The Third Intermediate Period and The Late Period

196)24, Sobek of Shedet appears together with other important

Egyptian deities, who are said to be within the court (wsxt) of
the House of Life. The name of the crocodile god of the Fayyum
is mentioned immediately after those of Ptah, Shu, Tefnet, Geb,
Nut, Osiris, Isis, Nephtys and Heryshef and just before those of
Horus of Letopolis, Min of Coptos and Hathor of Dendera and of
Aphroditolpolis.
To conclude, the available sources of the period do not offer
many information on the nature of Sobek of Shedet or on the
attitude of private people towards him. However, the syncretistic
form Sobek-Horus, so characteristic of the theology of the
Fayyum, survived, and also his connections with Osiris did not
cease. As in the previous periods, he maintained relations also
with other deities, such as Heryshef and Hathor, even though
they were prevalently based on geographical reasons. Besides
the above-mentioned documents, it is worthwhile to add that the
bust of the aforementioned statue of Harkhebis, son of Sa-sobek,
is engraved with the image of two pairs of seated deities in front
of each other. At the centre there is Sobek with double crown and
was-sceptre; opposite to him there is a bearded god, with horns
surmounted by a solar disk and two high feathers, very likely an
image of Osiris (ity ?). Behind Sobek a ram-headed god with atef-
crown is represented. This might be an image of Heryshef, who,
as well as Sobek and Osiris, is mentioned in the text. Behind
Osiris, there is the image of a goddess, Hathor or Isis, with horns
and solar disk.
As we have seen, a novelty of the period following the New
Kingdom was the introduction in the Fayyum of an organised
cult in honour of the goddess Neith of Sais, who, starting at least
from the Old Kingdom, was believed to have given birth to the
crocodile god. Perhaps, another novelty was the emigration of a
cult of Sobek of Shedet to the V nome of Lower Egypt.
Moreover, apart from the epithets of geographical nature
ascribed to Sobek-Horus of Shedet on the naos of Brussels,
the only other titles assumed by the main crocodile god of the
Fayyum were those of ‘lord of the sky’ (nb pt) and of ‘beautiful
god’ (nb nfr)25. The irst title, borne by the god for the irst time
in the reign of Osorkon II, is attested on a statue in bronze of the
god, with an inscription mentioning ‘Sobek of Shedet – Horus
who resides in Shedet, lord of the sky’, so that he can grant ‘life
and health’ to a certain Pa-iu, son of Pa-di-aset (doc. 180). The

24
Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.50, col. XIV, 12: GOYON 1972, 69. The date of this
papyrus, originating perhaps from Heliopolis and which migth be a copy of a text of
the Eighteenth Dynasty, is uncertain.
25
LEITZ 2002, III, 661.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

second title appears on the offering-formula of the statue of Nes-

na-isut of the reign of Psammetik I. The epithet is the only piece
of evidence of the period suggesting that the crocodile god could
still be regarded as a pleasant deity by private people.

The last dynasties

As well as in the previous periods, also in the last dynasties

Sobek of the Fayyum is attested both within and outside his
region.
In the seventh register of the north wall of Room A in the
temple of Hibis of the Twenty-seventh Dynasty in the Kharga
Oasis, the king is represented offering a ield (sxt) to the local
Amon, followed by a row of deities of the Fayyum26. As main
god of the region, Sobek leads the row of gods. Of his image,
labelled ‘[Sobe]k-Ra-Harakhty, lord of the sky (nb pt)’, only the
double crown remains. This is a solar form of the crocodile
god, associated with the solar god par excellence and, as such,
heaven is his principal domain. The god is followed by Anuket
‘who resides in the land of the lake’ (Hryt-ib tA-S), holding arrows
and ankh in one hand and bow and arrow in the other27. Behind
the goddess, there is a crocodile-headed igure, with two horns
surmounted by the red crown with three curls and solar disk and
holding ankh and knife in one hand and a sceptre in the other.
The name of the god, ‘Sobek’, is followed by the hieroglyphs of
the mouth and three curls, which recall those of the red crown.
I do not know how to interpret this epithet. However, it has
been regarded as a writing for the epithet iry-Snwt28. Eugene
Cruz-Uribe29 has instead suggested that, since the curl of the
crown is to be read HAb, the signs following Sobek’s name should
be interpreted as a place-name, r-HAbw, which would denote an
otherwise unattested locality of the Fayyum, or, even though
less likely, as a name for r-stAw, necropolis of Memphis, or also
as an ‘unetymological writing of Lahun’. After this god, there
is another crocodile-headed deity, who is simply called ‘Sobek’,
wearing sun disk and two high plumes and holding possibly a
mace in one hand and a staff in the other. Afterwards, there are
two forms of Osiris-ity, the irst one ‘who resides in Shedet’,
the second one ‘who resides in the land of the lake’30. These are

26
DAVIES 1953, pl. III; CRUZ-URIBE 1988, 18-19.
27
On Anuket in the Fayyum, see ZECCHI 2001, 209-211.
28
DAVIES 1953, pl. III; BROVARSKI 1984, 1009, 1025 note 266.
29
CRUZ-URIBE 1988, 18.
30
ZECCHI 2006, 127-128.

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 The Third Intermediate Period and The Late Period

followed by a walking cow, named ‘Mehetweret who resides in

the land of the lake’ (Hryt-ib tA-S), with a child, ‘Ra-Harakhty
who created himself’, sitting between her horns. Then there are
a female igure with double curls on her head, front facing and
kneeling with hands in front of her, another goddess suckling a
small igure called ‘good god’, Neith ‘who resides in the island’
(Hryt-ib iw), Bastet ‘who resides in her barque’, another form of
Anuket, called ‘who resided in the island’ (Hryt-ib iw), followed
by a group of gods from Aphroditopolis.
The god Sobek appears also on a few private documents.
Particularly interesting is the statue Turin 3028, belonging to
the priest of Neith Wennefer, son of Djed-bastet-iuef-ankh, of the
Thirtieth Dynasty31 because it preserves the only known offering-
formula of the last dynasty dedicated to the crocodile god of the
Fayyum. As in the previous periods, the god is mentioned in his
syncretistic association with Horus and together with the Osirian
form of the region: Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib […] and Htp-di-
nswt wsir ity Hry-ib tA-S (doc. 189)32.
In the Late Period, Sobek of Shedet did not cease to give help
and show kindness to the dead. On a base statuette in limestone of
unknown provenance, the god is mentioned in his usual syncretistic
association with Horus as a beneicent deity towards the deceased
owner of the monument, called Iret-hor-iru, son of Tjay-hep: ‘Sobek
of Shedet – Horus who resides in Shedet, who gives life, prosperity,
health and a good old age under him’ (doc. 194)33.
Sobek of Shedet is mentioned also on a small number
of sarcophagi (doc. 191-193). On one of their sides, the two
goddesses Meryt of Ra lead a group of twenty-four deities, who
have the task to protect the deceased and perform other basic
functions for his survival in the netherworld. The irst of these
gods is the crocodile-headed Sobek of the Fayyum, accompanied
by the inscription: ‘Words to be spoken by Sobek Shedety (sbk
Sdty): I reunite your limbs, complete in Osiris (sbq=i at=k tm m
wsir), O N…’. Through a pun between the subject (sbk) and the
verb (sbq)34, that is between the god’s name and his action, the

31
This man is known thanks to other documents: HERBIN 1979, 267-272; EL-SAYED
1982, 452; ZECCHI 1999, 71-72.
32
Based on a personal copy of the text. See also HERBIN 1979, 268-270. FABRETTI –
ROSSI – LANZONE 1888, 411, claim that the statue came from Thebes (PM I, 794), but a
provenance from the Fayyum region seems more plausible,
33
STEWART 1983, 32, no. 120 dates the statuette to the Ramesside Period. The Petrie
Museum has also a lower part of an amulet in form of counterpoise inscribed with
‘[Sobek/Horus ?] of Shedet’ (UC 45361) (doc. 195).
34
Wb. IV, 95, 1. For a similar alliteration, see pStrasbourg 2, col III, 3-4: ‘You have
riunited your limbs… in your name of Sobek of Shedet’ (sbq.n=i Haw… m rn=k pw n
sbk Sdt): BUCHER 1928, 148.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

