The Impact Of Instability Of Somalia Conflict on East African

Countries.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

This study want to assess the Somalia conflicts and their implications on
EAC.The current conflict in Somalia has proven to be long and devastating to
its people where thousands were killed, raped, robbed and made refugees or
internally displaced (Mashishanga, 2016). Despite its deadly impact, the
conflict in Somalia has defied all expectations both theoretical and practical,
while the root causes include among others, poverty, dissatisfaction, hunger,
rise of weak military transitional government, cultural diversity armed bandit
and al Shaabab on other hand (Kaplan, 2012).

1
Accordingly, majority of the armed bandits in Somalia often act on behalf and
under direction of brutal warlords battling for the control of the state, whereby
the bloodbath that resulted from this brutal power struggle, as well as
subsequent droughts, claimed thousands of lives, created thousands of refugees
outside the country and displaced thousands internally (Reyntjens,
2019).Despite of the human catastrophe and suffering, the literature on the
causes of Somalia’s conflict remains inconclusive. The Somalia conflict has
been explained as stemming from the problem of poor governance and
leadership problem of controlling resources, poor economic policies and lack
of sustainable development (Osman 2016). Irrespective of inconclusive
literature about the causes of Somalia conflicts, it has impacted consequences
to other nearby African countries including the EAC.

Geo-political location, which regional and world powers have regarded as

strategically important to influence conflicts, as it is in close proximity to the
all-important oil production centers of the Middle East, and also it controls the
important trade route through the Suez Canal and the Red Sea
(Hashim,2017).These influences, is an indication as to why conflicts in
Somalia is a mystery, and indeed why it is prolonged.

There have been disagreement of scholars on the causes of prolonged conflicts

in Somalia. One of the school of thought is the homogeneous school of
thoughts as asserted by Osman (2016), that the conflicts in Somalia has its
basis from Southern Arabia, as they share language, culture and common
ancestry, that they subscribe to Islam, engage in camel nomadism, and
especially that, unlike the rest of Africa, Somalis have been considered a
nation. This means that, the number of groups in conflicts came from the
nomadic clans of the Mudug and Majertinia regions.Another school of thought
contended as heterogeneous school of thought asserted by Walker (2014) that
conflict in Somalia as prolonged is a direct result of settled and unsettled
communities comprising the farmers, fishers and iron working groups as well
as a mixture of farming and trading.

2
Despite of these trending nature causes of the conflicts in Somalia, various
efforts to address the problem have been made at resolving this highly
protracted conflict. So far, there have been internationally led peace processes
(Kaplan, 2012). These efforts include the UN who have initiated a new peace
process and the AU through maintaining small peacekeeping force known as
AMISOM. Although this aroused the hope for peace in Somalia, the rejection
of the peace process and the new government by al Shaabab and opposition
forces and the increasing intensity of the fighting are raising fears that the new
government may collapse. Thus, while Somalia conflicts persists, the current
study is an effort to assess the Somalia conflicts and their implications on EAC.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Although Somalia government is committed to end the existing conflicts in a
common will with East African Community security goals by 2025, it seems
that this will be hardly achieved by then, unless measures are put in place to
ensure that the militarily weak Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces
and their supporters on the one hand and al Shaabab and other fundamentalist
groups on the other reach a seize fire (Scott, 2019). The problem of conflicts in
Somalia is increasing as has affected the livelihood, destroying major means of
economy and also increasing number of refugees in the nearby countries. To
this far, the effects of Somalia conflicts has resulted an estimate of 899 civilian
causalities, including 441 killings, between late November 2020 and late July,
compared to the same reporting period in 2019 (UNSOM, 2021). Thus, it is
doubtful that the regional security architecture and their groupings including
the EA Carefully being catered for to intervene in addressing the effects of
Somalia conflicts. Although the problem of refugees in the nearby countries
keep increasing which costs the hosting nations in terms of social and
economic development to accommodate them effectively, this may result into
poor social service delivery and destruction of major means of development in
EAC.

