Why frequency should be constant ?

We know that all the generating stations are interconnected by Transmission line and it is
known as interconnected Grid system. The grid system is made to share the load among all the power station
generators.
In a typical grid system the frequency is maintained at 50HZ, it means the generating power
and power requirement of the load is same. Hence in power stations the frequency is monitored
continuously to find out the load requirement, if the frequency dips below 50HZ, means the generator
shaft increase power and we have to give more input to generator to meet out the extra load put on the
shaft. Hence the frequency is the measures of load, it is not constant, it is continuously changing
depending on load, we are trying to bring it constant by maintaining generated power= Load
requirement.

WHAT HAPPEN IF GENERATOR TURBINE TRIP?

If Turbine Generator set is running on synchronous speed and turbine is tripped on low steam
pressure or some other reason, The Generator will take the power from system instead of giving
and Generator will work as Motor that will harmful to turbine blades for avoiding this reverse
power protection are used to stop the Generator.
But normally in protection Trip Logic of Generators there will be Class: A Class: B, Class: C
For Class A Gen Breaker will trip for below faults ------U/V Stage-2, O/V, Low Forward Power,
Reverse Reactive power, Negative Phase Sequence, Over Voltage
For Class B Turbine Breaker will Trip which also trip Gen breaker instantly for below faults-----
Differential protection, Restricted Earth Fault…
For Class C Grid Breaker will trip for below faults----------
Over Frequency and Under Frequency under Voltage stage-1 and over voltage
Because when you trip Gen Breaker for under voltage it will result in whole plant black out so
for stage-1 tripping of grid breaker will do similarly for all turbine faults the Gen Breaker is
tripped so that it is isolated from the system.

Why electric shock from the DC supply is more dangerous than the shock from AC
supply?
Since DC supply is continuous where as AC supply is discontinuous (Sinusoidal or any other), a
particular voltage is of DC effective (dangerous) other then that of particular DC voltage. This is
ONE of reason for using DC current for magnetic field other then AC. 220 dc mean 220dc
voltage but 220ac mean r.m.s value which is less than 220. That’s why dc is dangerous.
What is the generating voltage of a power station consider generally?
Generating voltage of a power plant is depended on capacity of power plant. If one power plant
going to generate power of 210 MW capacity then stator of generator gives 15.75 KV output
voltage. Then by step up transformer it increases up to 220 kv for distribution. Generating
voltage of moreover Power Stations is considered as 11 KV to 13KV.
5hp motor to operate from 100kva generator, what size of cable required in sqmm?
5HP Motor is use as single phase on D.O.L or Star/Delta connection as 3 phases. If you use
single phase then total load is 3.7kw so we can use 6mm sq cable. If you use y/D connection,
required to use 4c x 6 sq mm cable.
Why designer use kva rating instead of kw in transformer rating?
Transformer, UPS, DG etc are rated in KVA because at the time of manufacturing, manufacturer
is unknown about the type of load (inductive, capacitive or resistive) for that particular m\c is
going to supply. So there is no question of pf to be considered to give it's rating in KW...........
KVA = KV X Amps - (1)
KW = KV X Amps X P.F. - (2)
Transformer is always rated in Kva because there are 2 losses in transformer. One is copper loss
which depends on current & the other is iron loss which depends on voltage & not affected by
power factor. Thus transformer rating in kva & not in kw.
Transformer losses are related to the efficiency of the transformer. The Power factor of a
transformer depends on the load attached to it. If that load is resistive, power factor is usually
considered 1, in which case KVA = kW. If the load is inductive or capacitive, and then power
factor should be taken into consideration when sizing the transformer. Hence the transformer is
designed for voltage and current output (VA) - how you apply the transformer determines how
many watts there are in the circuit.
What happened if two voltage source connected in parallel will be connected to load?
If you want to connect two voltage sources at first u have to follow some rules like
1. Phase sequence should be same
2. Frequency should be same and
3. Voltage should be same
If any two or more voltage sources which don't follow the above conditions then current will be
Inter circulated between sources and if voltage range is more, then the system will be damaged.
Two more parameter is also considerable
4. Vector group should be same
5. Percentage impedance should not more than 1:3
What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction motor?
The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current during the starting of the
motor. Starting current is reduced to 3-4 times of current of Direct online starting. Hence the
starting current is reduced the voltage drop during the starting of motor in systems.

I HAVE A 1 MVA TRANSFORMER, I WANT TO KNOW THE FAULT LEVEL OF THE SYSTEM (WHAT IS
FAULT LEVEL PLEASE EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLE)?
FAULT LEVEL MEANS SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMER. YOU HAVE NOT MENTIONED THE
VALUE OF TRANSFORMER RATIO & % OF IMPEDENCE. ASSUMED VOLTAGE RATIO= 11KV/415 V & %
OF IMPEDENCE=6%.
RATED FULL LOAD AMP OUTPUT =1MVA/ (415 X 1.732) =1391.25A
SO SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMER= 1391.25/6% =23187.44 A
IF ANY FAULT OCCURED THEN THE ABOVE TRANSFORMER WITHSTAND, THE SHORT CIRCUIT
CURRENT OF 23187 A.
What is DG synchronization panel, please explain the working?
Synchronizing panel is used where one dg set synchronizing with two or more dg set when mains
fail, all dg start at a time but after some time one will be on & other will be stop as per load when
load increased above 70% of the total load the 2nd dg will be start & it synchronize with first one
& total load was distributed equally on that two dg set & this process will go on.
DG synchronization panel is required to paralleling of 2 or more DG's it may be as per the load
dependent, one DG will be ON as per the master and other will synchronize with the phase,
frequency ,voltage matches with master DG. This is required to share the load.
Why synchronous motor has zero starting?
A synchronous motor is not self starting. When three phase current displaced in time by 120
degree is applied to the three phase stator windings displaced in space by 120 degree then a
rotating magnetic field is produced in the air gap. The rotor tends to align with rotating field. The
rotor windings are supplied by dc voltage. So that constant poles are produced on the rotor. Now
suppose the instant when the rotating stator field has its north pole in line with the south pole of
the rotor. The rotor will be attracted and tend to move with the stator. but due to its inertia before
it starts to move with the stator the south pole of the stator comes in line with the rotor south
pole. So now the rotor gets repelling force and it tends to move in the opposite direction as that
of the stator. But again before it starts to move the stator north pole comes in line with the rotor
south pole. Thus overall the effect is that the synchronous motor is not self starting. Once it is
brought to the synchronize speed by an external prime mover it rotates at synchronous speed
irrespective of the load.
What is the effect of power factor to (a) voltage (b) transformers (c) generators (d)
transmission lines?