redactors of this text evoked an important role carried out by

Sobek of the Fayyum since the Middle Kingdom. But, if in the
hymns of that period, the crocodile god gathers the limbs of his
dead father Osiris, in this context the fundamental pursuit of the
corporeal integrity has been transported to a human level: Sobek
collects the limbs of the deceased, puts them together and then
reunites the dead person to the dead god, so that he is able to live
a second existence.
Another interesting piece of evidence on the crocodile god of
Shedet is the fragmentary statue CG 882 (doc. 188)35 from Medinet
el-Fayyum representing a woman called Di-aset-seneb between
her husband (?) Pepeneh36 (III) and her son Harkhebis (II). The
inscriptions of the monument contain a sort of genealogy of their
family, whose members transmitted their titles from father to
son for a few generations. The members of this family oficiated
as priest of Neith at Shedet, with the titles of Hm-ntr 2.nw nt or
Hm-nt, as priests of Amon, with the title ‘hem-priest of Amon the
great in the land of the lake’ (Hm-ntr imn aA m tA-S), and as priests
of the crocodile god, as ‘substitute of the house of Sobek’ (idnw
n pr-sbk), ‘hem-priest of Sobek with a distinguished form’ (Hm-
ntr sbk tn irw) and ‘hem-priest of Sobek, lord of magniicence
in the great place’ (Hm-ntr sbk nb fAw m st wrt). Also the women
of the family participated to rituals in honour of Sobek. Da-di-
aset and a certain Pa-di-neith mentioned in the text held the
title of ‘musician of Sobek of Shedet’ (iHyt n sbk Sdt). Actually,
they are the irst women attached to the cult of Sobek of Shedet
after Meryt (II), wife of the mayor of the Fayyum Sobekhotep
son of Min, of the Eighteenth Dynasty. In the text, Sobek is
ascribed with two epithets. The irst one, ‘distinguished of form’
(tn irw)37, is here attested in association with Sobek for the irst
and only time during the dynastic period38. On the contrary, the
second one, ‘lord of magniicence’, was in use during the Middle
Kingdom to stress the resplendent divine and royal nature of the
crocodile god. Also the mention of the ‘great place’ (st wrt) is
directly inspired by a terminology relative to the crocodile god

35
The statue has generally been attributed to the Ptolemaic Period after PM IV, 99 (see
for example EL-SAYED 1982, 453; EL-SAYED 1985, 286, and also myself: ZECCHI 1999,
4-6). But it seems that it should be dated to an earlier period, from XXVI (FISCHER
1973, 27; HERBIN 1979, 255; GUERMEUR 2005, 412) to the Late Period (BORCHARDT 1930,
133, and LEITZ 2002, VI, 265).
36
At least three men of the family bore this name. Its reading is uncertain: ppnH,
pnpH. It cannot be ruled out the possibility that the name should be read pA-n-p(t)H, as
suggested by HERBIN 1979, 256, 259, note 2.
37
On the reading of this epithet in this speciic case, see, however, LEITZ 2002, VI, 265.
38
This epithet will be ascribed again to Sobek in the temple of Kom Ombo (Kom
Ombo, 921) in an offering scene of cloth (mnxt). See also LEITZ 2002, VII, 467-468.

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 The Third Intermediate Period and The Late Period

and typical of the Twelfth Dynasty and used to describe his true
identity. However, starting from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, with
the priest Harkhebis, who held the ofice of ‘hem-priest of Sobek
of the great seat (Hm-ntr sbk n st wrt), the association between
god and st wrt became quite recurrent in the titles of the clergy
of Sobek of Shedet.
Another monument which is worth noting, even though its
text does not expressly mention Sobek of Shedet, is a statue39
from the Fayyum, belonging to another priest of Neith and
Sobek, Wennefer, who held the ofices of ‘hem-priest of Neith and
Sobek’, ‘herald of Sobek and the cow’ (wHmw n sbk iHt), ‘master
of the secrets of Isis, the great’ (Hry-sStA n Ast wrt)40 and ‘puriier of
Sobek’ (sbk ab)41. The statue represents Wennefer holding a naos
with closed doors and wearing the leopard skin and a necklace
with a pendant in the shape of a ram-headed crocodile, with
atef-crown. The inscription of the monument contains a sort of
autobiography of the owner, with an impressive long sequence
of his supposed good qualities. He is, however, the one who does
what is praiseworthy ‘to his lord’, that is Sobek (n nb=f)42, ‘whose
name is great among the ancestors, the unique… the one who
irrigates the hearts… great of respect (wr Sfyt) in all the lands
(m-hn tAw nbw) like the one who created him (mi qmA sw), Sobek
foremost of the gods (sbk xnty ntrw)…’.
Ankhruty, son of a certain Djed-bastet-iuef-ankh, was certainly
one of the most inluential man of the Fayyum of the Late Period.
Very likely, he lived during the Thirtieth Dynasty and was buried
at Hawara, where his cofin was brought to light (doc. 190)43.
This high-ranking personage was ‘mayor of the land of the lake’
(HAty-a tA-S) and ‘great overseer of the great green’ (imy-r aA wAd-
wr), evidently an honoriic title. As well as the mayors of the
Eighteenth Dynasty, Ankhruty had the control of the clergy of

39
Statue CG 688: BORCHARDT 1930, 31, pl. CXXVI; PM IV, 104; EL-SAYED 1981, 313-323,
pls. XXXVII-XL.
40
A priesthood of Isis in the Fayyum is attested only starting from the Saitic period.
Spiegelberg described a fragment of a statuette dated by him at the Twenty-sixth
Dynasty and seen by him in 1927. The object belonged to a certain Horudja, who was
‘hem-priest of Sobek of the Island, of Isis Nefer-set, of Renenutet’ (Hm-ntr sbk n pA-iw
Ast nfr-st rnnwtt): SPIEGELBERG 1928, 55-56. Two brothers of the Late Period, both called
Djed-bastet-iuef-ankh, bore the title, among others, of ‘hem-priest of Isis of mr-wr’:
PETRIE 1889, pl. IV.
41
See also the title ‘great puriier of Sobek Shedety’, attested on a stela of the Middle
Kingdom: PETRIE 1879, pl. VIII.
42
The word ‘lord’, nb, is written with the sign of the crocodile.
43
PETRIE 1889, 9, 21-23, pls. I-III. As stated by Petrie, the cofin is in the Cairo Museum.
See also DOLZANI 1961, 216; FISCHER 1973, 127, note 57; HERBIN 1979, 302-315, doc. no.
A 2; ZECCHI 1999, 41-42, no. 189. According to Petrie, the tomb of Ankhruty had been
built on the surface, in the necropolis of Hawara.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

Sobek and also occupied numerous ofices connected with gods

worshipped in the region, like Neith44, Hathor45, Thoth46, Horus47
and Horus ‘the son of Isis’ (Hr-pA-sA-Ast)48.
The majority of his titles, however, was attached to the cult of the
crocodile god. Ankhruty held both the ofices of ‘irst hem-priest’ (Hm-
ntr tpy) and ‘overseer of the hem-priests’ (imy-r Hmw-ntr), without
any other speciications. Very likely, they do not denote two different
functions and positions, but relected his high status as chief priest
of the main Fayyumic god. These titles are followed by that of
‘controller of the hem-priests of Sobek in the entire land’ (xrp Hmw-
ntr n sbk m tA dr=f), which, of course, did not imply a real control of
all the cults and clergies of all the crocodile gods in Egypt, but rather
it aimed at stressing an ideal supremacy of Sobek of the Fayyum,
and, as a consequence, of his main priest, over those present in the
whole country. Moreover, the repetition of the title Hm-ntr, each time
followed by a different epithet of the god, is not due to ritual reasons,
but to the necessity of expressing the complex and rich personality
of the chief deity of Shedet and of the whole region. If some of these
titles were original and new, and were not to be adopted in any other
context, others were identical or inspired to more ancient epithets,
some of which had fallen out of use in the New Kingdom. Ankhruty
was not simply ‘hem-priest of Sobek’ (Hm-ntr sbk), but also ‘hem-
priest of Sobek of Shedet – Horus who resides in Shedet, lord of the
wrrt-crown, with two horns, who resides in the great palace, lord of
the great place’ (Hm-ntr sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb wrrt Hnwty Hry-ib aH-wr
nb st wrt, variant Hm-ntr sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb wrrt Hry-ib aH-wr st
wrt), ‘of Sobek (of) the temple of Shedet, the great place’ (n sbk Hwt
Sdt st wrt), ‘of Sobek lord of the wrrt-crown in the great place (and
of) his Ennead’ (n sbk nb wrrt m st wrt psdt=f), ‘hem-priest of Sobek,

44
He was ‘hem-priest of Neith’ and ‘overseer of the singers of Neith, who resides in the
land of the lake’ (imy-r Hsw n nt Hry-ib tA-S), an otherwise unattested title in the Fayyum.
45
‘Hem-priest of Hathor’, ‘hem-priest of Hathor lady of Atih in the land of the lake’
(Hm-ntr Ht-Hr nbt tpt-iHw m tA-S) and ‘divine ad-mr of Hathor’ (ad-mr ntr n Ht-Hr). See also
the title ‘hem-priest of Hathor of Atih’, borne by the two brothers Djed-bastet-iuef-
ankh, known thanks to their canopic jars discovered at Hawara: ZECCHI 1999, 49. On
the presence of Hathor in the Fayyum, see ZECCHI 2001, 26, 57, 80-81, 101, 108-110,
124, 139-142, 145-146, 171-172, 188-191, 203.
46
‘Hem-priest of Thot’. On the presence of this god in the Fayyum: ZECCHI 2001, 89,
115, 123, 141, 190, 200.
47
‘Hem-priest of Horus’. On the priests of Horus in the Fayyum, ZECCHI 1999, 99-100.
48
‘The one who is in the horizon of Horus, the son of Isis of Mer-ur’ (imy Axt n Hr-pA-sA-
Ast n mr-wr). For other attestations of the title imy Axt, see VERNUS 1978, 192. The place-
name mr-wr is here followed by the determinative of ‘city’ and, very likely, denotes
Gurob. The cult of Horus son of Isis was associated in this settlement with those of
his parents. The two above-mentioned brothers Djed-bastet-iuef-ankh were also ‘hem-
priest of Isis of mr-wr’, while a certain Pa-di-aset, known thanks to the offering-table
CG 23235 from Hawara (KAMAL 1909, 50 no. 227), had the title of ‘servant of Osiris
(of) mr-wr’.

