Topics 1.1 - 1.4 Basic Concepts Oct2023

1.
1 Basic concepts and definition

1.2 Framework/Model
1.3 Evolution
1.4 Life cycle
Prepared by: Mudiana Mokhsin @Misron, Edited by Madam Robizah

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQXNiH
SXjg
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Prepared by: Mudiana Mokhsin @Misron

▪ IT infrastructure refers to composite
hardware, software, network resources and
services required for existence, operation
and management of an enterprise IT
environment.
▪ It allows an organization to deliver IT
solutions and services to its employees,
partners and customers and is usually
internal to an organization and deployed
within owned facilities.
• Hardware: servers, computers, data centres, switches, hubs and
routers
• Software: ERP, CRM, productivity applications.
• Network: network enablement, Internet connectivity, firewall and
security
 Meatware: refers to the human element within a computer system;

a human is required to operate a computer system; is also known
as wetware or liveware; network administrators (NA), developers,
designers
** Hardware is the system, software runs on the system, meatware is
the user of the system
You will learn more in topic 2

https://coggle.it/diagram/XWriHmn5-6XmVg6G/t/it-
infrastructure-and-emerging-technologies

 Enterprise IT, also known as enterprise-class IT, is
hardware and software designed to meet the
demands of a large organization. In comparison to
consumers and small companies, an enterprise has
greater requirements for availability, compatibility,
reliability, scalability, performance and security,
among other things
 It refers to the concept of information technology
(IT) resources and data that are shared across an
enterprise.

The enterprise environment is composed of a vast
array of technological devices in the corporate
infrastructure. Storage and backup procedures in the
corporate environment make custodian data available
on devices other than an individual computer, such as
on network servers or backup tapes

IT infrastructure provides the foundation for serving customers, working with
vendors, and managing business processes. It defines the capabilities of the firm
today and in the near term.
IT infrastructure can be seen as technology or as service clusters. The service-based

definition focuses on the services provided by the hardware and software, such as computing
platforms, telecommunications, physical facilities management, application software, data
management, IT management, IT standards, IT educations, and IT research and
development. The service platform perspective highlights the business value provided by IT
infrastructure.
The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a
direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firm’s
business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful
impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to customers.
 ITIL is a framework that standardizes IT services'
lifecycle within a business.
 ITIL is an acronym that stands for Information
Technology Infrastructure Library.
 It is a collection of best practices for delivering IT
services; it standardizes the planning, selection,
delivery, and support of IT services to optimize
efficiency and maintain predictable service levels.
 It has roots going back to the 1980s in the United
Kingdom as a government initiative, and the framework
is now covered in five books that are updated
periodically. (There were originally 30 books!)
• ITIL has become the de facto standard in IT service
management. It helps organizations in all kinds of
industries offer their services in a quality-driven and
economical way.
• The most recent version of the ITIL framework, ITIL®
4, was released in February 2019. It’s a significant
update from ITIL V3 which was in widespread use for
over a decade.

ITIL was created by the CCTA -
Since then, ITIL has evolved to ITIL
Central Computing and
4, which AXELOS released in
Telecommunications Agency, a
February 2019. ITIL 4 embraces the
government agency in the United
most recent trends in technology and
Kingdom, at the end of the 1980s.
service management, providing a
The CCTA was commissioned due to
flexible foundation to help
a lack of quality in the IT services
organizations undergo digital
procured by the British Government,
transformation and integrate digital
and a method to achieve better
technology into all aspects of their
quality at a lower cost had to be
operations.
found.

https://info.axiossystems.com/blog/itil4-the-evolution-of-processes

 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-
itil-v3-vs-v4-govind-
ramachandran#:~:text=ITIL%20V3%20Process%20
vs%20ITIL%20V4%20Practices&text=ITIL%20V3
%20processes%20describe%20a,be%20performed
%20as%20an%20organization.
 https://www.simplilearn.com/itil-key-concepts-and-
summary-article
 https://www.simplilearn.com/itil-4-vs-itil-v3-whats-
new-article
The lifecycle approach