3
The Somali government has issued a directive to all the groups involved in
conflicts, whereby many of them even those with minor involving are either
not committed seriously to end conflicts. Lack of conducive political
government, poor socio-economic conditions of the people that has resulted
increase of poverty and hunger seem to have led the conflicts in Somalia.
Indeed, conflicts in Somalia is not a sudden eruption, but is a direct result of
the interplay of the various multiple historical, socio-economic and political
processes taking place (Scott, 2019). Unless critical measures are put in place
to alleviate the causes of Somalia conflicts, the problem is unlikely to subside
in the near future with diverse impacts in EAC.

Knowingly, little attention have been put in place by the EAC to absorb
interventions in Somalia conflicts in order to enable her people advance to the
best opportunities available in Somalia. Conceptually, the Somalia conflicts
would have been eased if militarily weak Transitional Federal Government
(TFG) forces and their supporters, the al Shaabab on the other hand and other
fundamentalist groups are put in place of negotiations (Kaplan, 2012).
Therefore, this study is an attempt to assess socio-economic effects of Somalia
conflicts on EAC development.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of this study is to assess socio-economic effects of

Somalia conflicts on EAC development
1.3.2 Specific objectives

In assessing socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts on EAC development,

this study will cover three specific objectives which are:-
i. To find out the leading factors for Somalia conflicts

4
 ii. To explore the impacts of Somalia conflicts on EAC development

iii. To explore initiatives employed by EAC in addressing Somalia

conflicts
1.4 Research questions

The study will employ three research questions which are:-

i. What are the leading factors for the Somalia conflicts

ii. What are socio-economic impacts of Somalia conflicts in EAC

development

iii. What initiatives employed by EAC to address the Somalia conflicts

1.5 Scope of the study

The study will be conducted in Tanzania as one of the member state of EAC. It
will use all TPDF officers who have gone in mission as volunteers in peace
keeping. Currently the locale of this study is at Upanga TPDF. This area will
purposively be selected as it is the only with officers who have been involved
in peace keeping mission. Indeed, the study is limited to the TPDF Officers and
Men.

1.6 Organization of the study

This study will be conducted to assess the socio-economic effects of Somalia

conflicts on EAC development. Therefore, the chapter study will covers three
chapters; mainly the first chapter will be introduction, next by literature review

5
in chapter two, while chapter three will be materials and methods that will be
used to execute the study.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter is about literature review of related studies. The chapter however
intends to cover the conceptual definition of key terms used, theoretical review,
empirical review, knowledge gap and conceptual framework as well.

2.2 Conceptual definition of key terms

Conflicts

Hussein (2010) defined conflict as a situation of disagreement or quarrel

between two groups or individuals. It is situation of confrontation or lack of
consensus between two or more parties within an organization or society. This
means that, nobody is violence by nature but obsession over something
especially scarce resource is the main cause of many conflicts.

2.3 Theoretical Review

In this part, different founders have provided theories that attempt to analyze
conflicts in different perspectives. Among of the theories there are: Abraham
Maslow (1940) and theory of human needs, Coser, et al., (2003) Conflict
theory, and Dixon (1998) with Eco-violence theory. However, in justifying the
reasons for the rise of many conflicts in general, the struggle over limited or
available scarce resources, ethnicity, politics and dissatisfaction with the
existing situation. These reasons have been found in the theory of Human
Need (Riddel, 2007) and also in the theory of Conflict (Coser, et al., 2003).
These two theories are much relevant in assessing socio-economic effects of
Somalia conflicts.

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2.3.1 Human Need Theory

The Human Need Theory is the theory that was founded by Abraham Maslow
in 1940’s. The basis of the theory was the impact of the scientists’ meeting in
Seville city in 1986. The Seville manifest convincingly argued that conflict was
not genetic and that no one is violent by birth, but violence occurs when certain
individuals or groups do not see any other way to meet their needs so they need
understanding, respect and consideration for their needs. Accordingly, Maslow
identified several factors that are basically human needs which are; food,
water, shelter, safety, security, love, self-esteem, and personal fulfillment.

With regard to these needed, the study will adopt Human Need Theory in
assessing the socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts on EAC
development. The rationale behind adoption of that theory is because it
identifies the people’s needs including food, shelter, participation, subsistence
and love which as the study concerned.