The effect on
a) Decrease in pf results higher Voltage drop
b) With low pf reactive current of transformer results in losses due to magnetic effect, eddy
current with poor regulation.
c) Pf increases the voltage in the system increases because active component (vcos0) present in
the system.
d)higher the pf low transmission losses, higher efficiency, low VD, reduction in conductor size,
hence economic to transmit power at higher voltage and power factor.

Why we use to transmit the power in three phases instead of single phase?
1. In case a fault occurs in a line, unlike single phase the continuity of power supply will not be
affected i.e. the other two lines of 3 phases will not get affected.
2. Single phase loads can also be operated by connecting it between line and neutral.
3. Generation efficiency increased
4. Less copper conductor is used for 3 phase power generation as compared to 1 phase power
generation.
5. More efficiency of equipment as compared to 1 phase
What’s meant by trivector meter where it is connected at the substation?
Trivector meter is Electronic type Energy Meter which measures energy parameters, like active
energy, Reactive energy, apparent energy, Power Factor, frequency etc. Through which we can
know how much energy received or sent. Trivector meter has 2 types; one is 3ph 3wire meter
and other is 3 ph 4wire meter. It is connected in the substation to incoming or outgoing feeders to
know how energy is given out or received from other end or to Transformers on HV and LV side
to know the Transformer loss. Simply we can say, trivector meter can measure active power,
reactive power, apparent power i.e. with the help of a single meter we can measure kva, kW,
kvar.
What is different between Metering CTs and Protection CTs?
CTs are of 3 types depending on their usage... they are
1. Metering
2. Protection &
3. Special Protection (PS)
Metering & Protection CTs name itself self explanatory. In metering CTs our main aim is to
measure the currents without damaging the instruments (i.e. Ammeters) connected to it... so at
fault levels (i.e. high currents) the secondary also indicates corresponding heavy currents... so the
meter connected to it will gets damaged... (A 5A Ammeter can't measure 50A)... in order to
make the meter safe... we will prepare the core of the meter in such a way that at faults currents
the metering CT core gets saturated... and it will not induce any more current in the CT
secondary... so the current in secondary circuit is ZERO. So the meter is safe... this metering ct
will be working within normal range of current and will not work in fault conditions (it will not
give output).
Where as Protection CT will have to work only in fault condition. The core of this CT is made in
reverse to that of metering CT. It will not saturate in fault condition and still give the output to
the relay... That’s why Metering CT can't be used for protection purpose... and protection CT can
be used for metering but it will not meet the accuracy requirements (If accuracy requirements are
compulsory... protection CT can't be used for metering)
Generally CT has two errors
1. Phase angle errors,
2. Ratio error.
Now, in Metering CT we have to minimize the ratio error as well as in case of Protection CT we
have to reduce the phase angle error.
What happens when power factor leads or lags to electrical or home appliances?
Due to use of lagging p.f more reactive power consumed. So tariff can be increased and reactive
power can be minimized by adding of leading power factor means capacitors are connected at
load ends.
What is the function of induction motor when low voltage is applied?
Motor speed will gradually down, but at below half of the full voltage, winding can burn. When
the motor gets low voltage the following points are obtained.
1. Low starting torque
2. Low speed
3. High current
4. High temperature rise
5. High power factor
6. Noise
What is the basic difference between synchronous machine and induction machine?
The differences can be outlines as follows:
1) The synchronous machine runs at synchronous speed at steady condition (It oscillates during
transients which finally settle down) which is fixed for a particular machine. The induction
machine always runs at speed lower then synchronous speed.
2) In synchronous machines field winding (generally placed on rotor) carry DC. Where as in case
of Induction machines rotor winding carry AC.
3)In case of synchronous machines field winding is supplied from external source where as in
case of Inductionmachines current is induced in rotor conductor by induction process (That’s
why it is called induction machine).
Why commutator is attached with only dc machine?
Commutator is a unit which converts AC voltage into Unidirectional DC Voltage. The voltage
generated in the DC machine is in alternating nature. Because of this reason commutator is
attached with DC machine.
Which transformer is suitable for 220KV/11 kV, 60 MVA, distribution, Y-Y or D-Y or Y-
D, give comparison for the same?
Since we are transmitting 220KV and receiving 11 KV So no need to provide the neutral path,
hence we use Y-D TYPE Transformer.
If you are transmitting 11KV use (220KV) D-Y (11KV)
If you are transmitting 220KV use (220KV) Y-D (11KV)
Because we have to provide return path to sense earth fault
What is the difference between earth leakage relay and earth fault relay?
Sensitivity of earth leakage relay is more than earth fault relay. Earth leakage relay is connected
with core balance current transformer (CBCT) and second one is ordinary CT. Both are working
same principle residual current method.
How to take Transformer oil Break down voltage test?
TRANSFORMER OIL BDV is carried out as per IS-336 for normal and IS-12463 for High
viscosity oil.
1. Take one sample from top of Transformer and one from the bottom of transformer.
2. The BDV of oil should withstood min 50 KV
3. The gap between the test samples is 2.5mm maintained
4. Each sample (top/bottom) should be checked separately
5. Procedure
a) Voltage should be gradually increased from 0.
b) At one point Flash will take place and that point is termed as Break down Voltage

What is the AVR in DG & its functions?

AVR is used to generate and maintain the Voltage as per alternator rated voltage level. It stand
Automatic Voltage regulator. It has feedback PT which gives the running voltage of the
Alternator and as per set value in the AVR it generates the error signal. This signal corrects the
Exciter Field Current to nullify the error signal.
What is meant by line losses, how do you prevent the losses?
Line loss means loss due to I2R effect. That is the heating loss in the transmission line. It is equal
to Current Square multiply by resistance of total line.
The best way to reduce this is by increasing the voltage by using a step up transformer, because
when stepping up the voltage, current decreases proportionately. It can be reduced by reducing
the resistance of the line i.e. by increasing the diameter of wire or by sending the same wattage,
reduce current and proportionally increase the voltage.
Why most of the induction motor is delta connected?
In delta connection there is no ground like in star connection. So it is easy to locate the armature
or rotor at the center of the stator of induction motor. The current consumption is less compared
to star connection and also initial current and torque is high.
What is the difference between synchronous and induction motor and generator and
alternator?
Alternator is also called as synchronous machine since it operates at synchronous speed only.
Induction motor operates at lower than synchronous speed where as induction generator operates
at more than synchronous speed. By the way alternator and generator principle is same v/v.
What is the difference between INVERTER and UPS?
Inverter converts a DC voltage into an AC. It is a part of a UPS system. An ups is a stand by
power supply, in case of power outage the charged DC batteries supply the load via an inverter to
ensure that the supplied power is AC.