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 The Third Intermediate Period and The Late Period

possessor (of the qualities) of Maat in the great place (and of) his
Ennead’ (Hm-ntr sbk nb mAat m st wrt psdt=f). Following a phraseology
inaugurated during Amenemhat III’s reign, these titles insisted on
stressing the greatness of the temple of Shedet and the connection
of its god with the wrrt-crown. The temple of Shedet was still the
‘great palace’, the place of the st wrt, where Sobek lived together with
his Ennead and where he could take possession of the wrrt-crown
and show his rightness through his association with Maat. Ankhruty
was also hem-priest of ‘Sobek sharp of teeth’ (sbk spd ibHw), an
epithet already used in the hymns to Sobek of Shedet of the Middle
Kingdom49, of ‘Sobek lord of the House of the Prince, beautiful
of manifestation’ (sbk nb Hwt-sr nfr mswt)50 and of ‘hem-priest of
Sobek lord of the land of the lake, the Mansion of Sobek’ (Hm-ntr
sbk nb tA-S Hwt sbk), which, besides conirming the supremacy of the
crocodile god over the whole Fayyum, suggests that the region itself
was the preferred residence of the deity. The association between the
crocodile god with the heb-sed, which had already been expressed
in the Middle Kingdom temple of Medinet Madi where he granted
the rejuvenation and eternal kingship of the ruling kings, and which
continued through the reigns of Ramesse II and Osorkon II, are here
conirmed through the title of hem-priest of ‘Sobek lord of the jubilee
festival’ (sbk nb Hb-sd)51. Furthermore, Ankhruty held the ofices of
‘overseer of the singers of Sobek’ (imy-r Hsw n sbk), a title that has
a parallel in that of ‘overseer of the singers of Neith’, and of ‘chief
of the cloth of Sobek’ (Hry mnxt n sbk). This title perhaps refers to
a control of Ankhruty over the production of the cloth and fabrics
used to dress the statue of the god, in order to protect and decorate
it, or, possibly, to wrap the mummies of the sacred crocodiles. In
this respect, a funerary function of the cloths of Sobek of Shedet is
suggested by the embalming ritual, where we read that they were
a product of the local temple (mnxt m pr-sbk) and could be used to
embalm the body of the deceased (ii n=k mnxt nt sbk Sdty)52. There are
two other interesting titles of Ankhruty that deserve to be mentioned.
The irst one is that of ‘protector and sacred of Sobek’ (xw dsr n sbk).
I do not know any other attestation of this title referred to Sobek,
nor do I know any other non-royal person to have been called xw
dsr53. But this title was used by kings in the Greco-Roman temples
when performing rituals involving amulets and pectorals, so that it

49
GARDINER 1957, 52.
50
The connections between Sobek of Shedet and the House of the Prince of Heliopolis
go back to the Middle Kingdom, when the god could be called ‘great in the House
of the Prince’ (wr m Hwt-sr) in an hymn in his honour: Gardiner 1957, pl. 4. For the
epithet nfr mswt, see LEITZ 2002, IV, 212.
51
LEITZ 2002, III, 696.
52
SAUNERON 1952, 6, 3, and 8, 3.
53
Wb. III, 245, 25.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

seems to be connected with goldsmith’s art54. For example, in a scene

of the temple of Edfu, dedicated to the ritual ts wdA, ‘tying on the
amulet’, to the god Montu, the king is called ‘protector and sacred of
the Majesty of Ra and the one who adorns the throat of Montu’ (xw
dsr n Hm ra shkr Snbt mntw)55. The term xw, ‘to protect’, ‘protector’,
and dsr, ‘sacred’, but also ‘splendid’, seem to be appropriate words
to describe the activity of someone who decorates the images of the
gods with precious materials and costly stones. Perhaps, Ankhruty,
as xw dsr n sbk, might have performed a similar function in Sobek’s
honour, adorning the statue of the god with amulets or pectorals,
which simultaneously protected and embellished the divine image56.
The second title is not exclusively attached to the crocodile god, but
is connected with the whole Fayyumic pantheon: smA dt n ntrw tA-S,
the ‘sema-priest of the body of the gods of the land of the lake’. It
has been translated by F. Ll. Grifith as ‘interrer of the bodies of the
gods of Ta-she’57; Claudia Dolzani followed Grifith’s interpretation
(‘seppellitore del corpo degli dei della Terra del Lago’)58, while F.R.
Herbin did not offer any translation59. Starting from the Late Period,
in the texts the expression dt ntr, rather than denoting the divine dead
bodies, is mainly used to indicate the images of the gods, which were
the objects of rituals in the temples60. Moreover, I would like to point
out that in a scene from the temple of Edfu, the verb smA, ‘to unite’61
is once again associated with dt ntr, in a context in which the god of
fabrics Hedjhotep is said to ‘create cloth’ (ir mnxt) and smA dt ntr62, to
‘unite’, that is to clothe, the divine body. Ankhruty’s title might have a
similar meaning and should perhaps be read as ‘the one who clothes
the body of the gods of the land of the Fayyum’, that is he had the task
of adorning the ritual statues of all the gods of the region.
The revival of ancient epithets of Sobek in Ankhruty’s titulary
had perhaps a parallel in a renewal of the god’s temple. This
might have partly been due to a series of activities that, in the
autobiographical text on his cofin63, the mayor of the Fayyum

54
See the examples collected by CAUVILLE 2008, 53, who translates the title as ‘l’orfèvre’.
55
Edfu II 72, 10.
56
In his cofin, Ankhruty bears also the title dsr, the ‘sacred’, of which I know only two
other examples of the Greco-Roman period. The irst one in the temple of Edfu (Edfu
I 344, 16) and the second one at Dendera (Dendera X 15, 5), respectively as priests
of Behdet and Lycopolis. To these, it should be added the above-mentioned priest of
Sobek Hor-sa-aset of the Saitic period, who was ‘sacred of his lord’.
57
Grifith, in PETRIE 1889, 23.
58
DOLZANI 1961, 216.
59
HERBIN 1979, 308, 315, note 39.
60
Wb. V, 504, 5; WILSON 1997, 1249.
61
Wb. III, 446, 3 – 447, 1. The verb ‘to be buried’ is usually smA tA: Wb. III 448, 15 – 449, 17.
62
Edfu II, 163, 15.
63
Based on the copy in PETRIE 1889, pl. III, but a new collation of the text woud be
necessary for a reliable transaltion.

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 The Third Intermediate Period and The Late Period

boasts to have carried out for the beneit of a temple, very likely
that of Shedet. If we give credit to this text, Ankhruty was active
for a span of time of thirty-four years, during which he erected
the cult images of the gods (saHa ahmw) in the seats in the temple
(swt m pr ntr) and took care of the health (snb) of all its pigeons
(mnwt)64; moreover, following the command of an anonymous
king (wd Hm=f), he was responsible of some works in the temple
(kAt n Hwt-ntr) and made the god Sobek ‘to rest in his mansion’
(rdi Htp sbk m pr=f), an expression that might refer to the fact that
he controlled the ceremonies of the burial of the sacred crocodile.
The special devotion of Ankhruty to Sobek is conirmed by the
fact the he chose to have a double image of the god just above
his head on his cofin. The underside of the lid is covered with
stars and two discs, one with a cynocephalus over the feet and
one, over the head, with two Sobek65. This double iconography
emphasises different aspects of the god’s nature. Both the deities
have a human body and a crocodile head and hold was-staff and
ankh-sing, but they are wearing two different headgears. The irst
one has the double crown, an emblem of royal power, the second
image has a solar disc with two high plumes on his head.
There is one last, but unpublished, document which must
be mentioned. As we have seen, in his autobiographical text,
Ankhruty declares to have followed the decree of a unnamed
king, who ordered some works in the temple of Shedet. Although
not necessarily connected with what stated by the mayor of the
Fayyum, there is a piece of evidence that at least one of the kings
of the Thirtieth Dynasty was active in the temple of the crocodile
god. In the Cairo Museum, there is a relief (doc. 187)66 said to
come from Kom Fares with an scene representing Nectanebo II,
called ‘the beautiful king, the lord of the two lands, Senedjem-
ib-ra setep-en-imen, son of Ra, lord of appearances, Nectanebo,
given life’, while offering a ield (sxt) to ‘Sobek of Shedet – Horus
who resides in Shedet, given life’ (sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt di anx),
here represented crocodile-headed with was-staff and pshent.
Unfortunately, there is no other attestation of Nectanebo II in
Shedet or in the Fayyum which might corroborate the presence of
this sovereign in the region. If this relief actually comes from the

64
Wb. II, 68, 2-4. Pigeons are known to be included in offering lists from the Old
Kingdom. At Edfu they appear in a list of offering for a festival (Edfu V, 134, 9). A
papyrus of Roman date from Bakchias in the Fayyum (pBakchias 138) contains a
pigeon count, which, however, is not necessarely connected with a breeding of these
birds in the temple or in its proximity; it should be added that in front of the temple
numerous dead pigeons were found during the 1997 and 1998 excavations at the site:
NACHTERGAL 1999, 117-121.
65
PETRIE 1889, pl. I.
66
Unpublished, quoted by HERBIN 1979, 252, doc. no. 253.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

ancient Shedet, it would prove that Nectanebo II embellished or

enlarged the temple of Sobek or that the he built an independent
structure for god’s cult. At any rate, the last king of the dynastic
period of Egyptian history would have also been the last king to
have paid homage to Sobek of Shedet, one of the most ancient
gods of the Egyptian pantheon.