According to Walker (2014), conflict in Somalia is a direct result of settled and

unsettled communities comprising the farmers, fishers and iron working groups
as well as a mixture of farming and trading all of them striving to acquire their
needs such as: land for food, shelter, water and grazing. Despite the weakness
of this theory that it just showing the human needs while in reality they are not
full given to people, the researcher stay still in the position of using it in this
study so as to make an emphasize on it. Therefore, this study will employ
Human Need Theory in assessing socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts.

2.3.2 Conflict Theory

Conflict theory was propounded by a German philosophrer Karl Max in (1818-

1883) during the French revolution. He hated oppression, humiliation and
exploitation of the masses. The theory seeks to scientifically explain the

8
general forms of conflict in society in terms of how conflict starts, varies, and
the effects it brings. The central concern of conflict theory is the unequal
distribution of scarce resources and power.

Significantly, the theory opines that individuals and groups within the society
have different types of material and non-material resources. These resources
are controlled by the powerful people and the waged people suffer. The
powerful groups’ control uses the economic power in other to exploit the lesser
ones. Coser et al., (2003) adds that, conflict theorists generally see class, status
and power as the central features of society, rather than thinking of society as
held together by collective agreement concerning a cohesive set of cultural
standards, as functionalists do, most social conflict base on the unequal
distribution of scarce resources (Coser et al., 2003).

Basing on that, the conflict theory has three assumptions which are: Conflict
between individuals or group emerges from having opposing interests or
competing for limited resources; conflict typically leads to some groups and
individuals controlling and dominating others, and that patterns of
subordination and domination are self-perpetuating; the dominant groups
disproportionately influences resource allocation.

The study will use this theory too in assessing socio-economic effects of
Somalia conflicts on EAC development. The reason behind the use of this
theory in the study is that attempt to explains the reason for many conflicts in
societies as individuals strive in getting better life though the available scarce
resources. Despite of the weakness of the theory that in much of its assumption
it applauds the situation of powerful people to oppress weakened ones, still the
researcher use it in this study so as to reveal the truth that everyone has the
power and no one is above the power. Therefore, in revealing the truth about
socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts on EAC development, this study
will focuses on the two theories as explained above.

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2.4 Empirical Review

Chitalika (2018) assessed the impacts of DRC on economic development using

a survey design administered to 80 respondents and found that, the presence of
access to weapons among the civilians, which occurred when civilians turned
to weapons as a mode of survival and defence during the disparate economic
times in DRC. Indeed it was asserted that, ethnic cleavages have been already
deep and political discrimination against minority groups being widely
practiced in DRC. This means that, in many developing countries the problem
of many conflicts result to ethnicity and availability of weapons in the civilian
compounds. However, the findings did not integrate the aspects of effects on
the prospects of neighboring countries in relation to the socio-economic
development. This study will focus specifically assessing socio-economic
effects of DRC conflicts on EAC development so as to have a robust
understanding of the effects in order to determine measures. Also the study
focused much in DRC while this study will focus on Somalia which is very
distinct from DRC and varying social and economic culture as well as political
developments.

The study done by Jefta and Molili, et al., (2015) in Uganda about the factors
for the rise of political conflicts, using qualitative research approach found that
inept leadership of many African leaders have been mentioned to lead the
increase of political strife in Africa. Indeed it elaborated that, African countries
and Uganda in particular has consistently suffered from the problem of inept
leadership which has retarded political integration and unity in almost all
African states.

The idea was also supported by Mjungu (2015) who asserted that the
heterogeneous composition of most African states, perhaps what they needed
most are the virtues of administrative tact, political tolerance and social justice.
These essential ingredients are to be provided by the continent’s leadership.
Unfortunately however, the realities on ground in most African nations have

10
revealed that most African leaders are weak rupt and unpatriotic. This implied
that, apart from retarding national integration and socio-economic
developments, the attitudes of these rulers have sparked off widespread bloody
violence in the country. However, the current study is about socio-economic
effects of Somalia conflicts in EAC development as the previosu studies by
Mjungu (2015) and Jefta and Molili et al., (2015) did not explore much on
socio-effects using case study desgin anmd quantitative approaches.