What are ONAN, ONAF, OFAF and DYN?
In ONAN - the oil in the X-former circulates on its own due to hot oil goes up & cooler oil goes
down. The X-former is cooled by just the air around it.
In ONAF - the oil circulates as above but a fan is used to cool it.
In OFAF - the oil is pumped with a pump for circulation and the air is cooled by a fan.
In DYN - the primary winding of the X-former is wound in delta and the secondary is wound in
star with tapping for neutral connection.
What is automatic voltage regulator of a power transformer and it is used?
This is a Controller for automatic operation of OLTC (on load tap changer) for a Power
Transformer as per pre settings of Higher & Lower Voltage Limits. This Controller switches
OFF & ON OLTC for keeping
Output voltage of transformer as per set limit and works continuously.
The full form of avr is Automatic voltage regulator; basically avr is used in transformer and
generators. In transformer it works with PT and a tap changer motor which automatically change
the tap to control the voltage. In generators avr sense the voltage with the help of PTs and
Control the exciting current in exciter to control the voltage.
AS the name itself indicates it is a device which maintains the required output terminal voltage &
hence called as Automatic voltage regulator,
a) In case of alternators the Terminal Voltage (TV) is ref. & whenever the TV tend to fall due to
load the drop is immediately sensed & excitation is increased thereby the required voltage is
maintained in the output terminals.
b) In case of transformer the PT output is the ref. As the voltage drops due to load an immediate
signal is given to tap changer motor (raise/lower) which varies the tap position in the transformer
thereby achieving the required
Terminal voltage.
In Both these equipments AVRs are used, which is an electronic device which has an inbuilt
comparator & regulator.
Why ht motor connection in star?
HT motors operates on high voltage (6.6 or 11KV). IF we make delta connections then voltage
experienced by windings will be line voltage, which will require more insulation of winding. In
star connection voltage experienced by each winding is phase voltage hence less insulation is
required. This is the reason HT motors always wound in star connection.
What is skin effect?
When AC current is allowed to flow through a solid conductor, distribution will not be uniform
through out the diameter. Current density will be more at surface than at the center. That’s why
all bus bars are made of hallows conductors only not with solid. And also our EHV transmission
conductors are also twisted so that skin effect is eliminated not only EHV but also all electrical
cables are having twisted conductors inside.
How are calculated the aluminum bus bar cross section area?
We can use the fundamental relation among Resistance(R), Resistivity (p), length (l) and cross
sectional area (A) of conductor R= (p*l)/A
Being bus bar made of Aluminum, its resistivity (p), which is a property of metal and is
independent of dimension, is known (Any handbook on electrical subject provide this technical
detail). Physical length (l) of bus bar can easily be measured. Resistance(R) can be measured
with the help of ohmmeter. Since bus bar resistance is of small order so we can also use
alternative to ohmmeters which works satisfactorily in small range of resistances. A= (p*l)/R.
What is the difference between short circuit and overload currents?
Overload current is taking place when a device taking continuous over current from the supply
source but short circuit current is a fault current taking place in the load by earth fault or phase
fault. Short circuit current is of the order of 100 times that of normal rating & it is expressed in
kA. The increase in normal rating due to anything rather than short circuit is known as over load
current
Why HT side voltage is high, current is low and LT side voltage is low, current is high
please explain?
For a particular design the incoming power is same. We know P = VI so when voltage is high
current is low & vice versa. Voltage & Current are the inverse proportion (Voltage is High,
Current is less & Voltage is low, Current is More) for the same load when considered on
different voltages. I.E> For the Same Load in 11 KV, Current will be very less. For the same
load in 415 V, Current will be high comparing to 11 Kv.
What is on line transformer and off line transformer?
ON LINE TRANSFORMER- Here can change the tapping even the transformer is connected in
load.
OFF LINE TRANSFORMER- Here can’t change the tapping when the transformer is connected
in load.
What is variable speed drive?
The speed of a motor can be controlled by using some type of electronic drive equipment,
referred to as variable or adjustable speed drives. Variable speed drives used to control DC
motors are called DC drives. Variable speed drives used to control AC motors are called AC
drives. The term inverter is also used to describe an AC variable speed drive. The inverter is only
one part of an AC drive; however, it is common practice to refer to an AC drive as an inverter.
How to select the Cable size for 550 Amps Load without seeing the cable Catalogue?
The size of the cable depends upon the material used in the cable...
If u go for copper cable... the copper has got the current carrying capacity of 2A/sq.mm
continuously with out overloading effect. So if you want for 550A, 550/2 = 225 sq.mm copper
cable u have to use...
I think it is 1.2A/sq.mm for Aluminum...550/1.2 = 458 sq.mm Aluminum cable u have to
use...like this.... the current carrying capacity is different for different materials...
Substation (transformer + switchgear)
What is the accessories distribution transformer?
Accessories of Distribution Transformers are
1. Conservator with oil level Indicator,
2. Silica gel Breather filled with blue silica gel.
3. Oil Temperature Indicator
4. Winding temperature Indicator
5. Buccholz Relay
6. HT & LT Bimetallic clamps/ incoming & outgoing terminals.
7. Tap Changer if required HT/LT Windings, valves, are part of Transformer & tank.
Accessories of Distribution Transformer are-
Conservator, magnetic oil gauge, oil gauge, filtering & drain valves, sampling valves, gaskets,
marshaling box, hv cable box, lv cable box, hv & lv bushings, neutral bushing, Buccholz relay,
feed pipe assembly, hv busbar, lv busbar, i.e. incoming & outgoing terminals, thermo bulb,
pressure relief valve (PRV), Winding temp. Indicator, oil temperature Indicator, neutral ct.
radiator, breather filled with blue silica gel, transformer wheels, hv wdg, lv wdg, Tap changer.
What is the use of conservator, buchols relay, and breather in a transformer?
Buchols relay is to protect the winding from over heat, and the circuit will be tripped off as soon
as the coil attains a pre determined temp.
Conservator is to store additional cooling oil, and same oil can be making use later also.
Breather is to absorb moisture contents from air which sucks in while the oil gets expanded.
Buchholz Relay: Used as a protective device for transformer against internal faults. If there is a
fault inside the transformer, due to heat gases will be generated and trapped in Buccholz relay
and will protect the transformer.
Conservator: The transformer main oil tank is always filled completely. During summer and
heavy load conditions the oil expands and the conservator is provided for the expansion and
contraction of oil
Breather: During contraction of oil, the outside air gets into transformer through breather. The
breather has silica gel which absorbs the moisture. Also the breather has a oil cap to stop entering
the particles such as dust enter the transformer
Generally in transformer Tap Changer on HT side, but I have seen in 66KV side in 220/66
KV, 100 MVA, Areva make transformer. Why?