– 152 –
 CONCLUSIONS

S
obek of Shedet was the most successful crocodile god
in the dynastic period. He was able to transcend his
rapacious nature, to become involved in a wide range of
religious themes and issues. At the base of his success there were
religious, political and economical factors, such as the territorial
exploitation of the Fayyum, the presence in the region of royal
burials and of the so-called Labyrinth during the Twelfth Dynasty,
and the building of new temples. Moreover, Egyptian kings, in
particular Amenemhat III, strongly promoted the syncretistic
association of the crocodile Sobek of the Fayyum with the
falcon Horus. In terms of dynasty policy, this divine union was
signiicant because it allowed Amenemhat III to stress, on a
local level, the connection of his legitimate rule to the divine
world and permitted Sobek of Shedet to be involved in the royal
ideology and to become one of the gods from whom the royal
power derived.
In the Greco-Roman period Sobek of Shedet still retained
great part of his prestige and he would deserve to be studied in
depth. His main temple was very likely enlarged starting from the
reign of Ptolemy II1, and his igure was exalted in the so-called
‘Book of the Fayyum’2, a group of texts that provides a ‘map’
of the Fayyum region. In this period, his main characteristics
were still intact. As in the previous ages, Sobek’s name could
appear alone or united with that of the falcon god in the usual
form ‘Sobek Shedety (or ‘of Shedet’) – Horus who resides in
Shedet’. Nevertheless, the speciic Horus of Shedet was able to
act independently from his crocodile side3, in contexts, however,
where he imitated the functions of Sobek of Shedet4. Moreover,
Sobek of Shedet was still described as an aggressive deity5, but
who could show his more gentle aspect to the dead6, assisting

1
PETRIE 1889, 58-59.
2
BOTTI 1959; BEINLICH 1991; TAIT 2003.
3
See, for example, Fayyum Book 7 (BEINLICH 1991, 138-139) and a couple of scenes
from the temple of Edfu: Edfu IV, 84, 13, and VII, 119, 2 (on these scenes see also:
ZECCHI 2001, 64-65).
4
In the ‘Book of Breathing’ (II, 8) Horus of Shedet acts in favour of the dead, ‘carrying
his wish’: HERBIN 2008, 39, pls. 19-20.
5
pStrasbourg 2, III, 2: BUCHER 1928, 148. In the temple of Kom Ombo, Sobek is
occasionally called ‘lord of fear, ruler of the great green’ (nb snd HqA wAd wr) (Gutbub,
Kom Ombo I, no. 14) and the one ‘who eats enemies in his lake’ (wnm xftyw m S=f) (DE
MORGAN 1894, II, no. 94, 419-420, 470) very likely an allusion to the lake of the Fayyum.
6
SAUNERON 1952, 6,3, and 8, 2.

– 153 –
Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

,them in the netherworld. He was still son of the goddess Neith7,

but also the saviour of his father Osiris8 and son of Isis9. And he
was connected with Ra10 and a primordial god11 and controller of
the lood, which was the livelihood not only of the Fayyum, but
of the whole of Egypt12.
But, starting from the Ptolemaic period, a peculiar religious
phenomenon took place in the Fayyum: the shattering of the main
local god. The igure of Sobek of Shedet, until then undisputed
lord of the whole region, splintered in several different crocodile
gods. In the dynastic period, a few forms of the god – for example
Sobek of Ra-sehuy, Sobek of Busiris and Sobek of Gereg-ba-
ef – lived in the Fayyum next to Sobek Shedety, who, however,
imposed himself in the main localities of the region, such as
Hawara, Medinet Madi and Gurob. But in the Greco-Roman
period the towns of the region invented new crocodile deities.
These new divine forms, which might be perhaps regarded
as direct emanations of the irst regional crocodile god, took
different names according to local theological necessities, such
as, for example, Petesuchos, Pnepheros and Soxis at Karanis,
Pnepheros at Theadelphia, Soknobkonneus and Soknobraisis
at Bakchias, Soknopaios and Soknopiaiis at Soknopaiou Nesos,
Sokonopis at Medinet Madi, Soknebtynis at Tebtynis, Psosnaus
and Pnepheros at Euhemeria13. In comparison with the ancient
Sobek of Shedet, these new deities are shady igures, whose
inluence does not seem to go beyond the boundaries of their
localities. And even Sobek of Shedet does not seem to have had
special relationships with these other selves of his. It is also not
clear whether it is the Sobek of Shedet who was hidden behind
the more generic Sobek, with no geographic speciication,
mentioned in demotic and Greek documents from the Fayyum14.

7
For example, Fayyum Book 747-754 (BEINLICH 1991, 212-213); pStrasbourg 2, III, 23
(BUCHER 1928, 152).
8
pStrasbourg 2, III, 3 (BUCHER 1928, 148).
9
Fayyum Book 67 (BEINLICH 1991, 144-145); DE MORGAN, Cat. des Mon., II, no. 61.
10
Fayyum Book, 1265 (BEINLICH 1991, 264-265).
11
Fayyum Book, 161-164 (BEINLICH 1991, 154-155). See also Esna III, 271-273, no. 334,
where Sobek-Ra is the one ‘who is bright in the primeval waters (sSp m nnw wr), as
Ra who is between the horns of Mehet-weret, the great god who is in the land of the
lake (ntr wr m tA-S)’.
12
For example: pStrasbourg 2, V. 3 (BUCHER 1928, 162).
13
On some observations on the god Sobek in the Fayyum of the Greco-Roman period,
see, for example: TOUTAIN 1915, 171-194; PERNIGOTTI 2000, 16-19, 23-27, 81-88; WIDMER
2003, 3-22; RONDOT 2004; WIDMER 2005, 171-184; WIDMER 2005a, 345-354; ZECCHI 2006a,
132-137; KOCKELMANN 2008, 153-164.
14
For the Greek documents on Sobek in the main town of the Fayyum, see: TOUTAIN
1915, 173-174, and RÜBSAM 1974, 26-29. Some Greek papyri offer evidence on
the presence at Shedet/Crocodilopolis of other forms of the crocodile god, such as
Soknebtynis, Soknopaios, Sokopichonsis and Petesuchos: RÜBSAM 1974, 34-36.

– 154 –
 Conclusions

However, even though, in the Greco-Roman age, the name of

Sobek of Shedet occurs in a more limited typology of sources –
almost exclusively templar reliefs and in hieratic, hieroglyphic
and demotic papyri – he is the god which represents them all.
Sobek of Shedet still remained the crocodile god par excellence
of the Fayyum. When the name and image of Sobek of the
Fayyum appeared in texts and in offering scenes on the walls
of the Egyptian temples of Greco-Roman age, it was always
under the form of the ‘regional’ Sobek, who ruled over the
region in its entirety15, or, more signiicantly, it was as Sobek
of Shedet16. I would like to conclude mentioning a relief of the
temple of Dendera, dating to the reign of emperor Claudius and
showing a handshake between Horus of Edfu and Sobek of the
Fayyum17. This union, apparently heretical, was made possible
by the ancient syncretism between the falcon god and Sobek of
Shedet. As suggested by Sylvie Cauville18, the reconciliation of
the falcon god of Edfu with the one who was the most renowned
Egyptian crocodile deity aimed at recommending peace and
concord during the reign. For Sobek of the Fayyum, originally
worshipped as a dangerous divine manifestation to be paciied
through offerings, it was certainly a worthy way to conclude his
divine career.