The factor of corruption also has been responsible for internal conflicts in
Africa is the devastating impact of corruption. Corruption, manifested in the
embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds, has paralyzed
development efforts and caused debilitating immobilize in the march towards
socio-economic transformation and political integration in Africa. Africa’s
resources have been badly managed over the years that masses are fed up with
their leaders (Scott, 2019).

According to Walker (2014), conflicts that has been a prolonged incidence in

Somalia has been so due to the traditional socio-economic mode of production
of the Somalis, which is pastoralism or agro-pastoralism. The Somali society,
according to Walker (2014), can be divided into two groups, which differ in
language, culture, and most of all in mode of production. In such division is
where social inequality exits. The social inequality that was brought about by
the colonial and post-colonial states has been extracting the country’s wealth.
This extraction was accomplished either directly through state-owned
enterprises or indirectly through domination of the country’s economic
activities.

Labda (2011) studied on the impacts of conflicts on economic development in

Nigeria and found that it affects society resulting to social inequality coupled
with the reduction of international donations. This finings was also reported by
Mubarak (2016) that, over the years Somalia has been the darling of the
international Donor Organisations. This was partly the result of the ideological

11
war between the East and West during the Cold War. The Somali ruling elites
over the years had received millions of dollars in foreign aid from various
donors, which maintained their control of power for more than three decades.
Therefore, since economic stagnation is a direct result of corruption and the
misguided economic policies of the various governments run by the regional,
this study will find out the impacts of Somalia conflicts in relation with EAC
development.

Osman (2016), insisted that the impacts of conflicts whether developed or

developing countries affects the livelihood and hence causing loss of lives
among the millions population in Africa, young, old, male, female, civilian and
military men alike have lost their lives to various wars and conflicts on the
continent. It is disheartening to note that this unprecedented loss of lives in
Africa as a result of wars and conflicts is having debilitating impact on human
resources available to the population.

The study by Molemele (2015) found that conflicts has been impacting
consequences on the population, resulting refuges and loss of properties. Also
the study by Julian (2020) have shade light that the problem of refugees in
many conflicting nations in Africa is still a challene that has been resuted due
to associated impacts of conflicts in many developing countries. One of the
attendant effects of wars and conflicts in Africa is the emergence of numerous
number of displaced persons who have become refugee in different nations
across the continent.This implies that the spill- over effects of the Somalian
conflicts is felt in neighbouring countries through increased refuges flows.

As refugee, the affected persons have been exposed to serious risks of diseases
and hunger, while poverty at that expenses is associated to be continued strife
and political instability in most countries of Africa hurt the continent’s
economic fortunes. Indeed, the disruptive impact of war and crisis on the
economy of Africa has been considerable (Julian 2020). The political stalemate
and periodic eruptions of violence have resulted in significant cumulative

12
declines in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This implies that, conflicts has
impacted negatively consequences and also compounded by the frequent
recurrence of drought in some sub- regions of Africa.

Provision of gainful employment for the youths Governments in Africa should

also strive to provide gainful employment for all their citizens especially the
youths (Julian 2020). She further added that, industries and factories should be
established to absorb the teeming graduates of higher institutions of learning in
African countries. This is to say that, the Government need to encourage
farming through mechanized agriculture. Modern farm implements and
technology should be provided for farmers at cheap prices.

According to Walker (2014), eradication of poverty in developing countries

could be the best option in reducing intensity of conflicts. This is simply due to
the fact that, without much controversy, one may boldly declare that poverty is
the root of all evils in Africa. For example, it is hypothesized that, a poor man,
who has been economically humiliated and financially traumatized may not be
said to be in his right senses. Hence, it may be apt to observe that a hungry man
is a mad man. He can steal, kill, maim and destroy. This implies that, poverty
has the possibility to demean a man and affect his psychology negatively.
Therefore, a major policy instrument for peace and stability in Africa that is
riddled with wars and conflicts is the eradication or at worst, a reduction of the
monster of poverty.

