Lab Report2 Grepo

Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology

Congressional East Ave, Burol Main, Dasmariñas, Cavite
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TMPC 532 LAB
LAB REPORT #2
LAB ECPERIMENT #2: NON-METALLIC MATERIALS METALS
SUBMITTED BY:
GREPO, ROVIC ISAIAH M.
BSME TMEC 3-1
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Joshua Malajito
INSTRUCTOR
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Name: GREPO, ROVIC ISAIAH Section:Tmec 3-1
Date Performed: 03/14/23 Rating:

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• To gain a deeper understanding of composites, ceramics, and polymers.
• To learn more about how materials are used in real-world settings.
• To be aware of the materials' strengths and shortcomings
OBJECTIVES:
• Understanding the various materials used by engineers is the goal of this activity. It will assist the learner in future design analysis
and innovation. Every material has particular qualities and traits that can be used for a particular purpose. The students will
become more decisive and wiser for future research projects by being aware of all the resources.
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CERAMICS USES CAPABILITIES ADVANTAGE LIMITATIONS PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTI TYPES CLASSIFICATIO HISTORY COMPOSITION
& GLASSES S CS NS
PORCELAIN used for resistant to highly water It does a high Non porous True, or hard- Whitewares The earliest Porcelain is based on
electrical wear and resistant and sometimes resistance to ceramic material paste, Ceramics porcelain was mixtures that include
insulators, fracture, as ideal for chip, especially corrosive that is porcelain, created in quartz
laboratory well as to frost areas that at the edges. chemicals and translucent in artificial, or China, first in (SiO2), feldspar (KAlSi3
equipment, and fire occasionally thermal shock; nature and soft-paste, a crude form O8-NaAlSi3O8-
decorative get wet low usually made up porcelain, and during the CaAl2Si2O8), and
items, and permeability of triaxial bone china Tang dynasty kaolinite
dinnerware and flexibility; composition and are the three (618-907) (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
significant also is vitrified basic varieties and then in
strength, of porcelain. the form that
hardness, is most
whiteness, familiar to
translucency, Westerners
and resonance. during the
Yuan dynasty
(1279–1368)
TRADITION primarily extreme Processing They have a hard, Often produced Traditional Traditional The age of Clay, silica (quartz),
AL employed in hardness. makes it fragile wear-resistant, with naturally ceramics Ceramics traditional and feldspar are the
CERAMICS the elevated challenging temperament. brittle, occurring raw include ceramics is three main ingredients
production of elastic to regulate They are refractory, materials such cordierite- almost as old used to make
industrial modulus. dimensional hardly ductile insulation as clays based as humanity. traditional pottery.
abrasives, a lack of tolerances. at all. against heat, products, Primitive
refractory ductility. lacks tension. Their tensile electronic sanitary ware, wood and
linings, china excellent bad shock strength is insulators, earthenware, stone tools
tableware, dimensional absorption. inadequate. nonmagnetic, vitrified tiles, were
clay tile, and stability. can fracture Even for the resistant to porcelain probably
brick. when struck same oxidation, (domestic or sharpened
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a good by large specimens, the industrial), using

resistance to objects. demonstrate a and naturally
wear. broad range in traditional occurring
high chemical the fluctuation refractories. abrasives,
resistance. in strength. and pieces of
high resilience They are practical clay
to weather. challenging to pots
High melting manufacture belonging to
point in and form. the Neolithic
comparison. Period, or
about 10,000
years ago,
have been
discovered.
SILICON used for Its higher Greater Due of its little density. The term "silicon Sintered Advanced American Covalently bound
CARBIDE items like car voltage and power chemical really strong. carbide" (SiC) silicon carbide Ceramics inventor silicon carbide (SiC) is
clutches, higher density, inertness, strong at hot refers to a (SSC) Edward G. a hard substance. A
ceramic frequency reduced physical temperatures variety of Nitride Acheson silicon atom (Si) and
plates, thin characteristics power loss, toughness, (reaction processes used bonded silicon found silicon four carbon atoms (C),
filament enable more higher and low bonded) to create a carbide carbide in which are covalently
pyrometry, effective operating diffusion opposition to material with a (NBSC) and. 1891. bound between two of
foundry thermal frequency, coefficient of oxidation variety of Reaction Acheson used them, make up the
crucibles, management, and higher other (reaction internal and bonded silicon an ordinary compound SiC.
bulletproof quicker temperature contaminants, bonded) external carbide (RBSC) carbon arc
jackets, and switching, functioning doping SiC excellent microstructures light and an
armored smaller losses, all contribute during resilience and, iron bowl as
vehicles. and greater to enhanced manufacture is against consequently, a electrodes to
system system challenging. thermal shock. wide range of heat a
efficiency. efficiency. high wear qualities. combination
resistance and of clay and
toughness. powdered
coke in an
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High resistance effort to