 ITIL Service Strategy helps organizations understand the merits of using
a market-driven approach.
 To succeed, organizations must deliver and support services & products that their
customers need.
 Service Strategy helps them to do this by encouraging a practice of service
management for managing IT services.
 No organization acts in a vacuum. Customers always have
alternatives. Even government and nonprofits where social services compete for
tax dollars and contributions.
 Competitive forces demand that an IT organization do its job better than the
alternatives. What service strategy is about is positioning your organization as
non-optional.
 Service Strategy process areas include:
 service portfolio management
 financial management for IT services
 demand management
 business relationship management
 strategy management for IT services
Source: AXELOS, ITILv3 (2011)
Source: AXELOS, ITIL Foundation ITIL 4
Edition (2019)

 The ITIL4 SVS (Service Value Chain) represents how the
various components and activities of the organization work
together to facilitate value creation through IT-enabled services.

Evolution of
IT Infrastructure

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H
pSxEG8WBOM

https://phantran.net/technology-
drivers-of-infrastructure-evolution/

1. Moore’s law and Microprocessing power
a) The power of microprocessors doubles every 18
months
b) Computing power doubles every 18 months
c) The price of computing falls by half every 18 months
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWLB
mapcJRU

2. The Law of Mass Digital Storage
 The amount of digital information is roughly doubling
every year
 Fortunately, the cost of storing digital information is
falling at an exponential rate of 100 percent a year. Figure
5.6 shows that the number of megabytes that can be stored
on magnetic media for $1 from 1950 to the present
roughly doubled every 15 months. In 2018, a 1 terabyte
hard disk drive sells at retail for about $50.
3. Metcalfe’s law and network Economics
 The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a
function of the number of networked members
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVkDdx_NI
RM

4. Declining Communications costs and the Internet
 Utilization of communication and computing facilities
explodes
5. Standards and Network Effects
Today’s enterprise infrastructure and Internet computing would
be impossible— both now and in the future—without
agreements among manufacturers and widespread consumer
acceptance of technology standards. Technology standards are
specifications that establish the compatibility of products and
the ability to communicate in a network.
 Proprietary and expensive infrastructure
 Technology standards
 Ethernet
 enabled PCs to connect together in small LAN
 TCP/IP
 enabled LAN to be connected to Internet
 Economies of scale
 Decline of computing cost
Mobile Cloud
Computing (MCC) is the
combination of cloud
computing, mobile
computing and wireless
networks to bring rich
computational resources
to mobile users, network
operators, as well as cloud
computing providers. MCC
provides business opportunities
for mobile network operators as
well as cloud providers.

 CPU
 Control unit
 ALU
 Registers, cache
 Primary Memory
 Input/output devices
 Permanent storage

 System Software (OS, utility (anti-virus), drivers)
 Programming Software (Java, PhP, C++, etc)
 Application Software (Ms. Office, Authoring Tools)

 Communication
 Job searches
 Finding books and study material
 Health and medicine
 Travel
 Entertainment
 Shopping
 Stock market updates
 Research
 Business
 Misc

 Determined by the number of machines currently on
the internet.
 Machine does not need to exist BUT there must be a
listing for a hostname and IP address on a domain
name server (DNS). – it is based on virtue (high
merit) of its mention on a DNS
http://www.websitemagazine.com/images/blog/adayoft
heinternet_info.png

 Client-server refers to computing architecture in which
software components interact with each other – to
provide a system that can be designed for and used by
multiple users
 Client – is a personal computer, a requesting machine
 Server – is a high-performance based mainframe
machine, a supplying machine
 Client-server technology allows distribute computation,
analysis and presentation btw personal computer and 1
or more high computing machines on a network.
 FTP uses client-server technology to exchange files
between system.
Generates request
Implement protocol for

processing request
Implements back-end
database and sends
responses to the client
3 Tiered client-server architecture
 Refers to the computation intensive software applications performed the
world’s fastest computers.
 Expensive and typically employed for specialized applications – required
large number of mathematical computations.
 Computer speed measured in FLOPS
 Fastest – 1.71 petaflops – IBM Roadrunner (2008)
 Types of applications:
 Weather forecasting
 Animated graphics
 Fluid dynamic calculations
 Nuclear energy research
 Petroleum exploration
 Molecular dynamics for drug design
 Aerodynamics for car and air craft design
 Supercomputer vs mainframe
 Supercomputer – utilize all its computational power for
executing a few programs as fast as possible
 Mainframe – uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently (at the same time).