15
As ‘Sobek foremost of the lake, lord of Mer-ur’ (sbk xnty S nb mr-wr), see: Kom Ombo,
no. 891; as ‘Sobek lord of Mer-ur’ (sbk nb mr-wr): Kom Ombo, no. 100; as ‘Sobek lord of
Mer-ur, lord of the lake’ (sbk nb mr-wr nb S): Kom Ombo, no. 60; as ‘Sobek foremost of
the great green’ (sbk xnty wAd wr): Kom Ombo, no. 881; as ‘ruler of the great green’ (HqA
wAd wr): GUTBUB, Kom Ombo, I, no. 14; as ‘foremost of the lake, who resides in the great
green’ (sbk xnty S Hry-ib wAd wr): Kom Ombo, no. 255; GUTBUB, Kom Ombo, I, no. 263.
16
Esna II, 156, 25; 191, 27; Kom Ombo, no. 61, 8; 104; 132; 133, 3; 274; 895; 896; El-
Qalaa I, 14, 7; 41, 5; 47, 5: Temple of Shanhur (VANDIER D’ABBADIE 1963, 39, pl. 26, 2).
17
CAUVILLE 2007, 29-39.
18
CAUVILLE 2007, 36-39.

– 155 –
 LIST OF THE DOCUMENTS
(with texts referring to Sobek of Shedet)

Old Kingdom

1. False-door BM 1324 (Fourth Dynasty), belonged to the vizier kA-nfr,

Hm-ntr sbk Sdt: JAMES 1961, 10, pl. 10; PM III, 893; BEGELSBACHER-
FISCHER 1981, 233; STRUDWICK 1985, 152-153; MCFARLANE 1995, 85-86.
2. Relief from mastaba G 2150 of Giza (Fourth-Fifth Dynasty),
belonged to imy-r wpt, xrp aH and smr kA-nfr, Hm-ntr sbk Sdt: REISNER
1942, ig. 262, pl. 39b; PM III, 77-78; BAER 1960, 146, no. 536, 234;
BEGELSBACHER-FISCHER 1981, 233.
3. Seal Berlin 16578 (Old Kingdom), Hry-sStA, hry-Hb and [Hm-ntr] sbk
Sdt: KAPLONY 1981, 461, IIA, 461-462; IIB, pl. 127, no. 50.
4. Fragment from the temple of Userkaf (Fifth Dynasty) with a
crocodile-head, above which is the sign d, most likely what remains
of Sdt: BROVARSKI 1984, ig. 4.
5. Relief from the temple of Niuserra (Fifth Dynasty) with an image of
the crocodile-headed god, called sbk Sdt: BORCHARDT 1907, 92, ig. 70.
6. ‘Pyramid Texts’, Spell 582 (Pyr. § 1564b): sbk imy Sdt: ALLEN 2005,
186 (P 524).

Twelfth Dynasty – royal documents

Amenemhat II
7. Circular object Brooklyn Museum 37.1746E (unknown provenance),
sbk Hr Sdty mry: JAMES 1974, 42, no. 96, pl. XXXIII.

Senusret II
8. Cylinder Brooklyn Museum 44.123.56 (unknown provenance), sbk
nb Sdt mry: JAMES 1974, 47-48, no. 108, pl. XXXV.

Amenemhat III
9. Blocks Berlin 15801-15803 (Fayyum), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: BERLIN
1913, 138, 268; PM IV, 103; LEPROHON 1980, 297-301; HIRSCH 2004,
345, no. 288.
10. Block Berlin 11585 (Medinet el-Fayyum), sbk Sdty Hr [Hry-ib Sdt
mry]: Berlin 1913, 139; PM IV, 98; HIRSCH 2004, 346, no. 291.
11. Block Berlin 11586 (Medinet el-Fayyum), [sbk Sdty Hr] Hry-ib Sdt:
Berlin 1913, 139; PM IV, 98; HIRSCH 2004, 346-347, no. 292.
12. Block Berlin 16953 (unknown provenance, very likely Medinet el-
Fayyum), sbk Sdty mry; Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb tA-S mry: Berlin 1913, 212;
PM IV, 98; WORRINGER 1927, pl. XV; HABACHI 1937, 95, ig. 10; DOLZANI
1961, 185, ig. 11; SCHÄFER 1963, 361-365, pl. 21; SCHOSKE 1986, 151-
156; KRAUS, LOEBEN 1996, 159-172; UPHILL 2000, 39; HIRSCH 2004, 348,
no. 297; BLÖM-BOER 2006, 285.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

13. Block British Museum EA 1072 (unknown provenance, probably

Hawara): sbk Sdty mry: HALL 1913a, 7, pl. 15; PM IV, 101; BLÖM 1989,
40; QUIRKE 1990, 15; KRAUS, LOEBEN 1996, 170; PARKINSON 1999, 118,
no. 35; UPHILL 2000, 34, 44, 66; HIRSCH 2004, 348-349, no. 35; BLÖM-
BOER 2006, 111-113.
14. Block (Medinet el-Fayyum), […] Hr Hry-ib Sdt […]: PETRIE 1889, pl.
XXVII.11.
15. Block (Medinet el-Fayyum), sbk Sdt(y) Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb fAw aA Sfyt qmA
m Sdt: DAVOLI, ABD EL-AAL 2001, 202-206, pls. IV-IX.
16. Block from Abuksa, sbk [Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry ?]: DAVOLI, ABD EL-AAL
1998, 1, 6.
17. Fragments of columns (Medinet el-Fayyum), sbk Sdty; Hr Hry-ib Sdt
nb wrrt nwH abwy Hry-ib aH wr nb st wrt: HABACHI 1937, 85-95; UPHILL
2000, 39-40; HIRSCH 2004, 350-354, no. 302-318.
18. Fragment of column (Medinet el-Fayyum), sbk Sdty: LD II, 118g; LD
Text II, 30; HIRSCH 2004, 355, no. 319.
19. Gate-jamb (Hawara), [sbk Sdty mry]: PETRIE, WAINWRIGHT, MACKAY
1912, 32; UPHILL 2000, 35 H.62; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 114-115, no. 7;
ZECCHI 2006, 14, no. 5.
20. Fragment of architrave (Hawara), sbk Sdt(y) Hr [Hry-ib Sdt mry]: LD
II, 140a; LD Text II, 19-20; UPHILL 2000, 33 H.52; BLOM-BÖER 2006,
118, no.7 (2); ZECCHI 2006, 20, no. 19.
21. Fragment of architrave (Hawara), sbk [Sdt(y) Hr Hry-ib Sdt] mry: LD
II, 140d; LD Text II, 20; UPHILL 2000, 33 H.55; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 119
no. 7 (6); ZECCHI 2006, 21-22, no. 22.
22. Fragment AEIN 1411 (Hawara), sbk Sd[t…]: PETRIE, WAINWRIGHT,
MACKAY 1912, pl. XXVIII; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 224, no. 130; ZECCHI
2006, 15, no. 7.
23. Fragment UC 14794 (Hawara), […Hr Hry-ib Sdt…]: PETRIE,
WAINWRIGHT, MACKAY 1912, 32, pl. XXIX.4; STEWART 1979, 16, pl. 13.6,
no. 68; UPHILL 2000, 31 H.39; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 219-220, no. 124;
ZECCHI 2006, 16, no. 9.
24. Fragment Ashmolean Museum 1888.801 (Hawara), [… sbk ?] nb Sdt:
BLOM-BÖER 2006, 225, no. 132.
25. Fragment (Hawara), [… sbk] Sdt(y) […], or [… Hr Hry-ib] Sdt […]:
BLOM-BÖER 2006, 214-215, no. 116.
26. Statue base (Hawara), Hr Hry-ib Sdt ii n | [sbk Sdt ? s]tn-HAt imy Sdt
mry: PETRIE, WAINWRIGHT, MACKAY 1912, pl. XXVIII.4; PM IV, 101;
UPHILL 2000, 31 H.41; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 186-187, no. 92; ZECCHI 2006,
18, no. 13.
27. Fragment of architrave in granite (Hawara), sbk Sdt mry: CHABÂN
1907, 223; PM IV, 100; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 281 SG. 2; ZECCHI 2006, 14,
no. 4.
28. Statue CG 385 (Hawara), sbk Sdt mry: BORCHARDT 1925, 4-5, pl. 61;
EVERS 1929, pls. 102-104, RUSSMANN 1989, no. 27; POLZ 1995, 230,
233, 235, 237, 239, 242-243, 246-249, pl. 51c; FAY 1996, 127-128, ig.
18, pl. 18; UPHILL 2000, 35 H.63; FREED 2002, 105-106, pl. XVb; BLOM-
BÖER 2006, 162-165, no. 54; ZECCHI 2006, 22-24, no. 25.
29. Statue CG 769 (Fayyum), sbk Sdt(y) Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry: BORCHARDT
1930, 81; PM IV, 103; FAY 1997, 104, ig. 1; BLÖM-BOER 2006, 286.