against create
chemicals. artificial
High thermal diamonds.
conductivity
and little
thermal
expansion.
ZIRCONIUM can be High strength, high melting Poor oxidation Zirconium high strength Zirconium Refractories NA Zirconium [Kr] 4d2 5s2
CARBIDE utilized in the high hardness, point, good resistance over carbide and hardness, Carbide Carbon [He] 2s2 2p2
metallurgical, good thermal thermal 800 °C nanoparticles resistance to
chemical, and conductivity, shock (ZrC) are oxidation at high
aviation and toughness. resistance, distinguished temperatures,
industries to High and no phase by qualities excellent
create temperature transitions including good toughness and
nanostructure oxidation when in the toughness, thermal
d products. It resistance. solid form. high strength, conductivity
is used to These and resistance
create characteristic to oxidation at
thermostat s make it high
textiles out of appropriate temperatures.
nylon, fiber, for
and hard alloy applications
in the textile involving
industry. extremely
high
temperature
s.
SILICA The steel and a high melting advantages Poor thermal ability to Low impurity crystalline and Refractories Dr. Another term for the
glass point with of residual shock support quartz is fired in amorphous Bernardino chemical substance
industries temperature, expansion, resistance enormous a kiln at a forms of Ramazzini, made of silicon and
strong low specific loads up until temperature of silicon (non- often oxygen is silica.
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both utilize it refractoriness gravity, high the fusion 1450°C to create crystalline regarded as
extensively. under load expansion point, silica bricks, with silica). Quartz the father of
between 1640 coefficient at propensity for at least 98.5% of is the most occupational
and 1680°C, low permanent the quartz being prevalent medicine,
and high temperature expansion in transformed variety of discovered
thermal s, and low service, into a mixture of crystalline signs of
strength. expansion resistance to the more 'open', silica. There silicosis in
Moreover, coefficient at iron and less dense are other stone cutters
Silica bricks high calcium oxide forms, tridymite sorts as well, in 1700. A
have a temperature assault on and cristobalite. but they are little more
refractoriness s. advantages corrosion, less typical. than 200
of 1690– of strong Rocks, sand, years later,
1730°C and strength at clay, soil, air, Dr. Alice
strong heat high and water all Hamilton, a
conduction. temperature contain silica doctor whose
s. compounds, work led to
as do rocks important
and other safety and
natural health
materials. improvement
s, identified
silica-related
ailments
among
granite
workers.
Granite
cutters in
Vermont
realized in
the early
1900s that
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the ailments
they were
contracting
as a result of
the dust they
were
breathing
were lethal.
By the 1930s
they had
successfully
bargained for
the
installation of
ventilation
systems in
their work
sheds.
ALUMINA Because to its High thermal Glass cannot The Thermal good rigidity and Alumina Refractories When compound of
exceptional conductivity compare fundamental properties: strength. comes in Western aluminium and oxygen
hardness and and strong mechanically drawback of High heat good wear three Mining with the chemical
strength, it is heat resistance to alumina. alumina's resistance and resistance and different Corporation formula AlO.
frequently are considered Glass is less mechanical high thermal hardness. forms: broke off its
utilized in a thermal resistant to characteristics conductivity. good resistance hydrated, bauxite and
wide range of characteristics. thermal is its moderate Mechanical to corrosion. calcined, and aluminum
industrial High hardness stress than tensile and properties: stable thermal tabular. Each businesses in
abrasive and strength alumina. bending High strength performance. kind is December
materials. are mechanical Compared to resistance as and high outstanding available in a 2002,
Alumina can qualities. glass, well as its hardness. dielectric range of Alumina was
also be Other alumina is brittle fracture Other characteristics grades. The born. The
applied as a characteristics less behavior. properties: (from DC to GHz many varieties sole
coating to include vulnerable to High electrical frequencies) of alumina commercial
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prevent biocompatibilit defects and insulation, high dielectric differ in terms operation of
abrasion in a y, excellent stress corrosion constant that is of their Alumina is
similar way. corrosion concentrator resistance and low. chemical the
resistance, and s. Glass is far biocompatibilit High gain purity, the ownership of
high electrical less y. tangent. characteristics a 40% stake
insulation. electrically of the powder in the joint
conductive used in the venture with
than alumina production Alcoa known
in particular. process, and as Alcoa
the amounts World
of soda Alumina &
(Na2O), iron Chemicals
(Fe2O3), and (AWAC).
silica (SiO2)
that they
contain.
SILICON One of the a tetravalent Sturdy and It is difficult to exists at In its crystallized single Advanced A Swedish Silicate compounds
most metalloid and dependable: utilize as an standard form, silicon is crystalline, Ceramics chemist are the most typical
beneficial semiconductor Silicone is a electrical pressure and an extremely multicrystallin named Jöns sources of silicon. The
components that is hard, particularly material temperature as brittle, hard, and e, Jacob only stable silicon
to humanity brittle, and has dependable without a solid. generally inert polycrystalline Berzelius oxide is silica, which
is silicon. The a blue-gray material for alloying it with possesses a metalloid with a or heated has the empirical
majority is metallic sheen use in other shiny sheen (a distinct metallic amorphous. potassium formula SiO2. Silica is
used to important materials since metal-like sheen. In nature, chip not a silicon atom
create alloys, applications it is neither a appearance) silicon mostly fragments in connected to two
such as ferro- because of good It breaks easily. appears as oxide a silica oxygen atoms by two
silicon and its great conductor nor As a and silicates. container, double bonds. One
aluminum- durability an insulator in semiconductor Oxygen, water, and after silicon atom forms
silicon alloys and ability to its pure state. , it (can be and the majority carefully four single bonds to
(iron-silicon) keep its form It has a higher made to of acids do not cleaning four oxygen molecules
and flexibility melting point conduct react with silicon away the by- to form silica.
under than many electricity in its solid form. products, he
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adverse other under certain discovered