 The use of a group of tightly coupled computer system – work together closely to
accomplish computational tasks.
 Can be viewed as a single system with centralized management and scheduling
system.
 Computers participating in cluster are connected to each other through fast local
area network (FLAN)
 Helps to improve the performance and availability of computing
 More cost effective compared to single computer having similar speed.

 Cluster categorization:
 High availability clusters – single system but can
be used for multiple purposes
 High performance computing clusters - one node
fail, another node begin to provide service.
Minimum need – two nodes.
 Load balancing – clusters are built using multiple
computers by linking together to share
computational workload – for improving
performance. These clusters are known as server
farm

 Use of Cluster computing (For real-life example of
an application):
 Trade stock
 Graphical rendering for computer-generated imagery, like

for the movie Toy Story (where each frame can take 3
hours to render, more computational power is needed)

 Form of distributed computing and refers to the use
of several computers to solve a single problem at the
same time.
 Grid computing aims to make all computing
resources available constantly on a 24/7 basis.
 Many large corporations such as Boeing and Pratt &
Whitney (aerospace manufacturer with global
service operations – military & aviation) are
currently using computational grids to improve their
operations.
 Heterogeneous vs homogenous
 Loosely coupled vs tightly coupled
 Global positioning of the machines
 Resources handling

 Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by
the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each
location being a data center.
 Delivering hosted services over the Internet.
 Provide common business application online that can be accessed using web
browser – storing software and data on the server.
 3 categories / layers
 IaaS
 PaaS
 SaaS
 **DaaS (Desktop as a Service)
 **XaaS (Anything/Everything as a Service)
 **GaaS (Grocery as a Service)

 **GaaS (Grocery as a Service)
 (In another real-world industry – grocery shopping –
Instacart is a fascinating example, as it has the potential
to build the largest grocery chain in the world without
owning a single grocery store. It uses the existing network
of grocery stores to effectively warehouse their inventory,
while focusing on the final-mile delivery and a delightful
customer service.)

Acronyms related with Cloud computing:
 SaaS – Software as a Service
 PaaS – Platform as a Service
 IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service
 DaaS – Data as a Service
 BaaS – Backend as a Service
 CaaS – Container as a Service
 CaaS - Computer as a Service
- SaaS is software provided as a service, for instance

Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365 or Adobe Creative
Cloud. They’re mainstream office software; provided as a
service, you subscribe for RMXXX per month and get the
latest version to run the computing devices.

- SaaS, Software as a Service is a software licensing and delivery
model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is
centrally hosted.
- SaaS is also known as "on-demand software" and Web-
based/Web-hosted software. SaaS apps are typically accessed by
users using a thin client, e.g., via a web browser.
- SaaS became a common delivery model for many business
applications, including office software, messaging software,
payroll processing software, DBMS software, management
software, CAD software, development software, gamification,
virtualization, accounting, collaboration, customer relationship
management (CRM), management information systems (MIS),
enterprise resource planning (ERP), invoicing, field service
management, human resource management (HRM), talent
acquisition, learning management systems, content management
(CM), geographic information systems (GIS), and service desk
management.
- BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, MailChimp,
ZenDesk, DocuSign, Slack, Hubspot.

