)u(p) = 0 (8.72)

f
γ · pu(p) = Eγ 0 u(p) = |p|γ 0 u(p) (8.73)


(Σ · p)u(p) = (γ 5 γ 0 γ · p)u(p)

= γ 5 γ 0 |p|γ 0 u(p) = γ 5 |p|u(p) (8.74)

(Σ · p)γ 5 u(p) = (γ 5 γ 0 γ · p)γ 5 u(p) = γ 0 |p|γ 0 u(p) = |p|u(p) (8.75)

f  C sq
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 100
p p 5
Σ· u(p) = γ 5 u(p) Σ· γ u(p) = u(p) (8.76)
|p| |p|

 sq Helicity t Æ1
p 1
Σ· (1 − γ5 )u(p) = −(1 − γ5 )u(p) → huL = −uL , uL = (1 − γ5 )u(p) (8.77)
|p| 2
p 1
Σ· (1 + γ5 )u(p) = (1 + γ5 )u(p) → huR = uR , uR = (1 + γ5 )u(p) (8.78)
|p| 2

1   0123 O 
! !
5
γ =
0 −I
V  5
γ =
0 I
AV (8.79)
−I 0 I 0
q
  X/h (m ν = 0) 5 √1
V
1
2E ur (k)e
−ikx

 
p ϕr
ur (k) = |k|  σ ·k  (8.80)
ϕr
|k |

S
1 X k/ k/ + m
Λ+ (k) = ur (k)ūr (k) = (Λ+ (k) = )
2|k| r 2|k| 2m

1 X k/ k/ − m
Λ− (k) = − vr (k)v̄r (k) = − (Λ− (k) = − ) (8.81)
2|k| r 2|k| 2m

Bv π *ht
0& 8.11
−

π − → µ− + ν̄µ k =q+p (8.82)

' 8.11: π +i1 π

− −
→ µ− + ν̄µ

Qt S 8B&3
Z
< q, p|S |k > = −i d4 x < q, p|T (H I (x))|k >

1 1 1 1 1 1
= −igπ √ √ √ p √ p (2π)4 δ (4) (k − q − p)kλ ū(q)γ λ (1 − γ5 )v(p)
(8.83)
V 2Eπ V 2Eµ V 2Eν̄µ
1 1 1 1 1 1
= −i √ √ √ p √ p (2π)4 δ (4) (k − q − p)Tf i (8.84)
V 2Eπ V 2Eµ V 2Eν̄µ


Tf i = gπ ū(q)/
k (1 − γ5 )v(p) = gπ ū(q)(/q + p/)(1 − γ5 )v(p)
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 101

= gπ mµ ū(q)(1 − γ5 )v(p) (8.85)

=Xq I D
ū(q)(/q − mµ ) = 0 p
/v(p) = 0 (8.86)


2
 
|T f i| = gπ2 m2µ T r v̄(p)γ 0 (1 − γ5 )γ 0 u(q)ū(q)(1 − γ5 )v(p)
 
= gπ2 m2µ Tr p
/(1 + γ5 )(/q + mµ )(1 − γ5 )

= gπ2 m2µ Tr(2/p/q)

= 4gπ2 m2µ (m2π − m2µ ) (8.87)

=q3
2 2 2 2 2
Tr(p
//q) = 4pq = 2[(p + q) − p − q ] = 2(mπ − mµ ) (8.88)

 1fQHX
2
|T f i| = 4gπ2 m2µ (m2π − m2µ ) (8.89)

0tmL
Z Z
1 2 1 d3 p1 d3 p2
Γ= |T f i| dLIP S = (2π)4 |T 2 (4)
f i| δ (p1 + p2 − p) ·
2M 2M (2π)3 2E1 (2π)3 2E2
Z
=
(2π)4 1
(2π)6 2M
|T 2 (4)
f i| δ (p1 + p2 − p)
d3 p1 d3 p2
·
2E1 2E2
2ND (8.90)

E 9 6im; Lorentz ?0m w4VeD p=0 5

(
p1 + p2 = 0, p1 = −p2 = pC.M.
p p (8.91)
E1 + E2 = |pC.M. |2 + m21 + |pC.M. |2 + m22 = M

f  C (^
1  2  
|pC.M. |2 = 2
M − (m1 + m2 )2 M 2 − (m1 − m2 )2 , |pC.M. | = k (8.92)
4M
fQH&
Z Z
d3 p1 d3 p2 (4) d3 p1
R2 = δ (p1 + p2 − p) = δ(E1 + E2 − p0 )
2E1 2E2 4E1 E2
Z Z q q
Z p 1 = −p2 = k
C.M.
=⇒ dΩ p
k 2 dk
p
4 k 2 + m21 k 2 + m22
δ( k 2 + m2 +
1 k 2 + m22 − M ) (8.93)

p x = pk 2
p
+ m21 +
k 2 + m22 , 5
p p
dx k k 2 + m21 + k k 2 + m22 kx
= p p =p p (8.94)
dk 2 2
k + m1 k + m22 2 k + m21 k 2 + m22
2

f  (^
Z Z
dΩ kdx 1
R2 = δ(x − M ) = π |pC.M. | (8.95)
4 x M
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 102

 mt
0L 3
Z
 QI oQI
3
1 1 d3 p2 (4)
2 d p1
Γ = |T f i| δ (p1 + p2 − p)
2M (2π)2 2E1
2E2
Z 
1 2 1
= |T fi | dΩ |p |
2M (2π)2 4M C.M.
Z
|pC.M. | 1
= |T fi |2, |T fi |2 ≡ |T f i |2 dΩ (8.96)
8πM 2 4π

 π → µν̄ µ |pC.M. | = (m2π − m2µ )/(2mπ )  q j 
0mL 3

!2
|p | g2 m2µ
Γ = C.M.2 4gπ2 m2µ (m2π − m2µ ) = π mπ m2µ 1− 2 (8.97)
8πMπ 4π mπ

  π → eν̄e  me << mµ(me = 0.511M eV, mµ = 105.66M eV )

Γ(π → µν̄µ ) >> Γ(π → eν̄e ) (8.98)

mπ± = 139.6M eV i
Jst' R 3

Γπ→eν̄e
= (1.2675 ± 0.023) × 10−4 (8.99)
Γπ→µν̄µ

3jBv6h+rm;R τ 6ht9M(R& 8.12)

τ − → π − + ντ (8.100)

' 8.12: τ 7i1 τ

− −
→ π − + ντ

Qth3
X
LI = −igπ ψ̄l γ λ (1 − γ5 )ψνl ∂λ ϕ + h.c.
l=e,µ,τ
X  
= −igπ ψ̄l γ λ (1 − γ5 )ψνl ∂λ ϕ + ψ̄νl γ λ (1 − γ5 )ψl ∂λ ϕ† (8.101)
l=e,µ,τ

 h| f k = q + p 
0tmL 3 (b _ 2 π → µ + ν̄µ >8=Y  t o = _, 

℄t o =(>)
|pC.M. | 1 X
Γ(τ − → π − ντ ) = |T f i|
2
8πMτ2 2
pol.
 
1 Mτ2 − Mπ2
= · 2gπ2 Mτ2 (Mτ2 − Mπ2 ) (8.102)
8πMτ2 2Mτ

R R  e, µ, τ 6h+rm5
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 103
 
gπ2 1 (Mτ2 − Mπ2 )2
Γ(τ − → π − ντ ) = (8.103)
4π 2 Mτ

 g  ?!t6hqt
π

X| t' R 3
Γτ →πντ
= 0.9747 × 104 , (Mτ = 1777.05M eV ) (8.104)
Γπ→µν̄µ

i
' R 3
Γτ →πντ 1
= 0.994 × 104 , (Γ(π − → µ− ν̄µ ) ≃ Γtotal (π) = ) (8.105)
Γπ→µν̄µ τπ

f d CXl6ht+rm
j-t
0 S X
1. 0 → 1 + 1 -X 9 3 γ  ^_Q l uQth bu
o"U| f 9=
o
− − −

O ?0 
−
2. 1 → 1 + 1 -X 9 3 γ
− −

−
3. 1 → 0 + 1  1 3 γ
+ − −

y 3hO ϕjhO (m 6= 0)G L hO A µ µ

4. u, v I D
!
ψ → ψc = CψC−1 = Cψ̄T , C = −iγ 2γ 0 = 0 iσ2
(8.106)
iσ2 0

Ccr (p)C−1 = dr (p), Cdr (p)C−1 = cr (p) 5 vr (p) = CūTr (p), ur (p) = Cv̄rT (p) = 9  O j u, v Q

! σ ·p !
√ ϕr √ E+m χr
ur (p) = E + m σ ·p vr (p) = E + m (8.107)
E+m ϕr χr

'.
! σ ·p !
√ 1 √ E+m
ur (p) = E + m σ ·p ϕr vr (p) = E + m χr (8.108)
E+m 1

b Q
! !
1 0
ϕ↑r=1 = ϕ↓r=2 = (8.109)
0 1

 σ σ ∗
2 2 = −I 
! !
↑ 0 ↓ 1
iσ2 ϕr=1 = iσ2 ϕr=2 = (8.110)
−1 0

5. RR
!
χ
ψ= (8.111)
iσ2 χ∗

5 ψ c =ψ 
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 104

§8.4 } . w+BA`!{oY+R "

§8.4.1| - v)A?
1. hj R& 8.13

' 8.13: ik'

(2) 1 1 1
< p′ r′ |S |p, r >= p p ūp′ λ′ (−i)Σ(2) (p)upλ (2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p) (8.112)
V 2Ep′ 2Ep