circumstance semiconductor conditions) silicon. The
s. s, which 1410 degrees second most
means melting Celsius is the plentiful
it takes more melting point. element in
energy. The boiling the crust of
At extremely point is 3265 the planet is
high °C. silicon, which
temperatures, 2.33 g/cm3 is is the seventh
it can degrade. the density. most
abundant
element in
the universe.
TUNGSTEN to make cast extreme Compared to Materials Strength - For a Tungsten There are two Advanced Cast iron An artificial, inorganic
CARBIDE iron harder, hardness. heat-treated made of substance that Carbide are hard different kinds Ceramics cutting and compound made of
to make saw Tungsten steel, it can tungsten is so hard and and dense of tungsten milling were tungsten (W) and
and drill carbide has a extend life by carbide and inflexible, material and carbide: one is quickly carbon is known as
blades more Mohs hardness 4 to 10 cobalt have a tungsten strong with low used to cut successfully tungsten carbide (WC)
cutting-edge, of "9," making times, number of carbide electrical non-iron accomplished (C). Technically
and to make it the second- minimizing drawbacks. possesses a resitivity materials such using the first speaking, mono-
armor- hardest downtime The two very high cast iron, tungsten tungsten carbide (WC),
piercing material after and biggest strength. aluminum, carbide- which is stable at
projectiles' diamond. maximizing limitations to Comparable to brass, copper, cobalt room temperature, is
cores more powerful at time spent in using this practically all and grades. extremely important.
piercing high the field. typical cermet melted, cast, magnesium. Pioneering The hexagonal
temperatures. are its or forged The primary cemented structure of WC is
high corrosion resistance to metals and ingredients for carbide composed of a grid of
resistance. corrosion and alloys, it has a this kind are businesses tungsten and carbon.
oxidation. higher cobalt and unveiled the
compressive tungsten first steel-
strength. carbide (Wc- milling grades
Co). Tungsten in the early
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Compared to Carbide for 1930s that

cast iron and Cutting Iron, included
brass, tungsten such as tantalum and
carbide Stainless titanium
compositions Steel, Low- carbides in
are two to Carbon Steel, addition to
three times or Other cobalt and
more rigid than Types of tungsten
steel and four Metal. carbide.
to six times
more rigid than
brass. The
maximum
Young's
modulus is
94,800,000 psi.
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CERAMICS & GLASSES CONCLUSION:

• While doing this activity, I conclude that there are so many kinds of Ceramics & Glasses and each kinds have different uses, advantages and
disadvantages. This helps me to realize what are the types of Ceramics and Glasses and it helps me to identify which kind to use in different situations
and also this widens my knowledge about this tools and uses
REFERENCES:
https://www.carboncollective.co/sustainable-investing/silicon-si
https://www.britannica.com/science/silicon-carbide
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/14/silicon#:~:text=Silicon%20is%20one%20of%20the,also%20used%20to%20make%20silicones.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0371750X.1974.10840831#:~:text=The%20distinguishing%20properties%20of%20silica,range%20above%20700%C2%B0C(
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/
2_p-
Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/Z014_Chemistry_of_Silicon_(Z14)#:~:text=Silicon%20is%20most%20commonly%20found,oxygen%20molecules%20(Figure%202)
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POLYMERS USES CAPABILITIES ADVANTAGE LIMITATION PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTIC TYPES CLASSIFICATION HISTORY COMPOSITIO
S S S S N
POLYSTYRENE Applications for is frequently Produce is Poor Clear, hard, Unaltered Polystyrene Thermoplastics While Plastic is
polystyrene range employed to shielded chemical brittle, and polystyrene is comes in polystyrene polystyrene.
from appliances to safeguard from resistance, somewhat described as three main was Like its name
medical supplies to consumer temperature particularly strong being clear, rigid, varieties: unintentionally would imply, it
automotive goods. variations by to organics; describe brittle, and normal discovered by is constructed
components. Polystyrene is superior brittle. unaltered somewhat polystyrene German of several
Insulation for commonly insulation. vulnerable to polystyrene. strong. The plastic, pharmacist ("poly")
appliances is used to make stability and UV Despite having material has polystyrene Edward Simon styrenes.
provided by CD and DVD recovery of deterioration a low heat strong electrical film, and in 1839, it took Small-
polystyrene foam, covers, foam dimensions. . resistance, the properties as a polystyrene almost a molecule
which is also used shipping Easy to stack Flammable. material dielectric despite foam. century for the styrene has
in rigid form for peanuts, food and light in possesses having a poor Extruded IG Farben the chemical
housings and packaging, weight. good electrical heat resistance. polystyrene Group to formula
casings. The rigid meat/poultry resistant to capabilities as (EPS) and commercialize C6H5CH=CH2.
form of this trays, and egg water. a dielectric. expanded its use. It
material is also cartons in The best for While it is polystyrene produced a
used in electronics order to hydro insoluble in (EPS) are two rigid, colorless
for housings and prevent cooling. alcohols, forms of foam polymer that
casings. damage or outstanding polystyrene is (XPS). could be
spoilage. shock soluble in the Styrofoam molded into
absorbing majority of and packing molds with
capabilities. aromatic and peanuts are incredibly fine
anti-bacterial chlorinated among the detail.
growth solvents. most popular
resistance. and well-
known
varieties of
polystyrene
that are
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included in
EPS.
POLYVINYL profiles for PVC has PVC is a PVC contains Less stiff, PVC has a fairly PVC pipes are Thermoplastics German The chemical
CHLORIDE windows, doors, received strong, hazardous more impact- high density often divided chemist Eugen formula for
conservatories, and numerous weather- chemical resistant, compared to into four Baumann first vinyl chloride
atriums. medicinal and resistant additions simpler to most polymers categories: created PVC in is H2C=CHCl,
fittings and pipes. food contact polymer that that can be extrude or (specific gravity unplasticized 1872 after while the
cables for data, approvals in is frequently damaging to mold, less around 1.4) PVC (PVC-U), doing formula for
power, and Europe. used in your child's temperature- Economically chlorinated extensive poly(vinyl
telecommunication PVC is construction health, such and chemical- speaking, PVC is PVC (C-PVC), research and chloride)
s. lightweight, and building. as resistant, and accessible and molecularly testing. Inside (PVC) is (H2C-
Ducting for services durable, It is essential phthalates, typically with affordable. orientated a flask of vinyl CHCl)n, where
and cables. robust, and for usage in lead, lower ultimate Rigid PVC has a PVC (PVC-O), chloride that n is the degree
Cladding on both simple to high-tech cadmium, tensile high hardness and modified had been kept of
the inside and process. applications, and/or strength and durability PVC. on a shelf away polymerizatio
outside. PVC such as wire organotins. rating. from direct n.
Systems and consumes less and cable, Over time, Strength: The sunlight for
membranes for primary because it is these tensile strength four weeks, the
ceilings and roofs. energy during chemically hazardous of rigid PVC is polymer
Systems for soil, production and compounds outstanding. manifested as
rainwater, and than any of electrically may a white solid.
trash. the other inert. evaporate or
Flooring. commodity leach into
polymers. the air,
endangering
children
needlessly.
POLYETHYLENE The main In general, Impact inadequate Flexible, The melting Low-density Thermoplastics Around 90 The chemical
applications for polyethylenes Resistance: weather. translucent or point of polyethylene million metric formula of
polyethylene have good One of the Very waxy, polyethylene is (LDPE), high- tons of polyethylene
include packaging electrical main Flammable. waterproof, lower than that density polyethylene is (C2H4)n,
film, trash and characteristic advantages strong at low of polyethylene are and it is
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grocery bags, wire s, great of Cracking temperatures polypropylene, (HDPE), linear manufactured created via
and cable chemical and polyethylene under stress (to –60°C), which is greater. low-density globally each the
insulation, impact is that it can is a concern. simple to Polyethylene is polyethylene year, making it polymerizatio
agricultural mulch, resistance, withstand unable to produce using more durable (LLDPE), very- the most n of ethylene
bottles, toys, and and a low impacts. ... decompose. most than low-density abundant or ethane
home goods. Trays, coefficient of This Not techniques, polypropylene, polyethylene polymer. It has monomers.
milk, juice, and friction. It is substance is Composable. inexpensive, so this can be a (VLDPE), and changed into a
food packaging regarded as a also Not Oxidizing and chemically good test for ultrahigh- substance
products, as well as dielectric renowned for Acid resistant. you. Comparing molecular- essential to
crates and substance. its corrosion Resistant. polypropylene to weight modern life