In the study by Molemele (2015), his findings revealed that the use of
humanitarian peace keeping forces from the International governmental
organizations such as the United Nations resulted into success in maintaining
peace in Angola despite the fact that the peace keeping forces were
understaffed. Furthermore, a study by Aremu (2010) analyzed meaning,
causes, impact and solutions to political conflicts in Africa, the findings
identified several initiatives that can be adapted to address the problem of
conflicts in Africa including; committed and sincere leadership, even

13
distribution of resources, promotion of rule of law, protection of human rights
and provision of employment opporunities for youth and adquate compensation
for civil servants.

Unresolved issues create a very volatile context in many parts of Southern

Somalia (Walker, 2014). One such issue is the distribution of land. The
landowners are reclaiming their land, but face resistance from new occupants
who settled there during the war. The sources of such clashes include disputes
over user rights and the attribution of land ownership. The main reasons for the
rise in violence are inequality of access to land between ethnic communities,
increased demographic pressure that is most notably from large-scale
population displacements, the absence of an institutional framework and the
weak performance of the administration and justice system in the reconciliation
and arbitration of land disputes (Labda, 2011).

2.5 Knowledge Gap

The issue of conflicts in Somalia has been discussed much by other researchers
and authors such as: (Chitalika, 2018; Jefta and Molili, et al., 2015; Walker,
2014). However, most of them based on socio-economic others on political and
military causes of those conflicts not the socio-economic effects of those
conflicts. Therefore, this research on assessing socio-economic effects of
Somalia conflicts on EAC development is still considered important to bridge
the gaps left by other mentioned studies.

2.6 Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework is a basic structure of research consisting of certain

abstract ideas and concepts that a researcher wants to observe, experiment or
analyze (Mbogo et al, 2012). The conceptual framework (Figure 2.1) presents a
set of relationships among independent variables and dependent variables. The
independent variables influencedependent variable.

14
 Independent Variables
Social causes:-
 Historical factors
 Settled and unsettled Dependent Variable
communities
 Proximity with Socio-economic
Southern Arabia effects:
 Refugees
Economic causes:-  Insecurity
 Poverty  Terrorism
 Unemployment  Unemployment
 Poor economic  Destructions
policies  Poverty
Political causes:-  Death
 Poor governance
 Military weak TFG
 Weak conducive
political system

Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework on causes of Somalia conflicts and

their effects on EAC development.
Source: Researcher, (2022).

15
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Introduction

Chapter three of this proposal focuses to bring an overview of the research

methodology (materials and methods) that covers; research design, area of the
study and study population, unit of analysis, sample and sampling procedure,
methods of collecting data, analysis and presentation, reliability and validity, as
well as ethical considerations.

3.2 Research Design

Churchill (2010), defined research design as a plan designed to describe the

sources and types of information that is relevant to the study problem and
approaches that may interfere with validity of the findings. It is from that
stance, the study will use case study design. A Case study design is a purposive
systematic way of collecting information about particular problem and how it
works (Seber and Salehi, 2012).

In executing this study case study design will be useful to understand the case
in-depth and in natural setting. Therefore, in order to get in depth
understanding and conceptual assessment of the socioeconomic effects of
Somalia conflicts on EAC development, case study design will be used.
Furthermore, since this study will be conducted in Tanzania, the holistic case
will be used to overcome the constraints of financial resources.

3.3 Area of the Study

The Dar es Salaam region was an area used for data collection. And
specifically, Somalia High Commission office will be used as an area for data

16
collection. The main reason for this choice is that travelling to Somalia for data
collection is difficult basing on the rationale of financial inadequacy and
limited time. Therefore, with Dar es Salaam where the Office of Somalia High
Commission is located will to get the relevant data and also may assist
applicability of data collection method such as questionnaire.

3.4 Population of and unit of Analysis

3.4.1 Population of the study

In conducting data collection, population of the study is necessary. Therefore,

population of the study refers to total collection of elements that the study
intends to make inferences from it. Irrespective of age groups, education level,
marital status, and education levels, the population of the study will comprise
of limited group of Officers at Somalia High Commission and very few
Tanzania citizens. The inclusion criteria of these Officers and Tanzanian
citizen is to have knowledge of issues of Somalia conflicts; causes, socio-
economic effects, and intervention measures to end the problem of conflicts.