-XOm  Zth3
Z
d4 k µ i −i
(−i)Σ(2) (p) = (−ie)2 γ γµ 2
(2π)4 (p/ − /
k ) − m k
Z
d4 k µ (p / − k/) + m 1
= (−e2 ) 4
γ γµ
(2π) (p − k)2 − m2 k 2
Z
2 d4 k p/ − k/ − 2m 1
= 2e (8.113)
(2π)4 (p − k)2 − m2 k 2

2. L ht>H o R& 8.14

' 8.14: Mi?Ip'

1 1
< k ′ λ′ |S (2)
|kλ >= (2π)4 δ (4) (k − k ′ )eµ∗ ν (2)
k′ λ′ ekλ Πµν (k) (8.114)
V 2ω
-X
Z  
d4 p i i
Π(2)
µν (k) = 2
(−ie) (−1) Tr γµ γν
(2π)4 p
/−m p / − k/ − m
Z  
d4 p p/ + m (/p − k/) + m
= (−e2 ) Tr γµ 2 γν (8.115)
(2π)4 p − m2 + iǫ (p − k)2 − m2 + iǫ

b 1=XZj
1 p
/+m
= 2 (8.116)
p
/ − m p − m2

-X Π (k) b!*O L hh k = 0b!O L h k

(2)
µν
2 2
6= 0 =t 9}# q 9 d  Zt }
# nqi _q 9  Zt }# 
3.  t  Z (R& 8.15)
I$/ & 1
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 105

' 8.15: ['

(1) 1 1 1
< f |S |i >= p p (−ie)(2π)4 δ 4 (p′ − p − q)ū(p′ )γµ u(p)aµ (q) (8.117)
V 2Ep 2Ep′


(3) 1 1 1
< f |S |i >= p p (−ie)(2π)4 δ 4 (p′ − p − q)ū(p′ )Λ(2) ′ µ
µ (p, p )u(p)a (q) (8.118)
V 2Ep 2Ep′

-X   ZV3
Z
d4 k ν i i −i
Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) = (−ie) 2
γ ′ γµ γν 2 (8.119)
(2π)4 (p/ − /
k ) − m (p
/ − /
k ) − m k

-X*O
1 1
aµ = √ √ eµ (q, λ) (8.120)
V 2ω

§8.4.2 Feynman xOh Wick 3 8

R& 8.16}#
Z Z Z
d4 k = d3 k dk0 (8.121)

' 8.16: ~$u4o '

 E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 106

-X   k0 t }# t33& 8.16 Xn{Ij(_t }# G  3no*E 9}# t3X?!

W .| m }# 3ni_t }# 7 o Vjr_t }# 9t Wick  f|C ) 
{ Hq! YsHt 0 
Z +∞ Z +i∞
I≡ dk0 f (k2 − k02 ) = dk0 f (k2 − k02 ) (8.122)
−∞ −i∞

RRp k = ik0′
0 5
k0 : (−i∞, +i∞), k0′ : (−∞, +∞) 
Z +∞ Z +∞
k′ →k0
I=i dk0′ f (k2 + k0′2 ) 0 = i dk0 f (k2 + k02 ) (8.123)
−∞ −∞

S Wick  j lh k2 − k02 → k2 + k02 f  lhiKG  

[R= }#
Z
1
Jn = d4 k n≥3
(−k 2 + a2 )n
Z Z
3 1
= d k dk0 2
(k − k02 + a2 )n
Z Z
Wick j → i d3 k dk0 2
1
(k + k02 + a2 )n
(8.124)

q j (k 3! YsHt 4 jht  R ( 
2

Z
1
Jn = i d3 kdk0 k 2 = k02 + k2 (8.125)
(k 2 + a2 )n

F!mH 5<w3


 k0 = K cos φ K :0→∞


 k = K sin φ cos θ φ:0→π
3
(8.126)

 k2 = K sin φ sin θ sin ϕ θ:0→π



k1 = K sin φ sin θ cos ϕ ϕ : 0 → 2π

/ #I D
d4 k = K 3 dKdϕ sin θdθ sin2 φdφ (8.127)

R R % }Y  < I O    I R2[
Z 2π Z π Z π
dϕ sin θdθ sin2 φdφ = 2π 2 (8.128)
0 0 0

 
Z ∞
2 k 3 dk iπ 2
Jn = i2π = (8.129)
0 (k 2 + a2 )n (n − 1)(n − 2)a2(n−2)

§8.4.3 A?xO  0  8
Z Z Z
 m
1 x1 xn−2
1 1
= (n − 1)! dx1 dx2 · · · dxn−1 (8.130)
a1 a2 · · · an 0 0 0 Fn

-X Feynman G 3
F = a1 xn−1 + a2 (xn−2 − xn−1 ) + · · · + an (1 − x1 ) (8.131)
 E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 107

'.o n  2 h
  Z a2
1 1 1 1 1 dz
= − = (8.132)
a1 a2 a2 − a1 a1 a2 a2 − a1 a1 z2

 z = a1x + a2(1 − x) 2 m1 n  2 th i V℄

  m  n  1 th i V℄-AI m  n hV℄o m  n h
Z 1 Z x1 Z xn−2
1
(n − 1)! dx1 dx2 · · · dxn−1 n
0 0 0 [a1 xn−1 + a2 (xn−2 − xn−1 ) + · · · + an (1 − x1 )]
Z 1 Z x1 Z xn−2
(n − 1)d [(a1 − a2 )xn−1 ] 1
= (n − 2)! dx1 dx2 · · · n
0 0 0 a1 − a2 [(a1 − a2 )xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + · · · + an (1 − x1 )]
Z 1 Z x1 Z xn−3
1
= (n − 2)! dx1 dx2 · · · dxn−2
a2 − a1 0 0 0
" #xn−1 =xn−2
1
n−1
[(a1 − a2 )xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + · · · + an (1 − x1 )] xn−1 =0
Z 1 Z x1 Z xn−3
1
= (n − 2)! dx1 dx2 · · · dxn−2
a2 − a1 0 0 0
" #
1 1
n−1 − n−1 (8.133)
[a1 xn−2 + · · · + an (1 − x1 )] [a2 xn−2 + · · · + an (1 − x1 )]

3 m  n  1 hV℄
Z 1 Z x1 Z xn−2
1
(n − 1)! dx1 dx2 · · · dxn−1 n
0 0 0 [a1 xn−1 + a2 (xn−2 − xn−1 ) + · · · + an (1 − x1 )]
 
1 1 1 1
= − = (8.134)
a2 − a1 a1 a3 · · · an a2 a3 · · · an a1 a2 · · · an

Z
m
1
1 1 n(β − α)
− n = dz (8.135)
αn β 0 [αz + β(1 − z)]n+1

 mX Hu1
Z
d4 k
1
−→
oV Z d4 k
1
(8.136)
[−(k − b)2 + a2 ]n (−k 2 + a2 )n

?f<tM' q ( vn
  Z }#   '| j L?0
Z m Z m Z m+a
′
I= f (x)dx, I = f (x + a)dx = f (x)dx (8.137)
−m −m −m+a

  '| j
Z −m+a Z m+a
I − I′ = f (x)dx − f (x)dx (8.138)
−m m

R R  Z5 f (x) → 1/x

Z m+a Z m+a
1 m+a
f (x)dx → dx = ln →0 (W hen m → inf inity) (8.139)
m m x m

K1RI= 9 '|   }# q  t  Z }#

 E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 108
Z
1
I1 = d4 k (8.140)
[−(k − b)2 + a2 ]2

5
Z Z
4 1 1
∆I1 = d k 2 − d4 k
[−(k − b)2 + a2 ] (−k 2 + a2 )2
Z Z 1
4 −2(bk) + b2
= 2 d k dz 3
0 {−(k − c)2 + d2 }
Z 1 Z
−2(bk) − 2(bc) + b2
k−c→k = 2 dz d4 k (8.141)
0 (−k 2 + d2 )3

-X c = bz, d 2
= a2 − b2 z(1 − z)  q j
Z 1 Z Z 1
1 −2(bc) + b2
∆I1 = 2 dz(b2 − 2bc) d4 k = iπ 2 dz
0 (−k 2 + d2 )3 0 d2
Z 1 2
−b (2z − 1)
= iπ 2 dz = −iπ 2 ln(a2 − b2 z(1 − z))|10 = 0 (8.142)
0 a2 − b2 z(1 − z)

   Zt9jC   '|- 3 0h3ny <6h3n

 m Om  Z }# I   '| j O  fNt 3 0
2
Z
kµ
I2 = d4 k 2 (8.143)
{−(k − b)2 + a2 }

  '| k − b → k j 5'Rt k → k + b3 0h3

Z Z
kµ kµ + bµ
∆I2 = d4 k − d4 k
{−(k − b)2 + a2 } 2 {−k 2 + a2 }2
Z Z Z !
1
4 bµ 4 −2kµ (bk) + b2 kµ c = bz
= − d k 2 +2 d k dz 3, (8.144)
{−k 2 + a2 } 0 {−(k − c)2 + d2 } d2 = a2 − b2 z(1 − z)