– 158 –
 List of the Documents

30. Statue Museum Saint Georges, Cairo (unknown provenance), sbk

Sdt(y) Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb wrrt […]: LOUKIANOFF 1941, 178-180; BLÖM-BOER
2006, 286-287.
31. Offering table CG 20699 (Hawara?), sbk Sdt(y) Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry:
PETRIE 1889, pl. VI.5; LANGE, SCHÄFER 1908, 327.
32. Temple lintel in limestone (Hawara?), Hr Hry-ib Sdt, sbk Sdty: HALL
1913, pl. 13; PARKINSON 1999, no. 35; UPHILL 2000, 34 H.60; HIRSCH
2004, 348-349, no. 298; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 113-115, no. 5.
33. Cylinder (Haraga), sbk Sdt mry: ENGELBACH, GUNN 1923, 19, pl. XX.33.
34. Cylinder Brooklyn Museum 44.123.67 (unknown provenance), xnt
Sdt mry: JAMES 1974, 53, no. 123, pl. XXXVII.
35. Cylinder Brooklyn Museum 44.123.68 (unknown provenance), sbk
Sdt mry: JAMES 1974, 53, no. 124, pl. XXXVII.
36. Cylinder Brooklyn Museum 44.123.69 (unknown provenance), sbk
Sdt mry: JAMES 1974, 54, no. 125, pl. XXXVII.
37. Cylinder British Museum 36463 (unknown provenance), sbk wr Sdt
mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86, no. 1a.
38. Cylinder British Museum 30559 (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty
mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86, no. 1b.
39. Cylinder UC (from Tell Yehudiyeh), sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86,
no. 1c.
40. Cylinder UC 11319A (unknown provenance), sbk Sdt mry: YOYOTTE
1957, 86, no. 1d.
41. Cylinder UC 11320 (unknown provenance), sbk Sdt mry: YOYOTTE
1957, 86, no. 1e.
42. Cylinder UC 11321 (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty mry: Yoyotte
1957, 86, no. 1f.
43. Cylinder (unknown provenance), sbk Sdt mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86, no.
1g.
44. Cylinder (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86,
no. 1h.
45. Cylinder (unknown provenance), sbk Sdt mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86, no.
1i.
46. Cylinder Cairo 72654 (unknown provenance), sbk Sdt mry: YOYOTTE
1957, 86, no. 1j.
47. Cylinder Cairo 72655 (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE
1957, 86, no. 1k.
48. Cylinder (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86,
no. 1l.,
49. Cylinder (collection Michailidis) (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty
mry: KAPLONY 1973, pl. XIV.
50. Cylinder (Mc Gregor Collection) (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty
mry: NEWBERRY 1902, 249.
51. Alabastron in serpentinite (from Tell MiSrife/Qatna, Syria), sbk Sdty
mry: AHRENS 2006, 17-20.
52. Cylinder (unknown provenance), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry (reading
uncertain; an alternative reading is sbk Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry or sbk wr Hry-
ib Sdt mry): KAPLONY 1981, 539, no. 42, pl. 147.
53. Temple of Medinet Madi, sbk Sdt: DONADONI 1947, scene E; sbk Sdt Hr
Hry-ib Sdt: DONADONI 1947, scenes F, I, U, W, X, Y; sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt
mry: DONADONI 1947, scene Z2.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

Amenemhat IV
54. Temple of Medinet Madi, sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt: DONADONI 1947, scenes
I, R; sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry: DONADONI 1947, scenes H, Q; sbk Sdt Hr
Hry-ib Sdt nb wrrt Hnwty Hry-ib aH nb nst wrt mry, sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt
nb fAw aA Sfyt qmA m sSd Swty mry: DONADONI 1947, scenes M, N.

Sobekneferu
55. Architrave (red granite) (Herakleopolis), sbk-Sdt-nfrw: DARESSY 1917,
33-38; HABACHI 1954, 462-463; VALLOGGIA 1964, 45-46; MOKHTAR 1983,
90, pl. 8A; MATZKER 1986, 50; HIRSCH 2004, 147, 386, no. 349.
56. Block UC 14337 (limestone) (Hawara), sbk-Sdt-nfrw: PETRIE 1890, pl.
XI.1; BLOM-BÖER 2006, 188-190, no. 93.
57. Cylinder Cairo JdE 72663 (unknown provenance), sbk-Sdty-nfrw:
AUFRÈRE 1989, 13.
58. Block Berlin 1164 (limestone) (Hawara), sbk Sdt Hr Hry[-ib Sdt…]:
LD II, 140k; Berlin 1913, 153; PM IV, 100; UPHILL 2000, 32 H.46, 36
H.67; BLÖM-BOER 2006, 281, no. SG.1; ZECCHI 2006, 35, no. 43.
59. Bead (unknown provenance), mrt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb tA-S Hry-ib
aH: HABACHI 1954, 463-464, no. 8; VALLOGGIA 1964, 46.
60. Cylinder BM EA 16581 (unknown provenance), sbk-Sdty-nfrw, mrt
sbk Sdty: PETRIE 1917, pl. XIV; HABACHI 1954, 463, no. 5; VALLOGGIA
1964, 50.
61. Cylinder (unknown provenance), mry [sbk] Sdty: NEWBERRY 1943, 75;
YOYOYYE 1957, 86, no. 1n; VALLOGGIA 1964, 47.
62. Statue base Berlin 38/66 (limestone) (unknown provenance), sbk
Sdty HqA idbwy: KAISER 1967, 42, no. 428; BLÖM-BOER 2006, 286, no.
SG.27.
63. Statue (basalt) (Tell el-Dab’a), mryt sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt xnt S n pr-aA:
HABACHI 1954, 459; pl. 7 B; VALLOGGIA 1964, 46, no. 1; STAEHELIN 1989,
146; HIRSCH 2004, 387, no. 385.
64. Statue (basalt) (Tell el-Dab’a), mryt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt m Htp sbk
m xnt S pr-aA: HABACHI 1954, 459-460, pl. 8; VALLOGGIA 1964, 46, no. 1;
STAEHELIN 1989, 146; HIRSCH 2004, 388, no. 356.

Unknown king
65. Statue British Museum EA 35361 (quartzite) (unknown provenance),
‘beloved of Sobek Shedety’: BUDGE 1922, 122, no. 29; PM VIII, 14.
66. Fragmentary relief in Cairo Museum (from Soknopaiou Nesos),
[sbk nb] grg-bA=f, sbk nb rA-sHwy, [sbk nb] Sdt, sbk nb ddw: YOYOTTE
1957, 92.

Thirteenth dynasty – royal documents

Sedjef-ka-ra Amenemhat VII

67. Seal, private collection, ex Michaelidis 2031 (unknown provenance);
sdfA-kA-ra sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE 1957, 86 (1p); KAPLONY 1981, 541, pl.
149 (64).

Smenkh-ka-ra Imyremeshaw
68. Bead British Museum EA 74185 (unknown provenance): smnx-kA-ra
[imy-r-mSa] sbk Sdty mry: VASSILIKA 1995, 201.

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 List of the Documents

Neferhotep I
69. Statue Bologna EG 1799 (unknown provenance): ntr nfr nb tAwy
nfr-Htp sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt mry; ntr nfr nb tAwy xa-sxm-ra sbk Sdty Hr
Hry-ib Sdt mry: PM IV, 103; PERNIGOTTI 1980, 29-30, pls. 1, XXVII-
XXIX; DAVIES 1981, no. 20; PERNIGOTTI 1994, 58.
70. Seal (unknown provenance): king’s name + sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE
1957, 86 (1o).

Sobekhotep IV
71. Seal Metropolitan Museum 10.1301638 (unknown provenance):
dedication to sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt: HAYES 1953, 353, ig. 226.

Mer-hotep-ra Sobekhotep V
72. Seal (unknown provenance): mr-Htp-ra sbk Sdty mry: YOYOTTE 1957,
86 (1q).

Mer-nefer-ra Aya
73. Ball (unknown provenance) anx ntr nfr mr-nfr-ra sbk Sdty mry: GODRON
1965, 198-200.

Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period – papyri

74. pUC 32114 (el-Lahun), [sbk] Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sd[t]: COLLIER, QUIRKE
2002, 29.
75. pUC 32120 (el-Lahun), sbk Sdty […]:COLLIER, QUIRKE 2002, 49.
76. pUC 32131 (el-Lahun), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: COLLIER, QUIRKE 2002,
69.
77. pUC 32202 (el-Lahun), sbk Sdty [Hr Hry-i]b Sdt: GRIFFITH 1898, pl.
XXXII) (lot VI.6); COLLIER, QUIRKE 2002, 111.
78. pUC 32210 (el-Lahun), sbk [Sdty] Hr Hry-ib Sd[t]: GRIFFITH 1898, pl.
XXXV (lot VIII.1); COLLIER, QUIRKE 2002, 133.
79. pUC 32214 (el-Lahun), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: GRIFFITH 1898, pl.
XXXVI.
80. pUC 32179 (el-Lahun), mdt nt [Htpw]-ntr sbk Sdty: GRIFFITH 1898, pls.
XVI-XVII; QUIRKE 1997, 25; COLLIER, QUIRKE 2006, 25.
81. pBerlin 10056A (Year 31, Amenemhat III) (el-Lahun), ‘divine
offerings’ (Htpw-ntr) from Hwt-ntr nt sbk Sdty: BORCHARDT 1902-1903,
14; KAPLONY-HECKEL 1971, 25-26; QUIRKE 1997, 29.
82. pBerlin 10112Bd (el-Lahun), sbk Sdty: COLLIER, QUIRKE 1971, 55-56;
QUIRKE 1997, 31.
83. pBerlin 10203 (el-Lahun), mdt nt Htpw-ntr sbk Sdty: QUIRKE 1997, 31;
LUFT 1998, 21.
84. pCairo JdE 71580 (previously pBerlin 10005), sbk Sdty: KAPLONY-
HECKEL 1971, 266.
85. pRamesseum VI (EA 10759): GARDINER 1957; BARUCQ, DAUMAS 1980,
419-430; ZECCHI 2004, 57-65.
86. pGolenischeff I: ERMAN 1911; ROEDER 1959-1961, 268-275; BARUCQ,
DAUMAS 1980, 55-71; ZECCHI 2004, 66-80.