Maximum tap changer connected in HT side because due to high voltage current level will be
low and during operation of OLTC low current will pass and there will be less risk to operate on
load
Why the transmission voltage is multiple of 11?
Because of form factor 1.11
What is the meaning of Dyn11 of Transformer?
First symbol/symbols, capital letters: HV winding connection.
Second symbol/symbols, small letters: LV winding connection.
Third symbol, number: Phase displacement expressed as the Clock hour number. Winding
connection designations
High Voltage Always capital letters
Delta - D
Star - S
Interconnected star - Z
Neutral brought out - N
Low voltage Always small letters
Delta - d
Star - s
Interconnected star - z
Neutral brought out - n
Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International adopted convention) Use the hour
indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12 hours on a clock, and
a circle consists out of 360°, each hour represents 30°. Thus,1 = 30°, 2 = 60°, 3 = 90°, 6 = 180°
and 12 = 0° or 360°. The minute hand is set on 12 o'clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage
(sometimes imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point. Because
rotation is anti-clockwise, 1 = 30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) and 11 = 330° lagging or 30°
leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
To summarize:
Dyn11- Delta connected HV winding, star connected LV winding with neutral brought out; LV
is leading HV with 30°
What happen if I connect DYn11 and DYn1 vector group transformer in parallel? Other
things are same like voltage ratio.
Dyn11-secondary voltage lags primary by 30degree and Dyn1-secondary voltage leads primary
by 30deg
Hence it is not satisfying the condition for parallelization. If we connect two TR in parallel,
current drawn from the source by both transformers are not in phase. Hence circulating current
will produce & damage the winding as well in secondary also.
Distribution Transformer is connected in configuration? a. Star/delta b. delta/star c.
star/star d. delta/delta
Delta/star because from secondary star we can get neutral

What is the difference between DOL and star delta starter? Why star delta starter used
instead of DOL?
DOL starter is used in small amount of load sector, star delta starter used in big amount of load.
Star delta used for control first pick load then converts to normal by timer setting. Direct on Line
(DOL) starter takes Full load current Ist = Ifl But STAR/DELTA starter during starting of motor,
connected terminals with STAR which limits Ist=Ifl/1.732*Ifl. Thus starting current can keep
with in limit.
DOL takes full load current where as star delta starter limits the starting current by first starts at
star then convert in to delta, where star it limits by i/1.732, in the place of star delta starter we
should not use DOL.
At the starting motor needs high torque to reach rated speed so it will require more flux to get
that torque hence it takes more current from the supply, but the winding resistance is too low to
withstand this current.
We know that
In star phase current = sqrt (line current)
In delta line current = phase current
So current is reduced by sqrt (3) times in star so motor is first connect to star and then delta
Where the Dry type transformers are used?
Dry type transformers can be located close to the load. Locating the transformers close to the
load may lead to savings in cable cost & reduced electrical losses. Dry type transformers can be
use for indoor installation like malls, Multiplexes.
What is the function of CRGO in a Transformer
CRGO--cold rolled grain oriented is used as a core of x'mer it reduces the cu loss, iron loss, low
hysteresis loss i.e. magnetization and demagnetization losses ,increases permeability, and it
reduces the excitation current required to maintain the flux level and therefore increases the
magnetic strength of x'mer.
Suppose am having the PF value .8, so how can we say that is it lagging or leading?
Pf is usually spelt as 0.8 lagging or 0.8 leading. There is error in telling otherwise. However
relatively 0.8 can be assumed as lagging since lagging pf is commonly encountered in power
systems. Leading pf mostly will be stated explicitly.
What is difference between metal clad & metal enclosed switchgear?
Metal-Clad Switchgear is an assembly of units characterized by the following features:
The main interrupting device is removable and arranged with a mechanism for moving it
physically between connected and disconnected positions. It is equipped with self-aligning and
self-coupling primary and secondary disconnecting devices. The interrupting devices, buses,
voltage transformers, and control power transformers, are completely enclosed by grounded
metal barriers, which have no intentional openings between compartments. A metal barrier in
front of the interrupting
Device ensures that when, in the connecting position, no live parts are exposed by the opening of
an enclosure door. All live parts are enclosed within grounded metal compartments.
The Metal enclosed switchgear assembly consists of multiple metal-enclosed, vertical sections.
Normally the end sections are designed to allow for installation of future sections. Each vertical
section consists of up to four individually enclosed breaker or auxiliary compartments.
Compartments are sized to provide uniform height of each
Switchgear assembly.
Various components such as circuit breakers, instrumentation and control equipment,
transformers, relays, three-phase bus work, all internal wiring, connectors, and other supporting
equipment are included in each assembly. These units can be directly coupled to 480V
motor control centers if desired
What is the name of transformer oil?
pyroclor oil, MINERAL OIL
How to calculate the average power factor in 3 phase unbalanced system?
Power factor is the cosine factor of the voltage & current phase difference. It’s a short definition.
But if you go deeply, Power factor=cos@, it’s depend only on load, instead of phase wise. If you
connect same load in every phase it will show same power factor value in each phase. Because
power factor is depended upon load resistance=R & its impedance=Z,
cos@ = R/Z,
So if you are going to calculate the power factor of all phase, you have to calculate all resistance
& impedance of the load. Then you can calculate the avg. power factor.
R=R1+R2+R3
Z=Z1+Z2+Z3
(Where Z=R+jXL=Impedance)
cos@=R/Z
What is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the ransformer?
Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults;
it is a gas based relay. It consists of two sets of mercury floats. When faults occur inside the trfo
(in paper insulation, in oil etc.) gases are produced that move the floats to actuate an alarm ckt. If
fault not rectified quickly,
the boucholz relay at once gives a horn for some time, if the transformer is isolated from the
circuit then it stop its sound itself other wise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.
Why transformer core is earthed?
Circulating current will not flow through earthing, since the voltage is lesser. It can only heat up
core and insulation. Core earthing doing for the purpose of operator protection. Incase of any
insulation leakage or damage, the operator will get shock hazard. This can be saved by earthing.
More over this will ensure the ELR to operate in case any earth leakage from transformer.
How do we check transformer losses and what are the ways to minimize it?
Transformer losses can be found by doing open circuit test and short circuit test
Open circuit test gives the core losses and short circuit test gives the copper losses and note in
open circuit test the lv side is given supply and in short circuit test the hv side is given supply
The iron losses can be reduced by providing laminations of thinner dimension and using c.r.g.o
sheet for laminations
The copper losses depend on the winding resistance which increases due to heat can be reduced
by providing sufficient cooling to the winding.