containers for fruit Polyethylenes resistance. ... Lacks polyethylene, the polyethylene since its
and juice, all are also Another Chlorinated former is stiffer are the five unintentional
employ polythene lightweight, major benefit Hydrocarbon and more categories discovery in
simple to of choosing Resistance. resistant to under which 1933. Low
produce, and this material Large chemicals and PE is divided density
have almost is that it is Thermal organic solvents. (UHMWPE) polyethylene
no moisture simple to Expansion. (LDPE), based
absorption. clean. on free radical
polymerization
, was the first
product to be
commercialize
d.
SILICONE Sealants, adhesives, In comparison Under The low rip Due to the low high Silicone Thermosets Henry Sainte- Silicone is a
lubricants, dietary to biological extreme heat strength of intermolecular compressibility, comes in a Claire Deville "inorganic
supplements, rubbers, or cold, silicone force and high elasticity, variety of acquired synthetic
culinary utensils, silicone silicone is rubber is one helical and outstanding forms, crystallized polymer"
thermal insulation, rubber can renowned for of its main structure of cold resistance. including silicon in 1854. whose main
and electrical endure high maintaining drawbacks. silicon silicone caulk, In 1930, J.F. chain is built
insulation all and low flexibility and Although it molecules, this silicone The initial of
employ silicones. temperatures having can be material has a rubber, silicone polysiloxane,
Silicone comes in a far better. minimal enhanced high degree of silicone resin, manufacturing which is the
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variety of forms, Silicone compression with the elasticity, silicone oil, research was repetition of
including silicone rubber can be set. Overall, addition of compressibilit and silicone conducted by silicon (Si) and
caulk, silicone used silicone other y, and cold grease. Hyde. Using oxygen (O)
rubber, silicone indefinitely at rubber has chemicals, it temperature Hyde's atoms. But the
resin, silicone oil, 150°C with good lacks resistance. findings, the main chain of
and silicone grease. almost no mechanical strength and Moreover, the English chemist common
change in its qualities and abrasion methyl groups Frederich organic
properties. It is quite resistance by that are Stanley Kipping synthetic
can be used durable. It is nature, outside of the gave the polymers
for 10,000 quite therefore the coil structure substance the consists of
hours or dependable application have term repeating
more at and can be must be unrestricted "silicones" in carbon (C)
200°C and relied upon carefully rotation. 1940 because atoms (1,2)
some to maintain evaluated to they were
materials can function for a see whether "sticky
tolerate heat very long silicone is an messes".
up to 350°C period due to appropriate
briefly. its durabili answer.
POLYURETHAN One of the most Protection high poor thermal Elasticity, Plastic substance Foam Thermosets The 1930s saw C27H36N2O10
E common materials against water, resistance performance grease and oil polyurethane Polyurethane the invention is the chemical
used in household oil, and against . resistance, comes in a Flexible of formula.
furnishings, such as grease. abrasion. poor transparency, variety of shapes Polyurethane polyurethanes Another
furniture, bedding, electric superior cut capacity to and abrasion and forms. It is rigid foam by Professor varnish of the
and carpet qualities. and tear weather. resistance are the material of Coatings, Dr. Otto Bayer synthetic resin
underlay, is Broad resistance. the majority some of the choice for a wide sealants, (1902-1982). variety is
polyurethane, Resiliency outstanding of solvents desirable traits range of end- adhesives, Polyurethanes polyurethane.
typically in the form Spectrum. load bearing. attack. of user applications, and come in many
of flexible foam. Solid Bonding molding with Use thermoplastic including the elastomers distinct
Flexible Capabilities. thick hazardous polyurethanes insulation of (CASE) varieties, and
polyurethane foam Performance sections. isocyanates. . Power tools, refrigerators and Thermally they all feel
adds padding to in Testing Colorability. Flammable. medical freezers, and plastic and look very
upholstered Conditions. equipment, may be designed different from
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furniture to make it Resistant to resistance to athletic items, to be either rigid urethane one another.
more enduring, mold, mildew, oil. footwear, or flexible. (TPU) They are
cozy, and and fungus. Ozone caster wheels, insulating a Molding by utilized in a
supportive. Colour defense. and inflatable structure. Reactive wide range of
Palettes. radiation rafts all Injection goods,
Manufacturin protection. frequently use (RIM) including
g process that TPUs. Binders coatings,
is economical Polyurethane adhesives,
Dispersions in mattresses,
Water (PUDs) foam
insulation, and
shoe soles.
POLYESTER Clothes textiles It is robust. The fibers are prone to Strong. It is robust. Polyester Thermosets In the late A long chain
frequently include Because both strong static a clean, gentle Because made of 1930s, a synthetic
polyesters. ... polyester and light. accumulatio hand. polyester fibers ethylene. The DuPont lab polymer made
Moreover, fibers are so It is n. Stretch and are so robust, most widely produced of at least 85%
polyester is used to robust, they particularly Compared to shrinkage they don't easily used kind of polyester by weight of
make a variety of do not easily resistant to natural resistant. rip, stretch, or polyester on plastic, but an ester of a
household rip, stretch, or wrinkles. fibers, has a either dry- pill like cotton the market is scientist W. In dihydric
furnishings, pill like cotton It dries tendency to cleanable or and other natural ethylene order to work alcohol
including bed and other incredibly hold scents. washable. fibers do. polyester, on his recently (HOROH) and
linens, curtains, natural fibers fast, making When Rapid drying. It resists usually found nylon, H. terephthalic
blankets, and do. ... it perfect for opposed to Excellent pleat dampness. referred to as Caruthers laid acid is what is
pillowcases. It resists outerwear. Nylon, carpet retention, It keeps its form. PET. it aside. In referred to as
Upholstered dampness. ... Polyester and rugs resilience, and It might be Biodegradabl 1941, a team a
furniture also uses It keeps its fabric readily have poorer wrinkle rough. e polyester of British "manufacture
polyester. form. ... accepts dyes pile resistance (if Usually, it isn't Polyester researchers d fiber" in the
It might be (colors). retention. heat set) biodegradable PCDT used definition of
rough. ... It holds its Compared to resists Caruthers' polyester (p–
Usually, it shape really natural fibers abrasion. research to HOOC–
isn't nicely. like cotton, resists the produce C6H4COOH)
polyester is majority of Terylene, the
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biodegradabl It is very easy less chemicals. first polyester