`X_mXt{  V   ZV   '| k − c → k 5Csq

Z Z
m (8.144) {  V = 2 d k dz −2(k + c )(bk
1 2
+ bc) + b (k + c )4 µ µ µ µ
(8.145)
{−k + d } 0 2 2 3

f=C ^# h3 k t.dtV }#  A L

Z Z
m (8.145) = 2 d k dz −1/2b {−k
1 2 2
k − b b (2z − 1)z
4 µ µ
(8.146)
+d } 0 2 2 3

b (bk) = bν kν W_ j ^K
kµ kµ kν µ 6= ν VR R }# < A L
Z Z
kµ kν µ=ν 1 k2
d4 k 3 −→ d4
k 3 (k 2 = k02 + k12 + k22 + k32 ) (8.147)
{−k 2 + d2 } 4 {−k 2 + d2 }

o*1_mX
Z Z Z Z " #
1 1
4 bµ b2 (2z − 1)z 4 bµ
−2 d k dz 3 = d k d 2 z
0 {−k 2 + d2 } 0 {−k 2 + d2 }
Z Z Z 1
bµ bµ dz
= d4 k − d4 k 2 (8.148)
(−k 2 + a2 )2 0 {−k 2 + d2 }

 q j
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 109
Z Z 1 Z Z 1
−bµ k 2 bµ
∆I2 = d4 k dz − d4 k dz
0 {−k 2 + d2 }3
+ d2 }2 0 {−k 2
Z Z 1 Z 1 Z
4 d2 2 1
= −bµ d k dz 3 = −bµ dzd d4 k 3
0 2
{−k + d }2 0 {−k + d2 }
2

Z 1  2
2 iπ i
= −bµ dzd 2
= − π 2 bµ (8.149)
0 2d 2

f  IjOm  ZGt }#   '| j  9 Nt 3 ∆I  2

4 67 2j *  1# r §8.5

hj&3& 8.13hjC/ \_ Vh℄E o 

Z
d4 k p/ − k/ − 2m 1
(−i)Σ(2) (p) = 2e2 (8.150)
(2π) (p − k)2 − m2 k 2
4

Z
Z 1
1 1
= dx (8.151)
a1 a2 0 [a1 x + a2 (1 − x)]2

pa 1 = −(p − k)2 + m2 , a2 = −k 2 j
Z Z 1
4 (2) 2 4
(−/p + k/) + 2m
(2π) (−i)Σ (p) = −2e d k dx 2 (l2 = m2 x2 +(−p2 +m2 )(1−x)x)(8.152)
0 {−(k − px)2 + l2 }

=q 9 Om  Zt }#    '| k → k + px j C sq
Z Z 1
4 (2) π 2 e2 −/p(1 − x) + 2m + k/
(2π) (−i)Σ (p) = i/p − 2e2 d k4
dx (8.153)
2 0 (−k 2 + l2 )2

Q; C K  Σ (2)
(p) uU7?
∂Σ(2) (p)
Σ(2) (p) = Σ(2) (p) + (/p − m) + · · · (8.154)
p
/=m ∂p/ p
/=m

 ' Σ(2)(p) t6im (8.150)C ^  /p t/^ v ks # td 6 f  7?mXt  Z q

`wt QqVD ?0q  Zt
RR p/ q9>Gt*O5 /p = m V℄5Zb8Btjm3 ū(p)(−i)Σ(2)(p)u(p)9MG/p
q 9 M tL O 
o p/ q*Oh b m (8.153) Xt k/ }#  A L 
(2π)4 (−i)Σ(2) (p) = (2π)4 (−i)A (8.155)
p
/=m

-X
 Z Z 1 
−e2 m π 2 4 1+x
A= + 2i d k dx (8.156)
(2π)4 2 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2

_mXt j V }# 3
Z Z 1 Z Z 1
4 1+x 4 d(x + x2 /2)
d k dx = d k
0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 110
Z Z Z 1
3 d4 k x2 (2 + x)dx
= + 2m2 d4 k (8.157)
2 (−k 2 + m2 )2 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3

-X{V }# q   Zt
Z Z Λ  
4 1 K 2 dK 2 Λ 2 + m2 m2
d k = iπ 2 2
= iπ ln + 2 − 1 ≡ iπ 2 D (8.158)
(−k 2 + m2 )2 0 (K 2 + m2 )2 m2 Λ + m2

{  V }# 3
Z Z 1
x2 (2 + x) 5
2m2 d4 k dx = iπ 2 (8.159)
0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3 2

 q j
   
α 3 9 e2 1 Λ 2 + m2 m2
A= m D+ , α= =
˙ , D = lim ln + −1 (8.160)
2π 2 4 4π 137 Λ→∞ m2 Λ 2 + m2

 A Xh1   ZV 3j\A   ZV,s1Q l ut U  hXS 9 x\V

∆HI = −δm ψ̄ψ, A = δm (8.161)

G u qhjZb8Bt  $/ 3
(2) 1 1 1
hp′ r′ | S |pri = p p ū(p′ )(−i)Σ(2) (p)u(p)(2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p)
(2π)3 2Ep′ 2Ep
1 1 1
= 3
p p (−i)(2π)4 Aū(p′ )u(p)δ (4) (p − p′ ) (8.162)
(2π) 2Ep′ 2Ep

R& 8.17 n

' 8.17: iWi^Fp

fXC ^S ∆H = −δ ψ̄ψ j C \_   ZR R qOt9M5-X Dirac
I m

spinor # 8 m/tx
j ψ(x )ψ̄(x) ψ(x)ψ̄(x )  oSjx\V ∆H = −δ ψ̄ψ j 

′ ′
I m

(−i)Σ (p) tn$Vq{ 7 Q\t;tjm _|tw4 I n'|  O _ *O q

(2)

t
H = H0 + HI′
  1
= ψ̄iγ · ∇ψ + mψ̄ψ − [πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )] + eN (ψ̄ Aψ)
/ − δm ψ̄ψ
2
  1
= ψ̄iγ · ∇ψ + (m − δm )ψ̄ψ − [πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )] + eN (ψ̄ Aψ)
/
2
  1
= ψ̄iγ · ∇ψ + m0 ψ̄ψ − [πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )] + eN (ψ̄ Aψ),
/ m = m0 + δm (8.163)
2
-X m 3ht~Vhδ 3h bOQ l u/tbVhm qbOt J LV
0 m

h ℄E o tVh m = m  R

i _ U  h 2 0V ψ̄ iγ · ∇ψ + m ψ̄ ψ  − [π π + (∇A ) · (∇A )] + e N (ψ̄ A/ ψ )

0 0 0 0 0
1 µ
0µ 0 0µ
µ
0 0 0 0
 < Y _  \ ℄E o 
2 0
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 111

℄E o qS`x\V\AU7?Xt  ZVG33 0 t>3~htt  qw4

9 _| uU7?# 8  ; VR R ^Kj  Z5SQtx\Vnq`q?C℄
Eot=q7?mXD QthXtVjm_?R?S-XR RZVqNt5
C 3lSnqR R ZV<;  R ! hQ l u 5pR?C℄E o  unrenormalized
℄E o tu1\A  ZVf  p^Nt * boG
§8.6 4 67 2j4f 1# rRD| &
i i (2)
Σ(2) (p) = Σ(2) (p) + BSf−1 (p) + S −2 (p)Σf (p) (8.164)
p=m
/ (2π)4 (2π)4 f

-X S −1
f = (−i)(2π)4 (/p − m) _n$V j 
(2π)4 (−i)(Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p) )
p=m
/
Z Z 1 Z Z 1
i 2 2 −/p(1 − x) + 2m −m(1 − x) + 2m
= e π (/p − m) − 2e2 d4 k dx 2 2 2
+ 2e 2
d4
k dx
2 0 (−k + l ) 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2
 Z Z 1 
i 2 2 2 4 1−x
= (−p/ + m) − e π − 2e d k dx
2 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2
Z Z 1  
2 4
 1 1
−2e d k dx −/p(1 − x) + 2m − (8.165)
0 (−k 2 + l2 )2 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2

0Z
Z 1
1 1 2(−p2 + m2 )x(1 − x) 2
− =− dz , (q = m2 x2 +(−p2 +m2 )x(1−x)z)(8.166)
(−k 2 + l2 )2 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2 0 (−k 2 + q 2 )3

5C sq (8.165) mXq j V3

Z 1 Z 1
 
2 2 2 2
x(1 − x) −/p(1 − x) + 2m
2ie π (−p + m ) dx dz 2 2 (8.167)
0 0 m x + (−p2 + m2 )x(1 − x)z

=q −p 2
+ m2 = −(/p + m)(/p − m) f  C sq
(2π)4 (−i)(Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p) )
p=m
/
 Z Z 1
α iα 1−x
= Sf−1 (p) − + 3 d4 k dx
8π 2π 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2
Z 1 Z 1
  )
α x(1 − x) −/p(1 − x) + 2m
− (−/p − m) dx dz 2 2 (8.168)
2π 0 0 m x + (−p2 + m2 )x(1 − x)z

!h_mv
(2)
(2π)4 (−i)(Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p) ) = BSf−1 (p) + Sf−2 (p)Σf (p) (8.169)
p
/=m

R R pm (8.168) X n P [ Xt S −1
f (p) =0  p/ = m, Csq Bn P [ XtL3 B
n o
(2)
(2π)4 (−i)(Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p) ) = Sf−1 (p) B + Sf−1 (p)Σf (p) (8.170)
p=m
/

Z
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 112
Z Z 1 Z Z Z 1
1−x 1 1 x2 (2 − x)
d4 k dx 2 2 2 2
= d4 k + 2m2 d4 k dx (8.171)
0 (−k + m x ) 2 (−k + m2 )2
2
0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3

2V   0.5iπ D j V   1.5iπ  2 2

pm (8.168) X n P [ Xt{XV /p = m j
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
α x(1 − x)(1 + x) α dx α
dx dz 2
= − (8.172)
π 0 0 x π 0 x 2π