Why Lightning arrester used? Can we use piece of iron as a core material of transformer,
if No, why? In CRGOSS material what is meaning of cold rolled grain oriented? Why
Impegrenation of Transformer is done? Properties of Insulator? What is phase angle?
Testing of transformers (Routine & Monthly)?
Lightning arrester is used to provide path to unwanted excessive currents due to lightning
strokes, to the earth which is nearly equivalent to zero potential. Iron may be used but it will lead
to high reluctance path and hence a greater losses like hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Cold
rolled grain oriented means that if the path of flow of magnetic field is along the rolling
direction, minimum reluctance is offered. Phase angle is the angle by which the emf induced in
the secondary side lags the current.
WHY HUMMING SOUND OCCURED IN HT TRANSMMISSION LINES?
Due to corona loss
Because of high voltage the air molecules surrounding the HT line are ionized. As the HT line
carries AC current the alternating magnetic field produced will cause the ionized molecules to
vibrate resulting in humming noise.
We can also consider the case that there will not be any humming noise in case of HVDC
transmission.
If I want to use capacitor banks at HT (11 KV) side for maintaining power factor then
which type of capacitor should I use? Plz give me the specification?? (I am using 1250 Kva
transformer (11 KV/433V))?
Kindly note that capacitor banks are usually installed at distribution sides not generating ends.
This is due to the fact that capacitor banks provide reactive power to the network to improve
power factor. If we implement capacitor bank at HT side we have to increase cable cross
sectional area and Trafo copper winding.
Why we use Y-Y connection in power transformer (8-10 MVA, 132 kV to 11 KV) and D-y
in distribution transformer (2 MVA, 11 KV to 440 Volts)?
WE USE Y-Y CONNECTION IN POWER TRANSFORMER COS WE NEED STAR POINT
SO IN DELTA YOU DNT HAVE A STAR POINT AND FOR DISTRIBUTION YOU USE D-
Y CO YOU TAKING POWER FROM SUBSTATION WHICH IS 11KV FROM SUB
TRANSFORMER TO YOUR CONSUMERS
State the difference between three winding transformers and two winding transformers?
Where it’s used?
Three Windings are required Where U require three levels of voltage. These windings are
1. HV (High Voltage) Winding
2. IV (Intermediate voltage) Winding
3. LV (Low Voltage) Winding
The main task of voltage transformation is performed by HV winding & IV winding, while as
LV winding is used for minor purposes as auxiliary winding
Two winding transformers are more common and used for transformation of one voltage level
into another. The function of this kind of IV delta winding is for reducing unbalance in the
supply side, when this transformer is delivering power to an unbalance load.
What it indicates by 25/41MVA on transformer?
25 / 41 MVA rating means that 25MVA rating with normal cooling arrangement. 41MVA rating
with special cooling arrangement, like External cooling fan arrangement for more cooling
For ex: 25MVA with ONAN (Oil Natural & Air Natural)
41MVA with ONAF (Oil Natural & Air Forced)
How we can calculate the transformer size?
Transformer size is depends upon the load.
For example
Take one building having load of 630KW. Now we can calculate the t/f size of the building
KW=KVA*P.f
630=KVA * 0.8
KVA = 630/0.8
KVA = 787.5 KVA
So the Transformer size is 800KVA
Why neutral grounding transformer is used for generator and why it is not used for
transformers?
As far as i understand Neutral Grounding Transformer are used to Ground the both transformers
as well as Generators. NGT is applicable (useful) in transformers/generators with delta
connection. So during line-to-earth faults, the NGT helps the zero sequence current to flow into
the ground. Any unbalance load distribution between the three phases is passed through the
neutral, which is not available in case of delta connection.
Why transformer is rated in KVA?
There are two losses occur in transformer viz. Cu loss and iron loss.
Cu loss depends on current & iron loss depends on voltage and not affected by power factor
hence always transformer ratting defined in KVA, not in Kw. Power in three phase = 3VIcosØ.
Hence we can say that the load is not constant, it vary accordingly. So power factor is also get
vary with load it is hard to define the power of transformer so it is rated in KVA.
I've heard that most of the substations are rated in multiples of 1.11 because of form factor.
What is form factor?
Form Factor= R.M.S value / Average value of current
= 1.11
R.M.S value stands for root mean square. It is defined as DC component of ac current which
produces heating effect.
What type of protection used below 132KV FEEDERS?
1) Over Current protection
2) Earth Fault protection
3) Distance protection
What is the safe meggar value for motor, transformer HT, LT and Cables?
Megger Value (in Meg Ohms) = (system Voltage + 1)/ 1000
How the oil levels of the Buchholz Relay come down?
The Buchholz relay functions by making use of the liberated gas inside the transformer due to an
internal fault, to actuate an alarm or trip the circuit breaker depending on the seriousness of the
fault. The virtue of buchholz relay is that it detects an incipient fault i.e in the very early stage
itself before serious damage is done, whereas others relays operate after the fault has occurred.
Therefore repair measures are simpler. Example of incipient faults are short circuited core
laminations, broken down core bolt insulation, failure of inter turn insulation and consequent
local over heating , bad switch contacts and faulty joints etc.. The relay comprises a cast iron
housing inserted in the pipe connecting the transformer tank with the conservator tank. It consists
of two bucket mechanisms each connected to a tilting head on which a mercury switch is
mounted. The upper assembly , traps small gas bubbles generated by an incipient fault and if
sufficient gas has been collected, it closes a contact and sounds a hooter in the control panel in
the SUBSTATION. The lower assembly which is directly in the path of the connecting pipe
operates when there is a serious internal fault like a short circuit between phases, coils or turns,
earth fault, arcing or puncturing of bushing insulator inside the tank. These liberates a
considerable amount of gas, and the displaced oil and gas surge through the connecting pipe, and
impinge upon a deflection plate fixed on the lower assembly in line with pipe. This tilts the
Mercury switch which in line with the pipe. This tilts the Mercury switch which in turn trips the
circuit breakers. The buchholz relay also detects accumulation of air on account of low oil level,
or faulty oil pumps. A per cock is provided on the top of the housing to draw samples of
accumulated gas for analysis. An inspection window shows the amount of gas which has
accumulated. Provision is made for manual operation on the alarm and tripping mechanisms to
facilities testing. A better method is to pump air through the pet cock
Why using buses are ducts? Why not using cables
Normally bus ducts are used in between secondary side of the transformer to panel where the
distance will be short and current carrying capacity will be high the bus bars used are generally
of greater cross sectional area than the cables, and also once they are fixed it hardly requires any
maintenance except for tightness in cables you need to do period check of IR.
If we use cable we need Large Sq .mm for which cost is more than to replace a cable. So, it is
used. And another thing is it has high mechanical strength.