e to clean permeable. cotton fiber used for
because of its commercial
strong stain purposes.
resistance
NATURAL One of the most High tear and Natural The same as Natural rubber The material's Natural Elastomers Mesoamerican Natural rubber
RUBBER vital polymers for tensile rubber is every other is a major Rubber (NR) indigenous is a
human civilisation strength, more polymer, polyisoprene characteristics The latex sap cultures were polyisoprene
is natural rubber. resilience, affordable natural whose include high of the Pará the first to use whose
More than 40,000 and than many rubber has monomer tensile and tear rubber tree is rubber. The monomer
goods are made resistance to alternative inherent units are 2- strength, the source of Olmec culture units are 2-
with natural abrasion, polymers and drawbacks. It methyl-1,3 resilience, and natural is where the methyl-1,3
rubber, which is a friction, is more can only butadiene, an resistance to rubber first natural butadiene, an
crucial raw severe resilient to sustain isoprene. abrasion, friction, (isoprene) latex from the isoprene.
material. Medical temperatures abrasion and temperature extreme (hevea Hevea tree was Natural rubber
equipment, surgical , and water vibration. It is s as high as temperatures, brasiliensis) utilized to is harvested
gloves, tires for cars swell are a a very robust 180° F (82° and water Rubber made make balls for from the bark
and airplanes, few of the and resilient C) due to its swelling. of styrene- Mesoamerican of some
pacifiers, clothing, material's material due weak heat Examples of butadiene ballgames, tropical and
toys, and more all main to its high resistance. typical (SBR) according to subtropical
use it. qualities. tensile Natural applications Butyl (IIR) archeological trees as solid
Adhesives, strength and rubber is include Nitrile (NBR) data particles
flooring and elongation. vulnerable to adhesives, Neoprene® suspended in
roofing, ozone flooring and (CR) a milky white
gloves, assault roofing, gloves, Polymer of liquid (known
insulation, because it insulation, and ethylene, as latex).
and tires are a has double tires propylene,
few examples bonds on its and diene
of typical polymer's (EPDM)
usage. backbone. Silicone (Q)
Viton® (FKM)
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POLYBUTADIEN Around 70% of the Excellent low Polybutadien Poor tensile Because to its Polybutadiene High cis Elastomers In 1910, Sergei The synthetic
E manufacturing is temperature e has strength, low glass has great polybutadien Vasilyevich rubber
used in the flexibility (- exceptional tear transition abrasion e. Lebedev, a polybutadiene
manufacture of 80°F/-62°C) low resistance, temperature resistance (good Low cis Russian is created
tires, specifically and temperature and tack are (Tg), which is tread wear) due polybutadien chemist, was when the
the tread and extraordinaril flexibility (- some of its often less than to its low glass e. the first to monomer 1,3-
sidewall materials. y high 80°F/-62°C) drawbacks. 90 °C, transition High vinyl polymerize butadiene is
To increase the resilience are and very high polybutadiene temperature polybutadien butadiene. He polymerized.
toughness (impact provided by durability offers (Tg), which is e. created a way With nearly a
resistance) of polybutadien (bounce). excellent frequently less High trans to produce quarter of the
polymers like e (bounce). Butadie also abrasion than 90 °C, as polybutadien butadiene world's
polystyrene and Butadiene demonstrate resistance well as little e. from ethanol in synthetic
acrylonitrile also exhibits s outstanding (good tread hysteresis loss, Metallocene 1926, and he rubber usage,
butadiene styrene, exceptional characteristic wear), high flexibility, polybutadien created a it is the
further 25% is qualities like s like minimal and low rolling e process to synthetic
added (ABS) resistance to abrasion hysteresis loss, resistance. make rubber
abrasion, cut resistance, high flexibility, polybutadiene manufactured
growth, and cut and low rolling using salt as a in the second-
flex cracking. development resistance. catalyst in highest
Oil, gasoline, , and flex 1928. volume after
and solvents crackin styrene-
containing butadiene
hydrocarbons rubber (SBR).
are not
resistant to
butadiene.
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POLYMERS CONCLUSION:
• In this topic I learned all about polymers and it’s three main types which are the Thermoplastics, Thermosets, and the Elastomers. The thermosets are polymers which are
moldable when heated, thermosets on the other hand are polymers which hardens when heated and cannot be molded and the last one is Elastomers which can be deformed
under stress and also can go back to its original form once the stress is removed. I also learned the best applications for this type of polymers and their different examples of
each.
REFERENCES:
https://www.fsw.cc/polyester-its-whats-for-living/
https://www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/PVC.aspx#:~:text=PVC%20has%20been%20used%20extensively,it%20ideal%20for%20cabling%20applications.
https://www.shinetsusilicone-global.com/catalog/pdf/rubber_e.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/science/silicone
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/polyethylene#:~:text=2.3.&text=Polyethylene%20is%20prepared%20from%20the,2%E2%80%936).
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USES CAPABILITIES ADVANTAGE LIMITATIONS PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTIC TYPES CLASSIFICATIO HISTORY COMPOSITION
S S N
CONCRETE Some of the Bricklaying, Due to its A steel- Concrete is a Concrete is a true 1: Polymer Particle In 6500 BC, 35 to 40 percent lime, 40