3.4.2 Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis will be derived from the population of Somalia High
Commission head office at Dar es Salaam who will fill the questionnaire and
interview, while some will be Tanzanian citizen with knowledge of geo-
political analysis of African perspectives. Therefore, the unity of inquiry or
analysis has to include; head of department and units and Officers working at
Somalia High Commission at Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

3.5 Sampling and Sampling Procedure

3.5.1 Sample Size

17
Kothari (2015) define sample size as the aggregate number in which presents
the total number of people, objects or items. He further contended that a
sample should be as likely delegate of the complete populace and
representative. Due to limited financial resources and limited time as noted
earlier, only 40 respondents will be reasonable to be used as sample size of the
study. The breakdown of their participation is tabulated below.

Table 3.1: Sample Size Description of Respondents

Category of respondents Nationality No. of respondent Percent (%)
Officers Somalia 12 30
HoDs and Units Somalia 8 20
Officers and Men in TPDF Tanzanian 20 50
Total Respondent 40 100
s
Source: Researcher view (2022).

3.5.2 Sampling Procedure

Both probability and non-probability sampling procedures will be used during
selecting and obtaining number of sample of respondents. The aim of using
both is to supplement one procedure to the next and vice versa.

3.5.2.1 Random Sampling Technique

The researcher will sample the respondents randomly. This will reduce
biasness and also giving room to each one in the study population equal access
to participate in this study. However, random sampling procedure or technique
will be employed to 30 respondents who will be required to fill in the
questionnaires and submit to the researcher.

3.5.2.2 Purposive sampling Technique

18
Purposive sampling technique is the one that can be employed to the
respondents on the basis of researcher choice. However, this may be used to
selected respondent from the study population who have adequate knowledge
based on experience, involvement and professionalism. In light of that,
purposive technique of sampling will be administered to 10respondents both
Somalia nationalities and Tanzania nationality in Dar es Salaam, Somalia High
Commission.Fisher, (2010) described purposive sampling as a sampling
technique in which the researcher is deliberately selected who to include in the
study based on their ability to deliver necessary data.

3.6 Methods of Data Collection

In assessing socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts on EAC development,

the researcher will use both methods of data collection which are primary and
secondary methods.

3.6.1 Primary Methods of Data Collection

Kothari, (2009) define primary dataas the information which is obtained

firsthand by the researcher on the variables of interest for a certain purposes of
the study. In that case, there are many sources of data under primary methods
which include questionnaire, observation, Focus Group Discussion, mobile
data collection and interview among others. Therefore, this study will use two
sources of data collection under primary methods which are questionnaire and
interview

3.6.1.1 Questionnaire

Gay (2006), questionnaire is defined as number of questions printed or typed in

a definite order on a form or set of forms with the purpose of collecting
intended information from primary sources of data. This study will use
questionnaire to collect data to 30 respondents. The advanatage of using
19
questionnaire is that; it covers wide range of area in terms of study population,
it is easy to reach many respondents at a cheaper cost, and it save time. The
questionnaire will collect the quantitative data. Therefore, quantitative data can
be used to measure the response of respondents’ agreement or disagreement.

3.6.1.2 Interview

Interview is a method for asking data which usually includes face to face
conversation between the researcher and the respondents (Garg, 2004). This
study will use interview to collect data to 10 respondents. The advantage of
using interview is that, allows flexibility in probing; it reduce possibility of
incomplete information. The interview will collect the qualitative data.
Therefore, the qualitative data through interview will be important in this study
as it can supplement the questionnaire data.

3.6.2 Secondary Methods of Data Collection

Fisher (2010), stated that secondary data collection method is the methods of
data collection that focuses to collect data that have been collected and
assembled for specific purpose. It involves of readily available documents and
already gathered statistical statements and reports whose data taken by
researchers for their studies. Therefore, in this study documentation sources of
data will be used to supplement the primary data.