 Z 1 
α dx 11
B=− D−4 + (8.173)
4π 0 x 2

-X D ∼ g*  Z j  h Λ & Æ R 1 dx
∼ h *  Z
q j sqgGB # t }# xd
0 x

Z 1 Z 1
 
(2) iα (1 − x) −(p
/ − m)(1 − x)(x − 2(1 + x)z) + mx(1 + x)
Σf (p) = dx dz (8.174)
(2π)5 0 0 m2 x2 + (−p2 + m2 )x(1 − x)z
(2)
Σf (p) g*xdnqO6h1 h *  Z R)^  htr L h 
Bvhj/t  Z;0RG Σ (p) t Taylor 7? (2)

i i (2)
Σ(2) (p) = Σ(2) (p)|/p=m + S −1 (p)B + S −2 (p)Σf (p) (8.175)
(2π)4 f (2π)4 f

3j\A  ZV5qSx\VR1{VXS ∆H I = −δm ψ̄ψ 5

1
H → H + ∆HI = ψ̄(iγ · ∇ + m)ψ − [πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )] + eψ̄ Aψ
/ − δmψ̄ψ
2
1
= ψ̄(iγ · ∇ + m0 )ψ − [πµ π µ + (∇Aµ ) · (∇Aµ )] + eψ̄ Aψ
/ (8.176)
2
Q l ut U  h3
/ − δm ψ̄ψ
HI = eψ̄ Aψ (8.177)

QED Renormalized Lagrangian:

1. L = ψ̄iγ µ ∂µ ψ − mψ̄ψ − 14 Fµν F µν − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ m = mR , e = eR 

2. Sx\V
1
∆L = δm Z2 ψ̄ψ + (Z2 − 1)(ψ̄iγ µ ∂µ ψ − mψ̄ψ) − (Z3 − 1)Fµν F µν − e(Z1 − 1)ψ̄γ µ ψAµ (8.178)
4
-X Z 2 = 1 + B, Z3 = 1 + C >H o Z −1
= 1+L  V Qt Feynman &R& 8.18 
n
1

' 8.18: ^FpuY\:N

E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 113

3. ~tQth3
1
L + ∆L = L0 = ψ̄0 iγ µ ∂µ ψ0 − m0 ψ̄0 ψ0 − (Fµν )0 (F µν )0 − e0 ψ̄0 γ µ ψ0 (Aµ )0 (8.179)
4
Qo'RtQthXG < Y t℄d  Æ
m → m0 = m − δm
e → e0 = (Z1 Z2−1 Z3
√
−1/2
)e ! W Rjj Z2   Z1 _ >H o (Z3) t A L (8.180)
ψ → ψ0 = Z2 ψ
√
Aµ → (Aµ )0 = Z3 Aµ

 5C I \ e0 = (Z1Z2−1Z3−1/2)e X Z1 = Z2 f  e0 = Z3−1/2e 

G ;RhjtOt9M& 8.19 nqu3Ohht [9M

' 8.19: P ik^F p '

QtxV3
/
(eψ̄ Aψ)δ /
m ψ̄ ψ(eψ̄ Aψ) (8.181)

- o t Feynman &3& 8.20hjt9MC # 3X 9 B # R& 8.20 a;htjm3 (-X

' 8.20: P ik^Fp  p'

α = e2 /4π)
h i
(2)
Sf (p) = Sf (p) + Sf (p)(2π)4 (−i) Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p)|/p=m Sf (p)
h i
(2)
= Sf (p) + Sf (p) Sf−1 (p)B + Sf−2 (p)Σf (p) Sf (p)

(2)
= (1 + B)Sf (p) + Σf (p)
 
(2)
= (1 + B) Sf (p) + Σf (p) + O(α2 ) (8.182)

Qo S (p) → S (p) + Σ (p)(Nt * boG) 0W_ 9 Zh (1 + B)b S (p) =

f f
(2) −1

(2π) (−i)(/p − m)  B  tx\Vtjm ψ̄(iγ ∂ − m)ψ a/< Y _  \ t℄E o 

f f
4 µ
µ


B ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ = (Z2 − 1)ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ (8.183)

 *Oht9MjR _ Ot9MRR& 8.21 nt*OhjtX[9M

& 8.21 t o jmR& 8.22 nt9j&X |6n*Ot9M
Qtjm (b _ Ot9jQ>8) 3
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 114

' 8.21: +P ik^F p '

' 8.22: +P ik^Fp  p'

h i
u(2) (p) = u(p) + Sf (p)(2π)4 (−i) Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p)|/p=m u(p) (8.184)

-At(p < ^
n h io
(2)
u(2) (p) = 1 + Sf (p) Sf−1 (p)B + Sf−2 (p)Σf (p) u(p) (8.185)

 S −1
f (p)u(p) =0  _mX S −2
1tV A Lnq   S (p) 5Z?!t  
f (p)
−1
f

S (p) Iu1 u(p) _

(
h i u(p) −1

(1 + B)u(p) S (p) I _ S (p) u

u(2) (p) = 1 + Sf (p)Sf−1 (p)B u(p) = f
−1
(8.186)
f f

nqi _GFt?  q
u(2) (p) = (1 + B)1/2 u(p) (8.187)

 < Y t? 
ψ → (1 + B)1/2 ψ ψ̄ → (1 + B)1/2 ψ̄ (8.188)

f
ψ ψ̄ → (1 + B)ψ ψ̄ Ot9MR (8.189)

^'
hj&1 S Vh℄E o j O6h1f  Z ∼ B - jR pR
1.  S (p) = (1 + B)(S (p) + Σ (p)) l S (p)
(2) (2)
f f

2.  u (p) = (1 + B) u(p) l u(p)

f f
(2) 1/2

v
1.  S (p) = S (p) + Σ (p) l S (p)
(2) (2)
f f

2. O A L 9 h (1 + B) *O A L 9 h (1 + B) .
f f
1/2

Sx\Vx\j&/t  Zh
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 115
1
(1 + B)Ei + 2 Ee = (1 + B)n (8.190)

-X E l6hOt E l6h*Ot n 3  | 2n = 2E + E  x\V A L

i e i e

h (1 + B)  −n

nq1 S 8B&Xh1h e (e = e )x\VtuQo e → e (1 + B) = e 

n
R
n n −n n
0

e
e0 = (8.191)
1+B

 qj S (2)
f (p)
(2)
= Sf (p) + Σf (p) 
§8.7  zrj4f 1# r
>H o t Feynman &R& 8.23 n

' 8.23: ?Ip Feynman '

1hhZbt9jR& 8.24 n

' 8.24: i i[ Y?Ip

-X8B&3
Z h i
1 (2)
hp3 , p4 | S (2) + S |p1 , p2 i = (−ie)2 (2π)2 √ d4 k (ū3 γ µ u1 )DF,µν (k)(ū4 γ ν u2 )
4 E1 E2 E3 E4
δ 4 (p1 − p3 − k)δ 4 (k + p2 − p4 ) (8.192)

-Xa;htjm3
(2)
DF,µν (k) = igµν DF (k) − DF (k)Π(2)
µν (k)DF (k) (8.193)
(2)
Πµν (k) 3  $8h
Π(2) 2 2
µν (k) = kµ kν Q(k ) + gµν P (k ) (8.194)

r| f k Π µ
µν (k) = k ν Πµν (k) = 0 5C sq
Π(2) 2 2
µν (k) = (kµ kν − k gµν )Q(k ) (8.195)

 µµ = _ 
Z  
d4 p /p + m µ (/p − k/) + m
Π(2)µ
µ (k) 2
= −3k Q(k ) = −e2 2
Tr γµ 2 γ (8.196)
(2π)4 p − m2 (p − k)2 − m2
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 116

ok µ =0 h
Z
d4 p −p2 + 2m2
Π(2)µ
µ (0) = −8e2 (8.197)
(2π)4 (−p2 + m2 )2

=q 9 d  ZthO ?0= Π (0) = 0 O vn3\A  d  Z,H (2)µ

µ

S (δµ )g A A = (δµ )A A JH=q* qO ?0mt GB& 8.25

2
µν
µ ν 2
µ
µ

' 8.25: ik!?Ip

G =
Π(2)µ
µ (k) = Π(2)µ
µ (k) − Πµ(2)µ (0)
Z  
d4 p −p2 + (pk) + 2m2 −p2 + (pk) + 2m2
= −8e2 − (8.198)
(2π)4 (−p2 + m2 ) [−(p − k)2 + m2 ] (−p2 + m2 )2

-X.{VC o 3
Z Z 1
d4 p 1
−8e2 (−p2 + 2m2 + (pk)) dx (q 2 = m2 − k 2 x(1 − x)) (8.199)
(2π)4 0 (−(p − kx)2 + q 2 )2


Z Z 1 Z 1
d4 p 2(−2(pk) + k 2 )x
Π(2)µ
µ (k) = −8e 2
(−p2 + 2m2 + (pk)) dx dz 3
(2π)4 0 0 {−(p − kxz)2 + l2 }
Z Z 1
y=xz
2 d4 p 2[−2(pk) + k 2 ]
(−p2 + 2m2 + (pk))
dy=xdz
−→ −8e dy(1 − y) 3 (8.200)
(2π)4 0 {−(p − ky)2 + l2 }

-X l 2
= m2 − k 2 xz(1 − xz) = m2 − k 2 y(1 − y) o*=Xq
Z 1 Z 1 y=xz Z 1 Z x
dy=xdz
dx xdzf (xz) === dx dyf (y)
0 0 0 0
Z x 1 Z 1 Z x 
= x f (y)dy − xd f (y)dy
0 0 0 0
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
= f (y)dy − xf (x)dx = dy(1 − y)f (y) (8.201)
0 0 0

>H o t℄E o &R& 8.26 n

' 8.26: ?Ipu^Fp'