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

Middle Kingdom – private documents

87. Statue (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt

sbk Sdty nb tA-S, Htp-di-nswt ptH-skr: WILD 1971, 90-97, pls. XVII-
XVIII; VERBOVSEK 2004, 458-459 (KF 8); PM VIII, 383.
88. Wadi Hammamat inscription (year 19 of Amenemhat III), mention
of pr sbk Sdty: COUYAT, MONTET 1912, 51-52, pl. XIV, no. 48.
89. Vase of Neferuptah (Hawara, reign of Amenemhat III), Htp-di-nswt
n-mAat-ra gb ptH-skr wsir sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt psdt aAt psdt nds: FARAG,
ISKANDER 1971, 12, pls. XIVa, XVa; ZECCHI 2006, 28-29, no. 35.
90. Vase of Neferuptah (Hawara, reign of Amenemhat III), Htp-di-nswt
n-mAat-ra gb ptH-skr wsir sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt psdt aAt psdt nds: FARAG,
ISKANDER 1971, 13, pls. XIVb, XVb; ZECCHI 2006, 29-30, no. 36.
91. Vase of Neferuptah (Hawara, reign of Amenemhat III), Htp-di-nswt
n-mAat-ra gb ptH-skr wsir sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt psdt aAt psdt nds: FARAG,
ISKANDER 1971, 12, pls. XIVc, XVc; ZECCHI 2006, 30-31, no. 37.
92. Statue belonged to the HAty-a xtmty-bity snb-sw-ma (Hawara?,
Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: ORTIZ 1994,
no. 34; PM VIII, 371, BLÖM-BOER 2006, 274-275, no. 212.
93. Statue (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-
nswt sbk Sdt, Htp-di-nswt ptH-skr: CORTEGGIANI 1973, 148-150, pl. XII;
VERBOVSEK 2004, 464-465 (KF 11).
94. Statue (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-
nswt sbk Sdty: WILD 1971, 97-106; VERBOVSEK 2004, 462-463 (KF 10),
pl. 10; PM VIII, 347.
95. Statue Uppsala, Victoria Mus. Gustavianum B 26 (unknown
provenance, late Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty:
SCHULZ 1992, 527-528, pl. 136a-b; VERBOVSEK 2004, 456-457 (KF 7);
PM VIII, 328.
96. Statue Brooklyn Museum 57.146 (unknown provenance, Twelfth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: BOTHMER 1959, 11-26;
JAMES 1974, 59, no. 138, pls. VII, XXXIX; VERBOVSEK 2004, 444-446
(KF 1).
97. Statue Metropolitan Museum 66.99.6 (unknown provenance,
Twelfth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty wsir Hry-ib tA-S: YOUNG 1966-
1967, 278, ig. 6.
98. Stela (unknown provenance, Twelfth Dynasty), ab aA n sbk Sdty:
LEDRAIN 1879, pl. VIII.
99. Block Ashmolean Museum Oxford 1889.1022 (Hawara, Twelfth-
Thirteenth Dynasty), sbk Sdt: PETRIE 1890, 18, pl. XI.4; PM IV, 102;
FIORE-MAROCHETTI 2000, 45-46, pl. VIII; UPHILL 2000, 38 H.79; ZECCHI
2006, 54-55, no. 87.
100. Statue Louvre E 11196 (unknown provenance, Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: DELANGE 1987, 138-139;
VERBOVSEK 2004, 447-448 (KF 2), pl. 10.
101. Statue Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery 22.6 (unknown provenance,
Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imAxyt xr sbk Sdt: STEINDORFF 1946, 28,
no. 47, pl. X, CXI; PM VIII, 444.
102. Stela Louvre C 145 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: PIERRET 1878, 49; PM
VIII, 222.

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 List of the Documents

103. Stela AEIN 1539 (Haraga, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-

nswt sbk Sdty, with other offering-formulas: ENGELBACH, GUNN 1923,
26-27, pls. 24, 72; JORGENSEN 1996, 196-197, no. 82.
104. Statue of the French Institute of Oriental Archaeology, Cairo
(unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt
sbk Sdt, Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S: GAUTHIER 1916, 128; PM
VIII, 441.
105. Statue Cairo JdE 43095 (Medinet el-Fayyum, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Hr Hry-ib Sdt wsir ity Hry-ib tA-S: RANKE
1941, 171; WILD 1971, 109; FRANKE 1988, 68, no. 8; VERBOVSEK 2004,
453 (KF 5), pl. 10.
106. Statue Strasbourg, Institut d’Égyptologie no. 1382 (unknown
provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr
Hry-ib Sdt wsir m [tA-S?]: unpublished, quoted by PM VIII, 346.
107. Statue AEIN 88 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt wsir Hry-ib tA-S, Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdt, Htp-di-
nswt ptH: KOEFOED-PETERSEN 1936, 5; KOEFOED-PETERSEN 1950, 32-
33, pl. 65; VANDIER 1958, 448-449; HELCK 1960-1969, 132; HERBIN
1979, 167-169, doc. 179; PM VIII, 399.
108. statue Berlin ÄM 31210 belonged to s-n-wsrt-anX bbi, son of smht
(Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty, unknown provenance): Htp-di-nswt
sbk Sdty wsir ity Hry-ib tA-S.
109. Stela CG 20562 (Abydos, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r Hmw-
ntr sbk Sdty: LANGE, SCHÄFER 1908, 196-198.
110. Stela CG 20758 (Abydos, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt
wsir xnty imntt inpw (?) nb Abdw sbk Hr Sdty: LANGE, SCHÄFER 1908,
392.
111. Seal Cairo JdE 75207 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), it-ntr sbk Sdty: MARTIN 1971, 121, no. 1568.
112. Scarab Cairo JdE 38253 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: MARTIN 1971, 97, no.
1238.
113. Grafito of Konosso (Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r pr Htpw-
ntr n sbk Sdty: DE MORGAN 1894, 70, no. 25.
114. Grafito of Konosso (Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r pr Htpw-
ntr n sbk Sdty: DE MORGAN 1894, 72, no. 41.
115. Grafito of Asswan (Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r pr Htpw-ntr
n sbk Sdty: PETRIE 1888, pl. V.112.
116. Fragment of statue (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), it-ntr sbk Sdty: VERNUS 1973, 255-256.
117. Stela UC 14358 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), afty n Htpw-ntr sbk Sdty: STEWART 1979, 35, no. 147.
118. Stela CG 20404 (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth
Dynasty), imy-r Hmw-ntr n Sdty: LANGE, SCHÄFER 1908, 6.
119. Scarab (unknown provenance, Twelfth-Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r
Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty: WIMMER 1999, 30, 36.
120. Stela Louvre C 39 (unknown provenance, reign of Neferhotep I),
wab aA n sbk nb Sdytt: PIERRET 1878, 23; GRAJETZKI 2001, 26.
121. Stela CG 20616 (Abydos, reign of Neferhotep I – Sobekhotep IV),
wab aA n sbk Sdty: LANGE, SCHÄFER 1908, 255-256.
122. Stela Moscow I.1.a.5350 (unknown provenance reign of Nefer-

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

hotep I – Sobekhotep IV), imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty: HODJASH, BER-