3.6.2.1 Documentation

Information attained from the materials which were relevant to the problem of
the study. The documentary sources that will be use include the research
reports; books, Articles and journals among many others.

3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation

20
According to Cooper & Schindler (2006), data analysis consists of running
various statistical procedures and tests on the data. There are three objectives in
data analysis; getting a feel for the data, testing the goodness of data, and
answering the research question (Sekaran, 2009). In this study both qualitative
and quantitative data will be analyzed.

The data of the qualitative responses from interview be analyzed using

content analysis. The advantage of using content analysis is that, it conforms to
three basic principles of scientific method (objectivity, systematic, and
generalizability). Also, the data of the quantitative responses of questionnaire
will be analyzed using descriptive statistics with the help of Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS). The data will be presented using tables, charts and
figures as well.

3.8 Validity and Reliability

3.8.1 Validity of instruments and Data

In this study, validity will be established through checking various documents

in the literature about the socio-economic effects of Somalia conflicts. Also
pilot study using both questionnaires and interview methods will be used.
According to Kothari (2004), reliability is the extent to which the research
instruments are consistently to bring same information given the variation of
time and respondent. Therefore, in accomplishing reliability of this study, the
researcher will be required to test the research instrument to similar
respondents and modify them accordingly.

3.8.2 Reliability of instruments and Data

Table 3.2 below indicates that the reliability of items that will be used to test
the leading factors for Somalia conflicts, socio-economic effects of Somalia

21
conflicts on EAC development, and initiatives that can be used to address
conflicts in Somalia is 0.704, 0.871, and 0.844, respectively.

Table 3.2: Reliability of the questionnaire based on data variable

S/N Variable Number Cronbach Alpha
1. Leading factors for Somalia conflicts 10 0.704
2. Socio-economic effects of Somalia 10 0.871
conflicts on EAC development
3. Initiatives that can be used to address 10 0.844
Somalia conflicts
Overall Reliability 30 0.895
Source: Variable Data, (2022).

Furthermore, the overall reliability of the items that has to be used to study the
socio-economic effects of Somalia conflict on EAC development is expected to
be 0.895 all of which are above the minimum recommended value of 0.6
(Fisher, 2010) and above the accepted range of ≥0.70 (Creswell, 2009).

3.9 Ethical Consideration

An introductory letter will be obtained from the Office of Command and Staff
College - Duluti to foster acceptance of the researcher by the respondents.
While in the field, the researcher will be required to exhibit high discipline
(decency in dressing and addressing the purpose using the kindly language and
behavior) and treats the information given by respondents with due anonymity,
confidentiality, privacy of the interest of the respondents will.

Also, informed consent requested from the respondents. The consent form
under this study will mean that none of the respondent should forced to involve
in the study without his/her consent. Therefore, consent form will explain the
importance of the research findings to the conduct of study and EAC

22
intervention initiatives to the problem of Somalia conflicts and their socio-
economic effects.

23
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Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. 2nd
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Seber, G.&Salehi, M.(2012). Adaptive Sampling Designs: Inference for Sparse
and Clustered Populations. Springer Science & Business Media, New
York.
Churchill, G. (2010). Basic Marketing Research. New York: Havcourt Brace
College Publishers.
Molemele, L. (2015). Factors Which Prolong Civil Conflict in Africa: The
Case of Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone. [Master Thesis, City
University of New York] New York.
Labda, K. and Pita O. (2011). The Military and Politics in Africa: From
Engagement to Democratic and Constitutional Control. London:
Ashgate Publishing.
Reyntjens, F. (2019). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Osman, A. (2016). The Somali Conflict and the Role of Inequality, Tribalism
and Clanism. African Renaissance 3 (5) Sep/Oct, 74-82.
Mubarak, J. (2016). From Bad Policy to Chaos in Somalia. Westport, CT:
Praeger Publishers.
Aremu, P. (2010). The Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kaplan, K. (2012).The Impacts of Political Conflicts in Africa. Journal of
African Conflicts and Peace Studies
Scott, C. (2019). Coups and Army Rule in Africa, 2nd ed. (London: Yale
University Press, 2019), 76.
UNSOM (2021). Political and Economic Causes of Civil Wars in African
Countries Based on Econometric Findings. Journal of Power, Politics
and Governance, 4 (2) , 27-35.