E 9}# qOm  Zt  '| j  9 Nt 3 0hOm  ZV  '|t 3 0hvo
Gm  '| j t 3 0h
Z Z 1
  Z Z 1
2 d4 p −(p − ky)2 + l2 2(pk) 2 d4 p (1 − y)(pk)
16e dy(1 − y) 3 = 32e dy 2 (8.202)
(2π)4 0 [−(p − ky)2 + l2] (2π)4 0 [−(p − ky)2 + l2 ]
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 117

  '| j p − ky → pOm  Z 3 0h3

Z 1
32e2 i 8 1 ie2 k 2
(1 − y)dy(− π 2 k 2 y) = − ie2 π 2 k 2 × =− (8.203)
(2π)4 0 2 3 (2π)4 6π 2

   '| j
Z Z 1
ie2 k 2 d4 p 1
Π(2)µ
µ (k) =− − 16e2 dy(1 − y) R (8.204)
6π 2 (2π)4 0 (−p2 + l2 )3

-X
  
R = −(p + ky)2 + (p + ky)k + 2m2 −2(p + ky)k + k 2 (8.205)

o* p t.dVC yA5 R → R  ′

 
R′ = (2y − 1) 2(pk)2 + p2 k 2 + (k 2 )2 y(y − 1) − 2m2 k 2 (8.206)

o* (pk) 2
= pµ pν kµ kν →
int. 1 2 2
4p k 
 
3 2
R′ → R′′ = (2y − 1)k 2 p + k 2 y(y − 1) − 2m2 (8.207)
2


 Z Z 
i 2α 4iα 1
[− 3 p2 − k 2 y(y − 1) + 2m2 ]
Π(2)µ
µ (k) = D−1 (k) + 3 4
d p dy(1 − y)(2y − 1) 2 (8.208)
(2π)4 F 3π π 0 (−p2 + l2 )3

-X D F (k) = 1 −1
(2π)4 k2 . o*
n o n o
(2) (2)
Π(2)µ
µ (k) = −3i CDF−1 (k) + iΠf (k)DF−2 (k) = iDF−1 (k) −3C − 3iΠf (k)DF−1 (k) (8.209)

# ?Cs C q   ZtΠ(2) f qxdto*i _ Π(2)µ

µ (k) q k 2 t Y 
R R I n P [ Xt k2 = 05C sq {} = −3C f  2 tf 9 mh' Cs
Z Z
1 2α 4iα 4
1
− 3 p2 + 2m2
−3C = [ + 3 d p dy(1 − y)(2y − 1) 2 2 ] (8.210)
(2π)4 3π π (−p + m2 )3
|0 {z }
− 16

-X # m   y 1jS
Z 
α 5 1 d4 k
C=− (D + ) = iπ 2 D, D ∝ ln Λ, Λ → ∞ (8.211)
3π 6 (2π)4 (−k + m2 )2
2

G =(Nh Π (2)
f (k)( n P [ XA -3C^ k2 )
Z Z 1  Z 1 
(2) 1 α 4 2 2 3(−3p2 + 4m2 )
Πf (k) = d p dyy(1 − y) (2y − 1) + dz (8.212)
(2π) 24π 7
4
0 (−p + l2 )3
2
0 (−p2 + l12 )4

-X l 2
= m2 − k 2 y(1 − y)z, l2 = m2 − k 2 y(1 − y)
1 d4 p  }# j Cs
Z 1  Z 1  
d4 p 1 iα 2 1 3 2m2
== dyy(1 − y) (2y − 1) 2 + dz 2 + 4 (8.213)
(2π)4 24π 5 0 l 0 l1 l1

=XZj }# R
Jn = (−k2d+a
4
k
2 )n 
Z 1   
dz 1 iα 3y(1 − y) 3 l2
== dy(1 − y)(2y − 1) + 2 ln (8.214)
(2π)4 24π 5 0 l2 k m2
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 118

 dy # B }# CsNL
Z 1
dy,by part 1 iα y 2 (2y − 1)(2y − 3)
=== dy (8.215)
(2π)4 3 · 24 · π 5 0 m2 − k 2 y(1 − y)

 Π (2)µ
µ (k) = −3k 2 Q(k 2 ) Cs

 
−1 (2) 2 −2
Π(2)
µν (k) = k k
µ ν − k 2
g µν Q(k 2
) = −ig µν CD F (k) + iΠf (k )D F (k) + (· · ·)kµ kν (8.216)

b Π (k)  & 8.27o* Π

(2)
µν
(2) µ ν
µν (k)a (k)a (k) oa µ
→ aµ + βk µ hC I Π
(2)
µν (k)βk
µ
O ?
= 0(
0mt=)

' 8.27: ?IpC'

L ha; Y t  d/ R& 8.26 
(2)
DF,µν (k) = igµν DF (k) − DF (k)Π(2)
µν (k)DF (k) (8.217)


= igµν DF (k) − DF (k) kµ kν − k 2 gµν Q(k 2 )DF (k)
 
(2)
= igµν DF (k) + igµν DF (k) CDF−1 (k) + iΠf (k 2 )DF−2 (k) DF (k) + (· · ·)kµ kν

(2)
= igµν (1 + C)DF (k) − gµν Πf (k 2 ) + (· · ·)kµ kν
(2)
= igµν (1 + C)(DF (k) + iΠf (k 2 )) + (· · ·)kµ kν + O(α2 ) (8.218)

fXsqf|0 o
1. E 9 W h (1 + C)
2. DF (k) → DF (k) + iΠf (k)
(2)
Nt * boG
G R| L h*Ot9M
L h*O
1 1
aµ (k) = √ eµ (k) (8.219)
(2π)3/2 2ω

 doGR& 8.28 n

' 8.28: ?Ip+PMiu epH

1 S doG j, *O L h0V
n o
(2)
a(2)
µ (k) = aµ (k) − iDF iCDF−1 (k) − Πf (k)DF−2 (k) aµ (k)

= aµ (k) + CDF (k)DF−1 (k)aµ (k) (8.220)

E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 119

-X D −1
F (k)aµ (k) = −(2π)4 k 2 aµ (k) = 0  _mXt D −2
F (k) < A L D −1
F (k) 5^Kj? 
V
(
aµ (k)
a(2)
µ (k) = ⇒ a(2)
µ (k) = (1 + C)
1/2
aµ (k) (8.221)
aµ (k)(1 + C)

>H o pRt \ ℄E o 
1. >H o ks  O L h A L (1 + C) *O L h A L (1 + C) 1/2
(2) (2)
2. DF (k) = DF (k) + iΠf (k)

e Feynman & C  n 9 |P 9L hOP  L h*O5>H oA Lh

i e

1 √
(1 + C)Pi + 2 Pe = (1 + C)n/2 = ( 1 + C)n (n = 2Pi + Pe ) (8.222)

R R 'Rt~ \ 3 e 5 Feynman A + G' e . >H o t A Lks e

0
n
0 → e0 (1 + C)1/2 ℄E o
j t \ e = e (1 + C) 
0
1/2
R 0

5dRj4f 1# r §8.8

 t9MR& 8.29 n# 8l6 _ XoG

' 8.29: upH`YpH

r
(1) 1 1
hf | S |ii = (−ie)(2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p − q)ū(p′ )γµ u(p)aµ (q) (8.223)
V 4EE ′
r Z
(3) 1 1 3 12
hf | S |ii = (−ie) (2π) d4 kū(p′ )γ ν iDF (k)iSF (p′ − k)γµ iSF (p − k)γν u(p)aµ (q)δ (4) (p′ − p − q)
V 4EE ′
r
1 1
= (−ie)(2π)4 δ (4) (p′ − p − q)ū(p′ )Λ(2) ′ µ
µ (p, p )u(p)a (q) (8.224)
V 4EE ′
-X
Z
(−ie)2 i[(p/′ − k/) + m] i[(/p − k/) + m] −i
Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) = d4 kγ ν γµ γν (8.225)
(2π)4 (p′ − k)2 − m2 (p − k)2 − m2 k 2

f<K _ sq
γµ → γµ + Λ(2) ′ (2) ′
µ (p, p ) ≡ Γµ (p, p ) (8.226)

 oGt9M
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 120
Z Z Z
(−ie)2 1 x (/p − k/)γµ (/p′ − k/) − 2m(pµ + p′µ − 2kµ ) + m2 γµ
Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) = i d4 k dx dy (8.227)
4π 4 0 0 {−(k − px − qy)2 + t2 }3

-X −t = m x + p x + q(p + p )y − (qy + px) # ?CJ Λ

2 2 2 2 ′ 2 (2) ′
µ (p, p ) 3   Z
1.   '| j }# L?0k − px − qy → k 
2.   '| j  W k t.dV }# ? A L µ
R R4 1
3. d kkµ2 → 4
4
d kk 2

f  C sq
Z Z 1 Z x
1 (−ie)2 T
Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) → i d4 k dx dy (8.228)
4π 4 0 0 (−k 2 + t2 )3

-X

′

2 ′


/(1 − x) − /qy − k/ γµ p
T = p / −p/x − /qy − k/ + m γµ − 2m pµ + pµ − 2pµ x − 2qµ y − 2kµ (8.229)

-ACs
2,3

1 2

T → T ′ = /p(1 − x) − /qy γµ p ′ 2 ′
/ − p/x − /qy − k γµ + m γµ − 2m pµ + pµ − 2pµ x − 2qµ y (8.230)
2
1 p/ = p/ = m `-l Taylor 7?  p = p 5 p, p 1 onshell `7? I p, p b1*O_
′ ′ ′ ′

q = p − p = 0 7?R) (p
′
/ − m) = 0 
/ − m)u(p) = 0, ū(p )(p ′ ′


   
′ 2 x2 1 2 2 2
T = −γµ m 2 − 2x − − (−k + m x ) (8.231)
2 2

5t 2
= p2 x2 = m2 x2 F
Λ(2)
µ (p, p) = Lγµ (8.232)
p
/=m

-X
Z Z 1  
iα m2 (4 − 4x − x2 ) 1
L= d4 k dxx − (8.233)
2π 3 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )2