What is the importance of reactive power in power generation.....if it is zero means what
will happen to system?
Electrical machines work on the principle of conversion of electromagnetic energy. A part of
input energy is consumed for creating and maintaining the magnetic field. This part of the input
energy cannot be converted into active energy and is returned to the electrical network on
removal of the magnetic field. This power is known as “reactive” power Q. The Q Power flows
back and forth, causing 90º Out of phase shift between the current and voltage waveform. This
Reactive Power has one half of the Power In the positive area and the other half in the negative
area. Unlike true power, reactive power is not useful power because it is stored in the circuit
itself but has a strong effect on system voltages.
This power is stored by
1) Inductors,
Because they expand and collapse their magnetic fields in an attempt to keep current
constant, these inductive loads require reactive power which plays an important role in
maintaining magnetic
Field inside the motors. So reactive power is necessary but should be in a limit which in
otherwise increases losses
2) Capacitors, Because they charge and discharge in an attempt to keep voltage constant.
Hi pot test principal?
"Hipot" is short for high potential (high voltage). A hipot test checks for "good isolation." You
do a hipot test by making sure no current will flow from one point to another point. In some
ways a hipot test is the opposite of a continuity test. Hipot testers usually connect one side of the
supply to safety ground (Earth ground). The other side of the supply is connected to the
conductor being hipoted. With the supply connected like this there are two places a given
conductor can be connected: high voltage or ground.
How to calculate bus bar size & what is the procedure we make for determine that?
The normal availability and design of the busbars is 25*5mm, 50*5mm, 50*10mm, 60*10mm.
Generally current carrying capacity of Al. is 0.8A per sqmm and Copper is 1.6A per Sqmm.
there are various de-rating factors like arrangement of busbar, nos of busbar, spacing, enclosure
size, ventilation in room, temp rise, skin effect, proximity effect etc.
Which need to be considering while designing the busbar.
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR LOW VOLTAGE IN HOUSES?
We using many inductive loads (FANS, ANY MOTORS)
So power factor is below 0.4 (leading current in voltage) so produce voltage drops
* Using capacitors in parallel to the loads improve the power factor
* Loads are properly divided reduce the voltage drops
I IS CONSTANT for rated equipment, POWER IS CONSTANT
SO V= P/ (I cos Phi)
As we have inductive load in home so power factor varies thus voltage is inversely proportional
to the power factor. Hence the voltage fluctuates due to variation of power factor.
While connecting bulb in Series/Parallel, there is any difference in glowing?
In series connection total resistance for two bulbs R= R1+R2
In parallel connection total resistance for two bulbs R= R1*R2/R1+R2
Consider this case with two identical bulbs. The resistance (calculated by voltage squared
divided by power rating of bulb) of each bulb will be same.
Lets the resistance of each bulb is R and the supply voltage is V.
Power absorbed in series by one bulb= (V/2)*(V/2)/R=V*V/4R
Power absorbed in parallel by one bulb= (V*V)/R=V*V/R
Clearly, the bulb in parallel glow more. That’s why household wiring are done in parallel mode.
What is the power factor you maintain at ur organization?
Power factor is ratio of real power to apparent power. In industries maintain the power factor is
important one. But not maintain the power factor in unity, Loads varied form time to time. In
industries induction motors and tube lights mostly used. This are inductive loads, this loads
create lagging power factor. So to improve the power factor by using static capacitors,
synchronous condenser and phase advancer. If your pf is below 0.9, electrical board authorities
will impose a penalty.
How will I know that how many batteries I should connect to my UPS unit?
That is depending on your back requirement. You should mention ups rating and how much time
you need back, input voltage ( 1 phase or 3 phase).
Here I m giving one example:
If you have Ups =5KVA
Backups requirement is = 2hr
Batteries/battery capacity requirement:
Discharge current = 5000X 0.8
-----
0.9 X 12
=370.37 A
Battery capacity = 370.37 X2 = 740.AH
You can take = 4 No.s x180 AH
Total no. of batteries = four 180AH batteries
Note: at discharge current, 0.9 inverter efficiency, 12v battery voltage
Why the generating voltage is 11kV or why is it be transmitted as multiples of 11?
The actual reason is as follows.
1. When an alternator generates voltage, its rms value is given by 4.4*f*$*t, where $ is value of
total flux per pole. So we can see all the voltages are made inevitably multiple of this value (1.1,
which is the form factor of ac wave). Also it provides us the best economic
Construction of step up and step down transformers.
2. We always use a multiple of 1.11 bcoz for a pure sine wave the FORM FACTOR is the ratio
of rms value of voltage or current with the avg. value of voltage or current and for pure sine
wave rms value of current is Imax/root '2' and avg. value is 2Imax/pie. And which comes out to
be 1.11 so we can’t have a combination of other then a multiple of 1.11.
In early days when technology has not advanced this much, the transmission lines consumes
around 10% of the total power transferred. Normally loads are designed as multiples of 10 or 100
KW. So the generation done for required load power + transmission loss. i.e. 11KW, 110KW etc.
So generated voltage also was designed as multiples of 11.
Difference between load bus and dead bus?
Load bus refers to the bus in which there is no generation, only consumption or demand is there
whereas Dead Bus refers to the de-energized state of the power connections between outputs of
paralleled generator sets.
WHAT IS A BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THYRISTOR, TRIAC AND A
DIAC.AND WHAT R THERE APPLICATIONS?
Thyrister is semiconductor device convert the stable dc to variable dc which has a three terminals
anode, cathode, and gate.
The diac is similar to thyrister which bidirectional without gate terminal work on both ac & dc.
The triac is known as diac with gate.
APPLICATION:-
THYRISTOR;-IT USED AT mine hauler, press machine, HVDC power supply.
In future braking in automobile, regenerative braking.

What is oltc in a transformer, specify its fuction?

Oltc means on load tap changer. The location of oltc in transformer is in hv wdg. The tapping is
taken from hv wdg b coz
1. In hv wdg no. Of turns are more. So, voltage regulation is good.
2. The hv wdg is nearer to the core. So, the tapping is possible.
3. In hv wdg current carring capacity is less than lv wdg.
The function of oltc is to give constannt volltage to secondary wdg.
Onload tap changer (oltc) is used with higher capacity transformers where ht side voltage
variation is frequent and a nearly constant lt is required. Oltc is fitted with the transformer itself.