practical building benefits in concrete genuine composite Matrix Reinforced Nabataean to 50 percent alumina, up
applications walkways and terms of composite composite material that is Composite. Composites traders or to 15 percent iron oxides,
include roads, reduced steel structure's material that typically made of 2: Metal Bedouins and preferably no more
bricklaying, creating weight, principal normally fine Portland Matrix who ruled a than 6 percent silica are
building building increased disadvantage consists of cement binding Composite. number of all included in cement.
roadways and foundations, strength, is that it takes aggregate, aggregate, like 3: Particulate oasis and Calcium aluminate is the
walks, building and creating stiffness, more time such as gravel gravel and sand, Composite. established a main cementing
foundations walls are a resilience to and skill to and sand, together. For 4: Flake small empire substance (CaO. Al2O3)
for buildings, few examples seismic and build properly linked strength, metal Composite. in the areas
and building of practical cyclic stress, than all- together in a rebar is regularly 5: Fiber of southern
walls. Similar usage. The increased concrete or matrix of fine employed. Reinforced Syria and
in scope and industrial load capacity, all-steel Portland Although it works Composite. northern
variety are the applications improved fire constructions. cement. Metal incredibly well 6: Laminated Jordan
industrial uses for concrete resistance, In order for rebar is under Composite. created the
for concrete. are and the two frequently compression, 7: Composite first
They include comparable decreased materials to used for tension makes it Structures. construction
building in size and construction function strength. fragile and rather 8: s that
bridges, roads, variety. The depth, steel- together, a While it feeble. Lightweight resembled
sidewalks, construction concrete precise functions Bridge concrete.
curbs, and the of roads, composite connection wonderfully in Constructed
bases for walkways, construction between compression, From
entire curbs, bases is widely them is tension causes Poltruded
factories and for complete utilized in required. This it to become FRP Sections.
industrial industries, highway process can brittle and
sites. and industrial bridges. be difficult rather weak.
sites are and time-
among them. consuming.
Wood furniture, It has good Wood has Wood has The energy It has good Softwoods, Softwood or Wood is one Cellulose and lignin
tools, acoustic been used as been used as from wood acoustic hardwoods, hardwood of the oldest
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weapons, properties, is fuel for fuel for produces properties, is and building
paper, electrically thousands of thousands of greenhouse electrically and engineered materials
cellophane, and thermally years and is years and is gases. Wood thermally woods known to
and cellulose insulating, being used being used can be insulating, and is man, with
derivatives and is strong today, mostly today, mostly expensive to strong for its evidence
for its weight. in rural in rural deliver to weight. suggesting
regions. Hard regions. Hard cities. Insects, that homes
wood is wood is bacteria, and built more
preferred preferred mold fungus than 10,000
over soft over soft are a few years ago
wood as a wood as a fuel biotic agents employed
fuel because because it that can timber as
it burns burns longer degrade their primary
longer and and emits less wood. source of
emits less smoke. construction
smoke. materials.
Composite from the They can high shear Reinforcemen results in the Composite Aluminum NA According to polyquinoxaline foam with
Honeycom automotive, create strength, high t bars that are formation of a honeycomb cores honeycombs, Greek a cellular core and a
b furniture, and intricate, compressive corroded and substance are produced by nomex mythology, coating of fibrous material
aerospace sophisticated strength, and rusted have a with a low extrusion and honeycombs, Daedalus is that won't burn
sectors to curves low cost negative density and then thinly sliced. thermoplasti credited with
packaging and without using aesthetic relatively high c creating the
logistics a lot of heat impact on the out-of-plane honeycombs, first
or force. structure and compression and stainless honeycomb
shorten its and shear steel by lost wax
lifespan. characteristics honeycombs casting gold
. more than
three
thousand
years ago.
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Fiberglass Doors, It is corrosion lightweight, Inhaled Fiberglass is a is rigid and strong A-glass, C- Alkaline glass Glass fiber Plastic and glass
decking, and impact affordable, fiberglass versatile, in tension and glass, E-glass, production
bathtubs, resistant, and powerfu shards irritate affordably compression, or AE-glass, S- dates back
window with a the alveoli priced along its axis. glass thousands of
frames somewhat and can cause material used years, but
high strength lung disease. in a wide Hermann
to weight range of Hammesfahr
ratio. domestic (1845–1914),
products and a Prussian
enterprises. inventor,
was the first
to obtain a
patent for
them in the
United
States in
1880.
Carbon Airplane Carbon atoms high tensile expensive and low thermal Carbon fiber is UHM, HM, PAN-based, In 1860, Carbon atoms
Fiber wings, make up the strength, high brittle expansion and remarkably IM, Low Pitch based, Joseph Swan
automobile majority of strength-to- resistance to durable. It is modulus Mesophase developed
body parts, carbon fibers, weight ratio, high standard practice High tensile, pitch-based, the first
and sports which have a strong temperatures. in engineering to and Super Isotropic pitch- carbon fibers
equipments diameter of 5 chemical assess a high-tensile based, Rayon- for use in