_mX{  V
Z 1 Z 1
x 1 1 2m2 x3 dx
∼ dx 2 2 2 2
= + (8.234)
0 (−k + m x ) 2 (−k + m2 )2
2
0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3

F
Z Z 1
α iα 4 m2 x(4 − 4x − 3x2 )
L = D+ 3 d k dx
4π 2π 0 (−k 2 + m2 x2 )3
 Z 1 
α dx 11
= D−4 + = −B (8.235)
4π 0 x 2

m  ~K
(2)
Λ(2) ′ ′
µ (p, p ) = Lγµ + Λµf (p, p ) (8.236)

-X j Vqxd g*xd to*

   
(2) p′ −p=q<<m α m 3 3
Λµf (p, p′ ) −→ − −q 2 γµ ln − − imσµν q ν (8.237)
3πm2 ρ 8 4
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 121

-X σ µν = 1
2i (γµ γν − γν γµ ) ρ  q3jE .h *  Z  St L hVha;htjm
1 −i 1 −i
4 2
gµν → gµν (8.238)
(2π) k (2π) k − ρ2
4 2

7qw'r L ht A Lw'i L ht A L h *N

Γ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) = γµ + Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p )
 
(2) (2)
= (1 + L)γµ + Λµf (p, p′ ) = (1 + L) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ ) + O(α2 ) (8.239)

Bvq  oG j
 
(2)
γµ → (1 + L) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ )
 
(2)
e0 γµ → e0 (1 + L) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ ) (8.240)
e0 (1 + L) = eR

Bvjhj>H o_ oG/t℄E o _ j 

1. m = m + δ l m
R 0 m 0

2. e = e (1 + B)(1 + C) (1 + L) −→ e (1 + C)
R 0 l e 1/2 BL=O(α2 )
0
1/2
0

S (p) = S (p) + Σ (p) l S (p)

(2) (2)
3. f f

D (k) = D (k) + iΠ (k) l D (k) 

f f
(2) (2)
4. F F

Γ (p, p ) = γ + Λ (p, p ) l γ
F f
(2) ′ (2) ′
5. µf µ µf µ

-X \ t℄E o C -A6n3

 
1/2 1
eR = e0 (1 + B)(1 + C) (1 + L) = 1 + C (1 + B + L)e0 + O(α2 )
2
 
1
= 1 + C e0 + O(α2 ) (∵ B = −L) (8.241)
2

§8.8.1 Ward-Takahashi Identity

 R& 8.29(b) n}# B # 3

Z
d4 k ν i i −i
Λ(2) ′
µ (p, p ) = (−ie)
2
4
γ ′ γµ γν 2 (8.242)
(2π) (/p − k/) − m (/p − k/) − m k

hj (R& 8.25)}# B # (' 2tjm) 3

Z
d4 k ν i 1
Σ(2) (p) = (−ie)2 4
γ γν 2 (8.243)
(2π) (/p − k/) − m k

C I
∂ (2)
Λ(2)
µ (p, p) = − Σ (p) (8.244)
∂pµ

Z
1 ′ 1 1 1
′ (p
/ −p/) = − (8.245)
/ − k/) − m
(p (/p − k/) − m (/p − k/) − m (/p′ − k/) − m

C sq
Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p′ ) = q µ Λµ (p, p′ ) ( -X q = p − p)
′
(8.246)
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 122

f  _C sq
∂ (2)
Λ(2)
µ (p, p) = − Σ (p) W ard − T akahashi Identity (8.247)
∂pµ


−2
Λµ (p, p)|p/=m = Lγµ Σ(2) (p) − Σ(2) (p) = B(p
/ − m) + Sf (p)(· · ·) (8.248)
p=m
/

_C sq
L = −B, Z1 = Z2 M $ V℄ (8.249)

o*
−1
Σ(2) (p) = δm + (p
/ − m)(1 − Z2 ), Λµ (p, p) = (Z1−1 − 1)γµ (8.250)

!C sq Z 1 = Z2 
§8.9 4 6 bADj4 6 +G'Æ
eT Feynman & R& 8.30 o!Pjt=`&j j S 8B&C 6nV

' 8.30: i+P[ upHW ` y℄W

r
(1) (3) 1 1
< f |S +S |i > = (−ie0 ) (2π)4 δ (4) (p + q − p′ )aµ (q)(1 + B)(1 + L)(1 + C)1/2
V 4EE ′
   
(2) (2)
ū(p′ ) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ ) u(p) 1 + iDF−1 (q)Πf (q)
r h
1 1 4 (4) ′ ′ (2)
= (−ieR ) (2π) δ (p + q − p )ū(p ) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ )
V 4EE ′
i
(2)
+iγµ DF−1 (q)Πf (q) u(p)aµ (q) (8.251)

>H o 1w/ G
Z 1 Z 1
(2) αq 2 y 2 (2y − 3)(1 − 2y) q2 <<m2 α q2
iΠf (q 2 )DF−1 (q 2 ) = − dy =⇒ − dyy 2 (2y − 3)(1 − 2y)
3π 0 m2 − q 2 y(1 − y) 3π m2 0

α −q 2
= (8.252)
15π m2
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 123

 oG h1 h *  Z
   
(2) α m 3 3 1 1
Λµf (p, p′ ) =− 2
−q γµ ln − ν
− imσµν q , → 2 (8.253)
3πm2 ρ 8 4 2
k + iǫ k − ρ2 + iǫ

q  toGB # 3 γ oB # 3 σ µ µν q

ν
1 S ℄E oj t8B&3
h i
(1) (3) (2) (2)
< f |S +S |i > ∝ ū(p′ ) γµ + Λµf (p, p′ ) + iγµ Πf (q 2 )DF−1 (q) u(p)aµ (q)
    
. α m 3 1 3
= ū(p′ ) γµ − −q 2
γµ ln − − − imσµν q ν
u(p)aµ (q)
(8.254)
3πm2 ρ 8 5 4

-XmXt Rj>H o t A L
1
5

§8.9.1 2 4 )%

b q
 
′
pµ + p′µ′ i ′ ν
ū(p )γµ u(p) = ū(p ) − σµν (p − p) u(p) (8.255)
2m 2m

_mXt j VC sq
e
σ e (p − p)µ
µν λ
x57[
=⇒ ′ ν e
σµν F µν
2m 4m
e 1
= (iα · E + Σ · B) , σµν = (γµ γν − γν γµ ) (8.256)
2m 2i
-X
! !
σ 0 0 σ
Σ= , α= (8.257)
0 σ σ 0

=6hh1 9 ztb8
(u3− µ · B)
1
µ=− σ (8.258)
2m
o*
1 1 1 α 1  α
σµν q ν → σµν q ν + σµν q ν = 1+ σµν q ν (8.259)
2m 2m 2m 2π 2m 2π
 X|L3
 α
µ0 → µ = 1 + µ0 = 1.0011614µ0 (8.260)
2π
 2004 PDG Jsti
L3
e~
µ = (1.001159652187 ± 0.000000000004) (8.261)
2mc
-XQtm8
e~ µe 1
µB = − 1 = (g − 2) (8.262)
2me µB 2

1 >H o 1 QCD XtO z 

QED t>H o ?!QCD Xh1 /JVR& 8.31 n
1 QED X>H o B&XjQ l unq1 QCD XKE _ KEKQ l upR?
/J| o*'R1 QED X α = 4π1 e2(q2 = 0) ∼ 137−1 1 QCD X α = α(q2 = MZ2 ) ∼ 128−1 
E<p ℄^M`=LBDe[Qb 124

' 8.31: QED ` QCD Yu?Ip

C
(8.1) (p Ward-Takahashi Identity.
 /  X 0" q*  t\'
( , +BAj -BA: (Superficial Degree of Divergence)
§9.1

| ! hO ψ _ 3hO ϕ
Qth3
X
L = L0 + Li (9.1)
i

-XQ l utQth3
Li = f ψ̄ψϕ; f ′ ψ̄γ5 ψϕ; λϕ3 ; λ′ ϕ4 ; g ψ̄γ µ ψ∂µ ϕ; g ′ ψ̄γ µ γ 5 ψ∂µ ϕ (9.2)

# 8l6?!t  Q l u
| 9 Feynman &   B 3h^h*OIB 3h^hOF  ! h*OIF  !
hOni q{ i [  t  i l6?!t Li Xt9M bi 3{ i [  t3hO fi 6n{ i
[  t ! hO di q{ i [  t/^ 5  
X
B + 2(IB) = ni b i (9.3)
i
X
F + 2(IF ) = ni f i (9.4)
i

 Æ6  Z (Superficial Degree of Divergence)

D = }# X # h  h d − }# X # t  h d
∆
(9.5)

C sq
X X
D= ni di + 2(IB) + 3(IF ) − 4 ni + 4 (9.6)
i i

-X
1. {V6 9 /^ A L 9 hh (+1)
2. {  V63hOO A L 9}# (+4) _  9 a;h (-2)=(+2)
Z
1 i
d4 k (9.7)
(2π)4 k 2 − m2 + iǫ

3. {XV6 ! hO A L 9}# h (+4) _  9 a;h (-1)=(+3)

Z
1 i
d4 p (9.8)
(2π)4 /p − m + iǫ

{ V _ {=V6 9  4  h| f t δ
4. (4)
P
( p) t Y  9A Lh (-4)nqq j
s s"qm 4  h| f t δ Y 
Zm 9.3 _ 9.4fm 9.6 X\A IB,IFf  sq
3 X
D = −B − F + 4 + n i δi (9.9)
2 i