Multiple tappings from hv windings are brought to the oltc chamber and conacted to fixed
Contacts. Moving contacts rotates with the help of rotating mechanism having a spindle. This
spindle can be rotated manually as well as electrically with a motor. Motor is connected in such a
way that it can rotate in both the directions so as to rotate the oltc contacts in clockwise and
anticlock-wise direction. Two push buttons are fitted
On the lcp (local control panel) to rotate the motor and hence the oltc contacts in clockwise and
anti-clockwise direction. This movement of contacts thus controls the output lv voltage of the
transformer. So rotating of oltc contacts with spindle or push buttons in this way is a
Manually process. In case this process of rotating the oltc contacts and hence controlling the lv
side voltage is to be done automatically then a rtcc (remote tap changer controller) is installed
with the transformer ht panel. The rtcc sends signals to lcp and lcp in turn rotates the motor as
per the signals received from the rtcc
CONSIDER A 415V/200V STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER.CAN WE USE IT AS STEP
UP TRANSFORMER BY GIVING 200V IN SECONDARY AND TAKING OUTPUT
FROM PRIMARY?
As the VA ratting is not going to change in the transformer, the max current in primary &
secondary will remain same in whatever way you use.
For example: For 1 KVA 220 V to 110 V trafo, Max primary current I1=1000/220 = 4.55 A &
Max Secondary current I2=1000/110 = 9.09 A.
So even if you reverse the source voltage, in any way you can not use for more power.
What is lightning arrester? Generally which type of used in industries? Why it’s used?
Lightning arrester is the device to protect the Equipments and buildings which is located in very
height. Lightning stoke is attack the tallest point in the area. So we are mounting the lightning
arrester at the highest level and it will ground through proper arrangements and accessories.
Mostly GI is used and the best one is copper arrester. This copper or GI is connected with down
leads or down conductor and it terminates to the Lightning Earth pit. To avoid the lightning
damages we are using the lightning protection system.
Why synchronous motor runs at a fixed speed? What is the name of that fixed speed?
Synchronous motor runs on the principle of MAGNETIC LOCKING between two fields.
1) Armature field: Produced when a 3 phase balanced supply is given to 3 phase balanced
armature winding at stator. Armature field rotates at synchronous speed. The direction of rotation
is given by the phase sequence of 3 phase supply.
2) DC field: Rotor is brought up to synchronous speed by external means in the same direction as
that of rotation of armature field. At the instant of MAGNETIC LOCKING (when the speed of
armature field and the speed of rotor are equal) DC supply is given to DC field winding at rotor.
In synchronous motor, the slip is 0. that's the reason why it runs at synchronous speed.
s= (Ns - N)/Ns
Ns=120f/p
 Motor runs at fixed speed which is called SYNCHRONOUS SPEED as long the locking is
there.

In a Synchronous generator, Can AC voltage be used instead of DC voltage in field winding

of rotor to produce AC power?
No....AC voltage can’t be used in field winding of rotor of synchronous machines for following
reasons....
1) AC produces poles on rotor whose strength is varying sinusoidal. It is undesirable because the
magnetic locking between two fields in this case is not achieved throughout the cycle. At current
zero of AC there is no locking at all. So synchronism will be lost.
2) Field winding is designed for DC. It has higher resistance. According to Lenz law emf is
induced in field winding. So current flowing through winding will be very low. Pole strength is
very weak.
In case of generator these magnetic pole create voltage in stator winding as per the speed of
rotor. And in case of motor these magnetic poles gets lock with stator rotating magnetic field.
What are the various reasons for an induction motor to get heated?
Various reasons for motor are getting over heated.
1. Due to faulty bearings.
2. Due to low voltages.
3. Due to load fluctuation from the drive end.
4. Due to disassembly of motor.
5. Due to rotor fitness problem.
Why making capacity is more than breaking capacity?
Since breaker operates in transient state and it designs to pass the sub transient current through it.
But it is supposed that if breaker is just about to close & fault occurs at the same time. then
breaker will have to close in that sub transient period & thus amount of arc produce will be very
high. Besides During transient state (Plus fault) there is a chance of melting and welding of
contacts. Thus making capacity is very high.
What will happen when reverse reactive power occurs in alternators?
When reverse reactive power occur, the outgoing current in the particular alternator will go high
and it will trip on over current. Also this condition occurs when excitation of the subjected
alternator fails when it is connected parallel with other alternator or grid. Also this condition
occurs when the rotating diode of alternator fails when
machine is running.
Why Off-circuit Tap changers in distribution transformer required?
Manually operated off-circuit tap changers shall be supplied for the distribution transformers,
and shall be capable of withstanding voltage surge and 200% continuous loading without
damage or excessive heating, and short circuit without injury.
Why the power factor in inductive load is lagging while it is leading in capacitive load?
As power factor is a cos angle between voltage &current. In inductive load current lags, means
the angle between voltage and current goes up to 0 to 90 degree(we assume voltage is
constant).in capacitive load current leads, it means angle between voltage and current comes
down from 90 to 0 degree. And we know cos 90=0, and cos0=1.
What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker?
Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream circuits from upstream
circuits for the reason of any maintenance on downstream circuits. It is manually operated and
does not contain any solenoid unlike circuit breaker. It should not be operated while it is having
load. First the load on it must be made zero and then it can safely operated. Its specification only
rated
Current is given.
But circuit breaker is on load automatic device used for breaking the circuit incase of abnormal
conditions like short-circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1 is rated current and 2
is short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is instantaneous tripping current.

What are Vk and Imag i.e. Knee point voltage & Magnetizing Current? How to calculate
above values? How to define accuracy class 5P10?
Vk is kneeing point of CT it mean when 10% increase in voltage varies the current 50% at that
point we determine the knee point voltage. In other words excitation test of CTs, connect a single
phase variable power supply leads to the CT secondary leads k & l or s1, s2 along with ampere
meter & voltage meter & than apply voltage start from zero & raise incremental simultaneously
draw a graph on each increments by plotting current on X-axis & voltage on Y-axis.
Magnetizing current is those which is used in core & tank of transformer due to leakage flux,
which is further divided into hysterysis losses & eddy current losses. We can find magnetizing
current by open circuit test.
5P10 means: 5 for composite errors in percentage, P for protection & 10 mean overload factor by
multiply 10 times in others words CT will not saturate by passing 10 times higher current.
WHY IS THE Necessity of transformer earthing?
For neutral earthing
1. For three four wire sys.
2. If it source end it should be earthed because earth fault current getting return path.
3. Resonance is avoided.
4. for distribution load to maintain the balance condition.
5. At earth fault condition, if it is solidly grounded voltage buildup another two phase are getting
only 80%line voltage so no insulation problem.
For body earthing
1. To avoid the shock.
What are the protections to be used for Generator?
Over current
Earth fault
Reverse Power protection (if it synchronized with Bus)
Loss of excitation
What is the power ratio between power in Star and Delta circuit?