to 10 resistance, material's based, and Gas- light bulbs.
micrometers. high stiffness, qualities in terms phase-grown Thomas
of its stiffness to Edison
weight and invented the
strength to first electric
weight ratios, incandescent
particularly in lightbulb in
structural design 1879 by
where an roasting
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increase in bamboo or
weight may result cotton slivers
in higher lifetime or threads at
costs or poor high
performance. temperature
s until they
formed an
all-carbon
fiber
filament.
Mud Bricks build walls, With stability and Short Soil is mixed Mud bricks First, second, Availability, A mudbrick, a mud combination made
vaults and sufficiently security, longevity, an with water typically have third, and Construction also spelled with water, loam, clay,
domes thick walls, strong water uneven and fillers like relatively little fourth class methods, size, mud-brick, is sand, and a binding
mud brick has resistance, surface, straw to embodied energy bricks, shape and a kind of air- substance like rice husks
the structural reduced minimal stain create mud and simply concrete handling dried brick or straw.
ability to sound resistance, bricks, which require energy bricks, made of mud
form load- transmission and frequent are then from the sun and calcium that also
bearing through walls maintenance formed and the earth. silicate contains
structures up requirements. left to dry. bricks, and water, clay,
to many engineering sand, and
storeys high. bricks are all loam, as well
types of as a binding
bricks that material like
can be used rice husks or
in straw. Since
construction. 9000 BCE,
mudbricks
have been
around.
Kevlar Airplanes, Kevlar offers High kinetic Minimal belongs to the The resultant Kevlar, Aromatic The first time poly para-
boats, bicycle, thermal energy, high thermal class of fiber has a tensile Kevlar 29, polyamide this high- phenyleneterephthalamid
clothing resistance up breaking shrinkage, organic fibers strength of about family strength e
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to 800 tenacity, high poor electric made of 3,620 MPa and Kevlar material,
degrees tensile conductivity, aromatic (525,000 psi), a 49 developed
Fahrenheit strength, and and low polyamide. relative density of by Stephanie
and durability resist compressive possesses a 1.44 (0.052 lb/in Kwolek at
in hot stretching strength unique 3), and both. DuPont in
environments combination 1965, was
. of strength, used in
toughness, racing tires
thermal was in the
stability, high early 1970s.
strength, and
high modulus.
Pykrete For The Sturdy Hard to form, possesses is renowned for NA NA It was Ice and wood pulp
circumferentia substance's substance expands remarkable its superior invented by
l protection, physical with low during qualities, such strength and Max Perutz,
there are properties thermal freezing as a low heat endurance over and Geoffrey
holding tanks, might allow it activity and a process conductivity conventional ice Pyke offered
reinforced ice to be likened moderate that permits it as well as its poor it to the
walls with to concrete if melting rate to melt heat conductivity, British Royal
appropriate kept frozen. relatively which allows it to Navy as a
sized mesh slowly and a melt relatively prospective
holes, solid far better slowly. component
barriers, strength and for Project
progressive durability than Habakkuk, a
cushioning regular ice. vast,
walls that unstoppable
appear aircraft
bulletproof, carrier that
and remotely was more
operated sea akin to a
gates. floating
island than a
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ship in the
traditional
sense. This
was during
World War II.
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COMPOSITES CONCLUSION:
• -While doing and after the activity, I learned about all of the important topics about composites, like of applications, capabilities, advantages and disadvantages, attributes,
traits, varieties, classifications and due to this I realized that every composites is special and have their own use in every circumstances and it is up to us to take advantage of
this composites in such circumstances.
REFERENCES:
Carbon Fibres: Production, Properties and Potential Use – Material Science Research India (materialsciencejournal.org)
www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-makes-kevlar-so-stro/
https://www.scientific.net/MSF.974.255
www.ablison.com/pros-and-cons-of-carbon-fiber/
concretequestions.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete/
Pykrete: What Could Be Done With It (natural building forum at permies)

www.civilclick.com/honeycomb-structure/
https://builderology.com/types-of-wood/’
www.tencom.com/blog/the-different-types-and-forms-of-fiberglass-and-how-the…’
16 Types of Concrete & How They’re Used - MT Copeland
Classification of concrete | BIS
A History of Wood from the Stone Age to the 21st Century | Architect Magazine
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Emilio Aguinaldo College

School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology

TMPC 532 LAB

LAB ECPERIMENT #2: NON-METALLIC MATERIALS METALS

GREPO, ROVIC ISAIAH M.

BSME TMEC 3-1

Engr. Joshua Malajito

Name: GREPO, ROVIC ISAIAH Section:Tmec 3-1

Date Performed: 03/14/23 Rating:

a good by large specimens, the industrial), using

High resistance effort to

adverse other under certain discovered

Compared to Carbide for 1930s that

CERAMICS & GLASSES CONCLUSION:

biodegradabl It is very easy less chemicals. first polyester

Pykrete: What Could Be Done With It (natural building forum at permies)

16 Types of Concrete & How They’re Used - MT Copeland

Classification of concrete | BIS

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