24
Mjungu, O, A. (2015). Governance and Internal Wars in sub Saharan Africa:
Exploring the Relationship London: Adonis & Abbey
Gray, S. (2009). Doing Research in a real world. Sege Publications.
Jefta, and Molili, et al., (2015).A failed state governed by a failing
government?, in Abdulahi A. Osman and Issaka K. Souare, (eds),
Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives on
Reconstituting a Failed State, London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd,
2015, 111.
Chitalika, M. (2018). The roots causes and impacts of Conflicts in national
development: A dissertation submitted to the University of Dodoma,
Tanzania
Mashishanga, N (2019). Implications of African politics and conflicts in power
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Julian, J. (2020).Th e Somali crisis: Time for an African solution, Cato Policy
Analysis 25 [online] available at http:// www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-
250.html.

25
Research Estimated Budget.
S/NO Research Item Costs (Tsh)
1. Transport 500,000
2. Stationary 150,000
3. Typing 100,000
4. Printing and Binding 200,000
5. Intermit services 100,000
6. Conducting Questionnaires 100,000
7. Meals 150,000
8. Emergency 150,000
Total 1, 450, 000

Appendix 2

26
Research Schedule
S/ ACTIVITIE LOCA SE OC NO DE JA FE MA AP
NO S TIO N P T V C N B R R
1. Choosing CSC
Topic from Duluti
dif themes Arusha
2. Submission CSC
chapter 1 Duluti
(Introduction Arusha
)
3. Developing CSC
Research Duluti
proposal Arusha
4. Data USA
collections Embass
y Dar
5. Reports CSC
writing Duluti
Arusha
6. Submission CSC
of Duluti
Dissertation Arusha
7. Completion CSC
of Chapter 4 Duluti
Arusha
8. Submission CSC
of research Duluti
Arusha

SOURCE; Own work 2022

27
 APPENDIX 3
Data Collection Tools
A. Questionnaires
The purpose of this study is to assess the Somali conflicts and their
implications on socio EAC. The information that will be collected in this study
will be treated confidential and not shared with anyone and being used for
intended academic studies alone. Thus one should not hesitate to mention and
explain any information needed. All ethics as code if conduct in the study will
be respected.

Questions
1. Tick the appropriate sex of respondents.
a. Male
b. Female ( )

2. Age of respondents
a. 18 – 35
b. 36 – 45
c. 46 – 60 ( )

3. Education level
a. Secondary level
b. Certificate / diploma
c. Degree ( )

4. Position
a. Officers
b. Supporting staff
c. Exports ( )

5. Marital status of respondents

a. Married
b. Single ( )

28
6. Experience at the Work
a. Below 5 years
b. Above 10 years ( )

7. Do you know anything about Somalia conflicts?

a. Yes
b. No ( )

8. If yes what do you know about it?

9. What are the sources of Somalia conflicts among the following.

a. Unemployment
b. Poverty
c. Poor Government
d. Youth radicalization ( )

10. Do you think Somali conflicts can threaten security in EAC?

a. Yes
b. No ( )

11. What do you think can be the impacts Somali conflicts on socio –
economic development in EAC?
12. What can be the political effects in the EAC on the Somalia conflicts?

29
 Appendix
B. Interview Checklists
The purpose of this study is to assess the Somali conflicts and their
implications on socio EAC. There for, as the important person you are invited
to participate in this study so as to give response to the questions. Assured with
all code of ethics of the study and the information you provide today will not
be exchanged or shared with other person, it will be strictly used for the
premised goal of the all accomplishment of the study.
1. Location of respondent
2. Department
3. Institution saved
4. Age
5. Education level
6. Marital status and sex
7. What do you understand by the term terrorism ?
8. What are the causes of Somalia conflict?
9. Do you think the Somali conflicts will affect of the - socio economic
development in EAC?
10. In your view, suggest measures that can be taken to stop the Somalia
conflicts.
Thank you for your participation, that’s the end of our interview.

30