In star connection
Line voltage is= (3) ^ (1/2)*phase voltage
Line current is=phase current
In delta connection
Line voltage is =phase voltage
Line current is = (3) ^ (1/2)*phase current
Power ratio= (((3) ^ (1/2)*phase voltage*phase current)/((((3)^
(1/2)*phase voltage*phase current))
So power ratio is =1.
What is the formula for selecting capacitor bank to increase pf?
KVAR = MAX DEMAND * (TAN A - TAN B)
What is the difference between AC choke (inductor) and DC choke (inductor), working and
design point of view?
A power-supply filter whose inductance is used to limit the flow of AC while allowing the flow
of DC. Chokes naturally maintain a more constant flow of current. In online ups (not transformer
less type) u can see dc choke is used in ripple reduction at the output of rectifier. This is in input
section of the ups. Hence comes the battery bank, I mean dc bus line. Then inverter section ac
choke is been used with the LC filter to attenuate high frequency. So the filter is in resonance
mode to get a 50 HZ output. Normal the behavior of choke is same irrespective of the place
where it is used. But according to functions it does we can say dc choke and ac choke.
Why battery chargers are use in substation?
Battery chargers are mainly using for charging the battery bank which is responsible for all
control supply of control systems such as breaker closing coil, trip coil, indications, protection
relays, Annunciates etc.... Mainly, If we are taking the supply from main, (with out battery
back up) at the time of power failed / breakdown how will record/ recognize the problem.
Secondly, normally we are using DC power for control. (AC also using) for desired DC back up
we can store the supply in Battery. But in the cause of AC how it possible!!!!! Moreover, in the
cause control system, DC is more efficient than AC.
What are the main parts of VCB?
Vacuum interrupter, mechanism, operating rod, spring charge motor, and bottle travel distance is
important
What is the purpose of NGR?
NGR (Neutral Ground Resistor) which is connected at the star point of an alternator or a
transformer.
There two consideration to Select NGR
1) Plant capacity
2) Current carrying capacity
If any unbalance current occurs in any of the phases that surplus current will allowed to flow
through the NGR, where in Neutral current will suppressed so that alternator winding will be in
safe, It is used to limit the earth fault current.
What is the difference between CRNO and CRGO in a transformer and what are the
advantages of these two?
CRGO & CRNO are both electrical steel grades used for stampings & cores of electrical
Transformers & other electrical appliances. CRNO is cold rolled Non Grain Oriented steel
laminations, thickness available is not less than .50mm as compared to .27 of CRGO, & hence
the losses in CRNO are more than four times of CRGO.CRNGO Non oriented fully processed
steels are iron-silicon alloys with varying silicon contents and have similar magnetic properties
in all directions in the plan of the sheet. They are principally used for motors, generators,
alternators, ballasts, small transformers and a variety of other electromagnetic applications.
WHERE AS CRGO is used for Distribution as well as Power Transformers due to its low loss
characteristics. CRGO or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various grades
(generally called M3, M4, and M5 & M6). Major international standards such as Japanese (JIS),
American
(ASTM), German (DIN) and British Standards are AVAILABLE which specify grade, thickness,
Watt Losses and Magnetic Flux density. Conventional CRGO materials (M4, M5, and M6) are
used regularly for cores in transformers.
How transformer winding & oil gets heat?
Whenever current flows through a wire there are i2rt losses which r dissipated through resistors
in the form of heat and also transformer has no moving part so all the losses (unusable energy) in
copper winding are evolving through wires. Moreover the construction of transformer is closed
type so the heating becomes more. Since the oil tank is linked to the windings, as the windings
heat up the oil filled in tank get heated and expands.
In 3-phase transformer which type of transformer is used in output side?
In power plants single transformer used power import and export. Import means transformer step
down and star connection. And export means secondary delta and step up.
What is meant by damper winding?
Most of the alternators have their pole shoes slotted to receive copper bars of a grid or damper
windings. Copper bars are short circuited at both ends by heavy copper rings. These DAMPERS
are useful in preventing hunting (speed fluctuations) in generators and are needed in synchronous
motors to provide starting torque. Under normal running conditions, damper winding does not
carry any current because rotor runs at synchronous speed. They tend to maintain balanced
3phase voltage under unbalanced load conditions.
Which have higher efficiency transformer or induction motor?
As a transformer is a static device, the only losses in it are copper loss & core loss. Hence its
efficiency is highest among all electrical machines. Its efficiency is generally greater than 95%.
While an induction motor is a rotating device. Hence mechanical losses are also included here.
Its efficiency is generally more than 70%. The flux linkage in transformers is through high
permeability CRGO Steel
Whereas induction motors use the air gap between stator and rotor for flux linkage which has too
much reluctance towards flux.
What is the signification of trivector meter? Why its name is trivector meter?
It is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by residence,
business, or machine. The most common type is more properly known as a kilowatt hour meter
or a meter. When used in electricity retaining, the utilities record the values measured by these
meters to generate an invoice for the electricity. They may also
record variables including the time when the electricity was used.
It is called as tri-vector meter because it measures energy of the three phase lines R, Y, B which
are 120 phase difference from each other. It measures the consumption in terms of the active
energy, reactive energy, apparent energy, power factor.
Can u tell me about HVDC transmission?
HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission is used to reduce the inductive effect in
transmission line .although losses are less but there are disadvantage like use of inverter and
rectifiers of high voltage which are very costly now days 765kv dc line project is going on.
What are the technical reasons for soaking transformers for various times before allowing
them to pick load after a fault?
transformers are soaked with normal operating voltage level as testing with HV of the
transformer insulation, winding at site is impractical as well not economical. Besides soaking
allows the transformer
insulation to be tested for operating voltage such as oil (so that oil inside is not breaking down)
or winding insulations, short circuits, inter-turn faults (though these items are individually tested
for its correctness at site test, but not as a whole unit at Normal operating
Voltage). Whereas the Switchgears and Cables which are other Primary circuit components are
tested with High voltage site.
Why we are using Ohm's law? Where it is applicable? Explain?
Ohms law is used to determine the third parameter in the circuit comprising of Voltages,
Currents and resistors, if we know other two parameters
It is applicable to all networks fulfilling the following conditions
1. Circuit should be linear circuit.
2. Temperature of the circuit should be constant.
3. Circuit should be bilateral circuit.
why we use star connection on the primary side of a transformer?
Transformer primary is not in star we can say for all transformer HV side should be in star,
because in star Phase voltage will be reduced by 1.732 times to delta,so it reduces the insulation
requirment.
Second in Generating station transformers load side that means the side which will be connect
to the grid will be in star,because grid distubances should not circulate in transformer if it is in
delta distrubances circulate in the transformer which reduces the transformer performance