- PaaS, or Platform as a Service is a bit more abstract for the
businessperson or end user but put simply a platform would
be something like a web server, or a set of application
platform interfaces like the PayPal payment gateway system.
- complete development and deployment environment in the
cloud, with resources that enable you to deliver everything
from simple cloud-based apps to sophisticated, cloud-
enabled enterprise applications.
- provides a complete, flexible and cost-effective cloud
platform for developing, running and managing applications.
- AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku, Windows Azure (mostly
used as PaaS), Force.com, OpenShift, Apache Stratos,
Magento Commerce Cloud
- https://www.ibm.com/my-en/cloud/learn/paas

- IaaS, or Infrastructure as a Service is the provision of the
infrastructure to run all the other as-a-service layers on, so
it’s the backend server hardware, network infrastructure,
mobile phone networks, wireless networks etc. that the
equipment needs to communicate on and with.
- IaaS businesses offer services such as pay-as-you-go storage,
networking, and virtualization.
- IaaS gives users cloud-based alternatives to on-premise
infrastructure, so businesses can avoid investing in expensive
on-site resources.
- AWS EC2, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine (GCE),
Digital Ocean, Magento 1 Enterprise Edition*.
 https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/saas-vs-paas-vs-
iaas/#the-key-differences-between-on-premise-saas-paas-iaas

- DaaS, or Data as a Service is the provision of database
services, such as a SQL server.
- is a term used to describe cloud-based software tools
used for working with data, such as managing data in a
data warehouse or analyzing data with business
intelligence. It is enabled by software as a service.
- Data as a service (DaaS) is a data management strategy
that uses the cloud to deliver data storage, integration,
processing, and/or analytics services via a network
connection.
- https://research.aimultiple.com/data-as-a-service/

- BaaS, or Backend as a Service is the provision of
behind-the-scenes services to web and mobile
application developers to enable integration of the other
as-a-service concepts.
- BaaS is a platform that automates backend side
development and takes care of the cloud infrastructure.
- Examples of current Backend as a Service (BaaS) users
include a mobile social network that uses BaaS for social
integration, push notifications, data storage and
managing a physical server.
- https://blog.back4app.com/backend-as-a-service-baas/

- CaaS or Computer as a Service is to provide all
business computing needs as a service. That’s
everything from desktop PCs, laptops, tablets,
software, Internet connectivity, website, email,
cloud storage, cloud servers and all the
infrastructure in-between that enables it all to
work seamlessly and reliably.

- CaaS (Containers as a service) is a cloud service model
that allows users to upload, organize, start, stop, scale and
otherwise manage containers, applications and clusters. It
enables these processes by using either a container-based
virtualization, an application programming interface (API)
or a web portal interface.
- CaaS helps users construct security-rich, scalable
containerized applications through on-premises data
centers or the cloud.
- Containers and clusters are used as a service with this
model and are deployed in the cloud or in onsite data
centers. (https://www.ibm.com/services/cloud/containers-
as-a-service)
 The advantage to businesses is that it allows them to budget their
IT spend accurately, by only paying for what they use. Giving
the ability to scale up and down as required.
 CaaS also provides businesses a ready-made best-practice driven
IT environment which ensures that systems are always up-to-
date.
 The concept is to align the services provided to the business
strategy, enabling the business to forge ahead without having to
worry about whether their IT systems will cope.

Understand
cloud computing
in layman term

https://m.oursky.com/saas-paas-and-iaas-explained-in-one-graphic-d56c3e6f4606
 3 basic characteristics
 It is sold on demand – user only pay for required
capacity – soon can upgrade the capacity (e.g.,
Dropbox)
 This service is elastic – user can have the service
as they want anytime (24/7)
 Fully managed by service provider – no Internet
no talk! – and PC definitely!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUeWvtZ7crw

http://blogs.gartner.com/smart
erwithgartner/files/2015/03/To
p10TechTrends.png

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6zJi8CU
7Tk


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1.

1 Basic concepts and definition

Prepared by: Mudiana Mokhsin @Misron, Edited by Madam Robizah

Let’s watch a video!

Prepared by: Mudiana Mokhsin @Misron

 Meatware: refers to the human element within a computer system;

You will learn more in topic 2

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IT infrastructure can be seen as technology or as service clusters. The service-based

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Implement protocol for

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 Graphical rendering for computer-generated imagery, like

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 PaaS – Platform as a Service

 IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service

 DaaS – Data as a Service

 BaaS – Backend as a Service

 CaaS – Container as a Service

 CaaS - Computer as a Service

- SaaS is software provided as a service, for instance

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