3
δi = bi + fi + di − 4 (9.10)
2

125
ERp KntrODkh X 126

q j ;I
{ i [   (Q l u) t Coupling Constant)
δi = − dim(gi ) (gi (9.11)

-X dim 6n?h 5 9b ~ = c = 1

dim (Vh) = 1 dim (R ) = −1 (9.12)

f  ;sq3hO _ Qthth 5 3
dim(ϕ) = 1 dim(L) = 4 (9.13)

o*fXC (^ dim(H) = 4, dim(H) = 1

! hOth 5 3
3
dim(ψ) = (9.14)
2
=q
3
∵ L0 = (ψ̄iγ µ ∂µ ψ − mψ̄ψ), dim(L0 ) = 4 ∴ dim ψ = (9.15)
2
 ;C sq
3
bi + fi + di + dim(gi ) = 4 (9.16)
2
[R


∵ dim g ψ̄γ µ ψ∂µ ϕ = 4 ∴ dim(g) = −1 (9.17)

 ' (9.10) _ (9.16) C sq'|

δi = − dim(gi ) (9.18)

o*fm (9.9) C ^R R b!t*O 1F  5  Z=   b Q th 5 

1. SC℄E*O < hOt  | ,  5  Z ,wdim[g ] > 0 i

[R1 λϕ XQtQth3 L = λϕ , dim[λ] = 1-X ϕ t  R& 9.1(1) Xnj

3
i
3 3

OtQth3
1 1
L0 = (∂µ ϕ)(∂ µ ϕ) − m2 ϕ2 (9.19)
2 2
R R Bvj& (R& 9.1(2))6  Z 3 D = 4 − 4 = 0 q   Zt

' 9.1: TD^Fu\i λϕ 3

-AJLRR6 Ot | R& 9.1(3)(4) Xn6 Z #83 D(3) = 4 × 2 −

5 × 2 = −2, D(4) = 3 × 4 − 2 × 8 = −4 d JH=f[9M qxdt
o* s sb x\VtjmR1j& (R& 9.1(2)) XΣ(p) t7?jmC 6n3
ERp KntrODkh X 127
∂Σ(p2 )
Σ(p2 ) = Σ(p2 ) p2 =µ2
+ (p2 − µ2 ) + · · · (9.20)
∂p2 p2 =µ2

3h^ht* F  Σ(p) q p t Y  2

1m 9.20 X  λϕ O{Vq  Zt Qtx\V3 Σ(µ )ϕ ∼ δm ϕ Qo

3 2 2 2 2

 Vh℄E o R R {  Vq  Zt5Qtx\Vtjm3 (∂ ϕ)(∂ ϕ) Qo

2
∂Σ(p )
∂p2 µ
µ

  V℄E o 
p2 =µ2

2. C℄Edim[g ] = 0  i

[RL = λϕ , f ψ̄ψϕ, f ψ̄γ ψϕQt dim[λ] = dim[f ] = dim[f ] = 0=7 7fR R n 6

i
4 ′
5
′
i

5  Z ? v 0 o =mC SN tx\VR℄E o 

3. ?C℄Edim[g ] < 0  t  3 i

L = λϕ (9?h1), G(ψ̄γψ)(ψ̄γψ)( ! hQ l u), g ψ̄γ ψ∂ ϕ

i
5
(9.21) µ
µ

 b Q th 5 3 dim[λ] = −1, dim[G] = −2, dim[g] = −1 δ = − dim[g ] R R n 6  i i i

5  Z f6 
:3 π *htz"U3 -1 ℄ hQ l t  3 f ψ̄γ ψϕ 5

xdmt$   9 Feynman &qxdt,o 2 &t6  Z h&t6  Z

3 0 L
R1 ϕ X|XR& 9.2(1) XnD = 0 q Zt& 9.2(2) X D = 4×2−5×2 =
3

−2 nqh&X D = 0 q   Zt

' 9.2: yen%u\i λϕ 3

§9.1.1_x) Taylor  
e&jt*B  h3 p , · · · , p B  h3 q , · · · , q R& 9.3 n
1 n 1 l

' 9.3:
}# tjm3
Z
(n)
Γ (p1 , · · · , pn ) = d4 q1 · · · d4 ql I(p1 , · · · , pn ; q1 , · · · , ql ) (9.22)

A
*O j 5C ^ Γ (n)
(p1 , · · · , pn ) C  M *O  h p u Taylor 7? i
ERp KntrODkh X 128
Z
∂ (n) ∂
Γ (p1 , · · · , pn ) = d4 q1 · · · d4 ql I(p1 , · · · , pn ; q1 , · · · , ql ) (9.23)
∂pi ∂pi

fC ^7?mXVt Z d3 D(Γ), D(Γ) − 1, · · · , 0, −1, −2, · · ·-X{V D(Γ) 

3ndVdV( m C  D(Γ) + 1 9 ZD V 9 D(Γ) dt  Z  Vmf  C   
SQtx\V
[ 1 λϕ Xtj& (R& 9.4)
3

Z
λ2 d4 k 1 1
Σ(p) = (9.24)
2! (2π)4 k 2 − µ2 + iǫ (k − p)2 − µ2 + iǫ

' 9.4: λϕ k' 3

 D = 0 q   ZP '3nd  Vm

 3h*hΣ(p) q p t Y t7?m3 2

Σ(p2 ) = a′0 + a′1 (p2 − µ2 ) + a′2 (p2 − µ2 )2 + · · · (9.25)

?7?| µ 2
=0 5C sq
Σ(p2 ) = a0 + a1 p2 + a2 (p2 )2 + · · ·

= Σ(0) + Σc (p2 ) (9.26)

 ZV,X1 Σ(0) =V Stx\V3 Σ(0)ϕ2 

[ 2 λϕ4 j& (R& 9.5)D = 2    d  Z

' 9.5: λϕ k' 4

 ZB # q 9 d  Vm? µ = 0 7? 2

∂Σ(p2 )
Σ(p2 ) = Σ(0) + p2 + Σc (p2 ) (9.27)
∂p2 p2 =0

-XndV3  d  Zx\V3 Σ(0)ϕ dV3   Zx\V3 Σ (0)(∂ ϕ)(∂ ϕ)gGtqx

2 ′
µ
µ

dV
[ 3 QED Xhj
i i (2)
Σ(p) = Σ(p)|/p=m + S −1 (p)B + S −2 (p)Σf (p) (9.28)
(2π)4 f (2π)4 f
ERp KntrODkh X 129

?7?|3 /p = mS (p) = (−i)(2π) (/p − m){V&R3Om  Zni _3   Z{  V

−1 4

3   ZQtx\V3 Σ(p)| ψ̄ψ, B(ψ̄(iγ ∂ − m)ψ)

f
µ
µ

[ 4 >H o
p=m
/

h i
−1 (2) −2
Π(2)µ
µ (k 2
) = Π(2)µ
µ (0) − 3i CD F (k) + iΠf (k)D F (k) (9.29)

7?|3 k = 0D (k) = (2π) (−k )-XndV    d  Znq O ?0t==V,

2 −1 4 2

s3n P [ X{V  nd  ZVx\Vtjm3 F F {  Vqxdt

F
µν
µν

§9.2 1# rj-rp
9QthqC℄EtqM3jx\ Feynman &XtZVStx\V Counter Term
%'RtQthXtG _ < Y t℄d  ÆBx
[RQED X
1. ℄E o jtQth R D 3a; Y
1
L = ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − Fµν F µν − eψ̄γ µ ψAµ (9.30)
4
2. x\V ∆L3j\A L Nft  Z,sSx\V ∆L
1
∆L = δm Z2 ψ̄ψ + (Z2 − 1)ψ̄(iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ − (Z3 − 1)Fµν F µν − e(Z1 − 1)ψ̄γ µ ψAµ (9.31)
4
-X Z = 1 + B(j)Z = 1 + C(>H o)Z = 1 + L( )
2 3
−1

3. ∆L C P 9S L XV3 Unrenormalized Qth

1

L0 = L + ∆L
1
= ψ̄0 (iγ µ ∂µ − m0 )ψ0 − (Fµν )0 (F µν )0 − e0 ψ̄0 γ µ ψ0 (Aµ )0 (9.32)
4

-X −1/2 Z1 =Z2
m0 = m − δm , e0 = Z1 Z2−1 Z3 e =⇒ Z3
−1/2 √ √
e, ψ0 = Z2 ψ, (Aµ )0 = Z3 Aµ 
[R λϕ 4

1 1 λ
L= (∂µ ϕ)(∂ µ ϕ) − µ2 ϕ2 − ϕ4 (9.33)
2 2 4!
6  Z 3 D = 4 − B O B = 2, B = 4 f[  ZtCm
1. B=2, R& 9.6 n-XndV  tx\V3 ϕ  dV  tx\V3 (∂ ϕ)(∂ ϕ) 6 d
2
µ
µ

' 9.6: "g4i+P λϕ u[$' 4

Vqxdt
2. B=4, R& 9.7 nOqw$q  Ztx\Vtjm3 ϕ  4

q j Qthtjm3
ERp KntrODkh X 130

' 9.7: " 4i+P λϕ u[$' 4

 
1 µ 1 2 2 λ 4 A µ B 2 C 4
L + ∆L = (∂µ ϕ)(∂ ϕ) − µ ϕ − ϕ + (∂µ ϕ)(∂ ϕ) + ϕ + ϕ
2 2 4! 2 2 4!
1 1 λ
= Z3 (∂µ ϕ)(∂ µ ϕ) − (µ2 − δµ2 )ϕ2 − Z1 ϕ4 (9.34)
2 2 4!
-X Z 3 
= 1 + A, B = δµ2 , C = λ(−Z1 + 1) Z1 , Z2 , Z3 q cutoff (Λ) dependent
1 1 1
L + ∆L = L0 = (∂µ ϕ0 )(∂ µ ϕ0 ) − µ20 ϕ20 − λ0 ϕ40 (9.35)
2 2 4!
-X ϕ = Z ϕ, µ = Z (µ − δµ ), λ = Z Z λ
0
1/2 2 −1 2 2
0
−2
1

o* λϕ C p^R& 9.8 nt9M# 83d  Z _  Z tx\Vjm3 ϕ , ϕ 

3 0 3 3
3 3 4

' 9.8: X" iP λϕ u[$' 3

 1 QED X9M5a?!(R& 9.9 n)

' 9.9: X" iPMiu  [$ '

ERp KntrODkh X 131

gR & ℄r (Dimensional Regularization)

§9.3

1 Pauli-Villars G Oo XB& }# R {· · ·} h1 9 j  h& Æ (cutoff)Λ d  Z   Λ  d4 k 2

d  Z   Λ  Z   ln Λ
(2π)4

1972 t Hooft Veltman S5 G Oo t  

′
Z Z
4
d k{· · ·} → d k{· · ·} 5 4→n n
(9.36)

R& 9.10 nt }# 3

' 9.10: +ik'

Z
1 1
I= d4 k (9.37)
k2 − µ + iǫ (p + k) − µ2 + iǫ
2 2

 Æ }#
Z
1 1
I(n) = dn k (9.38)
k2 − µ + iǫ (p + k) − µ2 + iǫ
2 2

-X k = (k , k , k , · · · , k ), p = (p , p , p , p , 0, · · · , 0)R R n → 45 I(n) → I 

µ
0 1 2 n−1
µ
0 1 2 3

? p 2ND p = (M, 0, · · · , 0) 5
µ µ

(p, k) = M k0 (9.39)

M% }Y  w3t < I 5

Z Z ∞ Z 2π Z π Z π Z π
dn k = ln−1 dl dθ1 sin θ2 dθ2 sin2 θ3 dθ3 · · · sinn−2 θn−1 dθn−1 (9.40)
0 0 0 0 0

-X −k = k + k
2 2 2
+ k22 + · · · + kn−1
2
= l2 > 0, q!mHjhR t(  
Z Γ Y
0 1

Z π
π 1/2 Γ( m+1
2 )
sinm θdθ = m+2 (9.41)
0 Γ( 2 )

-X Γ Y tmVRG
Z ∞
Γ(a) = xa−1 e−x dx (9.42)
0
π
Γ(n)Γ(1 − n) = Γ(a + 1) = aΓ(a) (9.43)
sin nπ
√
Γ(1) = 1 Γ(1/2) = π (9.44)


Z 2π Z π Z π Z π
dθ1 sin θ2 dθ2 sin2 θ3 dθ3 · · · sinn−2 θn−1 dθn−1
0 0 0 0
ERp KntrODkh X 132
    
√ Γ(1) √ Γ(3/2) √ Γ( n−1
2 )
= (2π) π π ··· π
Γ(3/2) Γ(2) Γ( n2 )
n 1
= 2π 2 (9.45)
Γ( n2 )

f  C sq
Z ∞  
1 n
n−1 1 1
I(n) = 2π 2 l dl (9.46)
Γ( n2 ) 0 k 2 − µ2 + iǫ (p + k)2 − µ2 + iǫ

I(n) ?,  n 3E   Æ  n 3 /   ÆO 1 < Re n < 4(n 6 1 }# Z)

 I(n) -l(?})ks1E 9/ (  n qlh (?_j n = 4, 6, 8, · · · , I(n) |
`XR& 9.10 nt }#
Z 1
1 1 dα
· = (9.47)
k 2 − µ2 (p + k)2 − µ2 0 A2

-X
A = (1 − α)(−k 2 + µ2 ) + α(−(p + k)2 + µ2 ) = −(k + αp)2 + a2 , a2 = µ2 − α(1 − α)p2 (9.48)

f
Z 1 Z Z 1 Z
dn k n<4 dn k
I(n) = dα 2 2 2
−→ dα − k 2 = k2 − k02 (9.49)
0 [−(k + αp) + a ] 0 (−k 2 + a2 )2

-l Wick  5
Z Z Z
'm = i (k d+ ka )
n ∞ ∞
iπ n/2 ln−2 dl2 iπ n/2 tn/2−1 dt
2 2 2
= 2 2 2
=
Γ(n/2) 0 (l + a ) Γ(n/2) 0 (t + a2 )2
n/2 n/2
iπ iπ 4−n
= 2 2−n/2
Γ(2 − n/2) = 2 2−n/2 Γ( ) (9.50)
(a ) (a ) 2

1 β Y =XqG t I Dm
Z ∞ Z 1
y m−1
dy = B(m, n) ≡ xm−1 (1 − x)n−1 dx (9.51)
0 (1 + y)m+n 0

Γ(m)Γ(n)
B(m, n) = (9.52)
Γ(m + n)

}# 3
Z 1
iπ n/2 Γ(2 − n/2)
I(n) = 2−n/2
dα (9.53)
0 [µ2 − α(1 − α)p2 ]

b 2mq1 n < 4 5 n 3GE (R n=3) t9MGsqtnq n < 4 t E Æ

o*
Γ(3 − n/2) 2
Γ(2 − n/2) = , ∴ n → 4, Γ(2 − n/2) → (9.54)
2 − n/2 4−n

 1 n = 4 tz  Γ(2 − n/2) -l7?sq (4 − n = 2ǫ):

2 1
Γ(2 − n/2) = + A + (n − 4)B = + A + (n − 4)B (9.55)
4−n ǫ
Z y ǫ ǫ
= eln y = eǫ ln y = 1 + ǫ ln y + · · ·(ǫ → 0) C sq
ERp KntrODkh X 133
n−4
(a2 )n/2−2 = 1 + ln a2 + · · · (9.56)
2

Z 1
n→4 2iπ 2 4−n
I(n) −→ + iπ 2 A − iπ 2 dα ln[µ2 − α(1 − α)p2 ] + O( ) (9.57)
4−n 0 2

-X{Vo n → 4 h  ZQo Pauli  Villars G Oo Xt ln Λ V

 GB|tw?:.VtM8?jnq v Uq℄E o j tjm?!GB|Csq
?!t℄E o G [R
Σ(p) = Σ(p)|p2 =µ2 + Σ′ (p)|p2 =µ2 (p2 − µ2 ) + · · · (9.58)

RR? µ 2
=0   \ ℄E o e R (µ
2
= 0) Qt0E' D Q 3 α=1/137
˙ nqR R ? µ 2
= MZ2 5
2
α(µ = MZ2 ) = 1/128 
Æ
Z
d4 k 1 1
Γa (p2 ) ≡ λ2 · 2 ·
(2π) k − µ + iǫ (p + k) − µ2 + iǫ
4 2 2

 Z 1 
λ2 2i  2 2

= + iA − i dα ln µ − α(1 − α)p (9.59)
16π 2 4 − n 0

1p 2
=0 `? Taylor 7?5
Γa (p2 ) = Γa (0) + Γc (p2 ) (9.60)

 ZVX1{V
 Z 1   
λ2 2i λ2 2i
Γa (0) = + iA − i dα ln µ2 = + iA − i ln µ2
16π 2 4−n 0 16π 2 4 − n

. iλ2 iλ2 1
= = (9.61)
8π 2 (4− n) 16π 2 ǫ

Γc (p2 ) = −
iλ2
Z 1  2
ln
µ − α(1 − α)p2

dα −→
Z
dα
%D%
−iλ2 1 (1 − α)(1 − 2α)(−p2 )
(9.62)
16π 2 0 µ2 16π 2 0 [µ2 − α(1 − α)p2 ]

f[G Oo t>8

Pauli-Villars G Oo 5 G Oo
iλ2 Λ2 iλ2 2 iλ2 1
Γa (0) ln = 16π 2 ǫ (ǫ > 0)
 NtoGB # Γc (p )  f[G Oo  qQ!t
16π 2 µ2 16π 2 4−n
2

Z
dn k (k 2 )β π n/2 (−1)β−α Γ(β + n/2)Γ(α − β − n/2)
I(α, β) = = i · (9.63)
(2π)4 (k 2 − a2 )α (2π)4 Γ(n/2) Γ(α)(a2 )α−β−n/2

 d  Z }#
Z
dn k 1 (−i)π n/2 Γ(1 − n/2)
I(1, 0) = = · (9.64)
(2π)4 k 2 − a2 (2π)4 (a2 )1−n/2
Z
dn k k2 (−i)π n/2 n Γ(1 − n/2)
I(2, 1) = 4 2 2 2
= · (9.65)
(2π) (k − a ) (2π)4 2 (a2 )1−n/2

 Z
ERp KntrODkh X 134
Z
dn k 1 iπ n/2 Γ(2 − n/2)
I(2, 0) = = · (9.66)
(2π)4 (k 2 − a2 )2 (2π)4 (a2 )2−n/2
Z
dn k k2 iπ n/2 Γ(2 − n/2) n
I(3, 1) = 4 2 2 3
= · · (9.67)
(2π) (k − a ) (2π)4 (a2 )2−n/2 4
Z
dn k k4 iπ n/2 Γ(2 − n/2) n n + 2
I(4, 2) = = · · · (9.68)
(2π)4 (k 2 − a2 )4 (2π)4 (a2 )2−n/2 4 6