LEV 1982, 80-84; GRAJETZKI 2001, 33, 42.
123. Stela Leiden no. 34 (unknown provenance, reign of Neferhotep I –
Sobekhotep IV), it-ntr sbk Sdty: BOESER 1909, pl. XXIV.
124. Seal MMM 10.130.285 (unknown provenance, reign of Neferhotep
I – Sobekhotep IV), it-ntr n sbk Sdty: MARTIN 1971, 47, no. 550.
125. Seal (Abydos, reign of Neferhotep I – Sobekhotep IV), it-ntr n sbk
Sdty: WEGNER 2000, 105.
126. Stela Alnwick Castle (unknown provenance, reign of Neferhotep
I – Sobekhotep IV), imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty: BIRCH 1880, 274-276,
no. 1941, pl. VII.
127. Statue CG 431 (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-
nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt nb fAw aA SfSft qmA: BORCHARDT 1925, 36-37;
GRAJETZKI 2000, 150, VII.12b; VERBOVSEK 2004, 451-452 (KF 4); PM
VIII, 389.
128. Statue Louvre E 10985 (unknown provenance, Thirteenth
Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty wsir Hry-ib tA-S: DELANGE 1987, 133-
135; VERBOVSEK 2004, 466-467 (KF 12); PM VIII, 408.
129. Statue (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt
sbk nb iwnw sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt wsir nb ddw: WILD 1971, 114-130;
VERBOVSEK 2004, 449-450 (KF 3); PM VIII, 395-396.
130. Statue Turin 3064 (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty?),
Htp-di-nswt imn-ra nb nswt tAwy, Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty: GRAJETZKI,
MINIACI 2007, 69-74.
131. Statue Cairo JdE 43093 (Shedet, Thirteenth Dynasty), Htp-di-nswt
sbk Sdty wsir ity Hry-ib tA-S, Htp-di-nswt Ht-Hr nbt Srt-bnbn: EVERS 1929,
pl. 142; RANKE 1941, 169-171; VERBOVSEK 2004, 454-455 (KF 6).
132. Seal Alnwick Castle (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty),
hry-Hb sbk Sdty: MARTIN 1979, 222-223, no. 61.
133. Stela (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty), imy-r pr Htpw-
ntr sbk Sdty: GAUTHIER, LAURENT 1933, 75-80, pl. VII.
134. Stela CG 20075 (unknown provenance, Thirteenth Dynasty), smwy
Hry-tp n sbk Sdty: LANGE, SCHÄFER 1902, 89-92.

Eighteenth dynasty – royal documents

Thutmose III
135. Stone slab (Gurob), [mn-]xpr-[ra] sbk Sdt [mry]: PETRIE 1890, pl.
XXII.2; HERBIN 1979, 22 doc. 8.

Nineteenth dynasty – royal documents

Sety I
136. Boundary Stela (JdE 34502) (year 2, from the Fayyum), pr sbk Sdty:
DARESSY 1893, 38; KRI I, 45; RITA I, 38 §23; HERBIN 1979, 159-160
,doc. 176; RITANC 47-48 §23; BRAND 2000, 153.
137. List of deities in the temple of Abydos, sbk m Sdt: MARIETTE 1869,
no. 13-16, 45; KRI I, 181, HERBIN 1979, 207-208, doc. 200.

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 List of the Documents

Ramesse II
138. Block, part of a ‘marriage Stela’ (Medinet el-Fayyum), sbk Sdty mry:
DAVOLI, NAHLA MOHAMMED AHMED 2006, 83-85, pls. XXIII-XXVI.
139. List of dyads (Saqqara), where the king is sbk Sdt Hr Hry[-ib Sdt] mry:
HABACHI 1971, 70, pl. VII; HERBIN 1979, 208 doc. 201; KRI II, 428-
431; PM III, 669.

Sety II (?)
140. Altar of the Museum of Turin 22053 (unknown provenance), sbk m
Sdt: HABACHI 1977a, 67.

Twentieth dynasty – royal documents

Ramesse III
141. Temple of Medinet Habu, scene of offering of wine to Sobek (sbk
Sdt) and Hathor of Shedet: Epigraphic Survey 1964, 582d; HERBIN
1979, 217, doc. 213.

New Kingdom – papyri and hieratic sources

142. ‘Book of the Dead’, Chapter 171 (Eighteenth Dynasty), sbk Sdty:
ALLEN 1974, 178; HERBIN 1979, 214-216, doc. 211.
143. pBM 10689 (Chester-Beatty IX) (Nineteenth Dynasty), sbk Sdty:
GARDINER 1935, 111, pl. 60; HERBIN 1979, 213-214, doc. 210.
144. pCairo 86637, recto, I, 12 (Nineteenth Dynasty), Hb sbk Sdty: BAKIR
1966, 11; HERBIN 1979, 213, doc. 209; LEITZ 1994, 435.
145. pHarris I (reign of Ramesse IV), pr sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S: ERICHSEN
1933, 61b, 14; HERBIN 1979, 218, doc. 214; GRANDET 1994, 311.
146. pWilbour (reign of Ramesse V), pr sbk Sdty Hr […] (A 10, 18); pr sbk
nb Sdt nty m rA-Hnt (A 15, 25); pr sbk nb Sdt (A 15, 26; 16, 2; B 20,
23): GARDINER 1941-1948; HERBIN 1979, 218-219, doc. 215.
147. pBM 10068, recto, 4, 12, 15 (year 17 of the reign of Ramesse IX), pr
sbk Sdty, pr sbk: PEET 1930, 90, pl. XI; HERBIN 1979, 219, doc. 216.
148. Hieratic inscription on a column of Deir el-Bahari (Ramesside
Period), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S: MARCINIAK 1972, 79-81; MARCINIAK
1974, 71-72, pls. XII and XIIA; SADEK 1984, 82.

New Kingdom – private documents

149. Statue of the Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche

dell’Antichità, Università “La Sapienza”, Rome (reign of Hashepsut?
Unknown provenance), imy-r pr Htpw-ntr sbk Sdty tty: HERBIN 1979,
179-180, doc. 183; SIST 1992, 49-68, pl. I; PM VIII, 557.
150. Statue CG 1167 of queen Tiaa (reign of Amenhotep II, from the
Fayyum), Hmt nswt wrt mrt=f mrt sbk Sdt: BRUGSCH 1893, 29;
BORCHARDT 1934, 87; PM IV, 90; Urk. IV, 1564; HERBIN 1979, 141-
142, doc. 159; CUMMING 1984, 265, no. 505.
151. Statue Marseilles 208 of Sobekhotep son of Kapu (reign of
Amenhotep II, from the Fayyum), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt

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Sobek of Shedet. The Crocodile God in the Fayyum in the Dynastic Period

qA Swty Atf HAt nb iart aSA iarwt; Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty wsir Hry-ib tA-S,
imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty: BRUGSCH 1893, 20; MASPERO 1889, 6-7; PM
IV, 104; Urk. IV, 1587-1588; CHARLES 1960, 1-26, pls. 1-2; HERBIN
1979, 171-176, doc. 181; CUMMING 1984, 284-285, no. 521.
152. Statue Berlin 11635 of the imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty Sobekhotep
son of Kapu (reign of Amenhotep II, from the Fayyum), Htp-di-nswt
sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt qA Swty Atf HAt nb iart aSA iarwt; Htp-di-nswt imn-ra
ntr aA nb S: BRUGSCH 1893, 23; ERMAN 1899, 139; Berlin 1924, 45-
46; CHARLES 1960, 7-8, pl. 2; WENIG 1961, 58, pl. 28; Urk. IV, 1586;
HERBIN 1979, 176-179, doc. 182; CUMMING 1984, 283-284, no. 520.
153. Statue Brussels E 6856 of Sobekhotep son of Min (reign of
Thutmose IV, unknown provenance), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib
tA-S; Htp-di-nswt wsir Hry-ib tA-S, imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty: VANDIER
1958, 476, pl. CLVIII.6; DE WALLE 1963, 77-85, pl. 12; HERBIN 1979,
169-171, doc. 180; PM VIII, 555.
154. Theban tomb no. 63 of Sobekhotep son of Min (reign of Thutmose
IV), imy-r Hmw-ntr n sbk Sdty, wrt xnrt n sbk Sdty, Hm-ntr n sbk Sdty:
Urk. IV 1582-1583; HERBIN 1979, 203-207, doc. 199; DZIOBEK, ABDEL
RAZIQ 1990, 67-68, 72.
155. Stela Philadelphia, University Museum, of itwnm (Eighteenth
Dynasty, from Sedment), it ntr n sbk Sdt: PETRIE, BRUNTON 1924, 53;
PM IV, 117; RANKE 1950, ig. 27; HERBIN 1979, 180-181, doc. 184.
156. Stela CG 34044 of itwnwn (Eighteenth Dynasty, unknown
provenance, but possibly from Sedment), it ntr n sbk Sdt: LACAU
1909-1957, 76-78, pl. XXVI; HELCK 1958, 224; HERBIN 1979, 74-77,
doc. 84.
157. Statue of Irerwt (Eighteenth Dynasty, unknown provenance), Htp-
di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: Christie’s Sale Catalogue 1994, 42-43,
no. 105; PM VIII, 623.
158. Stela BM 1332 of the ‘great artisan’ of numerous sacred barques
Iuna (Eighteenth Dynasty), ‘great artisan’ of the wiA-barque of sbk
Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt m niwt wrt: GLANVILLE 1932, 39-41, pl. 2; EDWARDS
1939, 38-40, pl. XXXIII; Urk. IV 1632, 4; HERBIN 1979, 202-203,
doc. 198.
159. Fragment from tomb 474 of Gurob (Eighteenth Dynasty?), […] sbk
Sd[…]: BRUNTON, ENGELBACH 1927, 19, pl. L.14; HERBIN 1979, 7-8.
160. Adoration scene at Sehel of a man with his family (reign of
Ramesse II), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S: DE MORGAN 1894, 95, no. 149bis;
HERBIN 1979, 209, doc. 202; PM V, 521; KRI III, 847, 8-13.
161. Tomb of Qurna no. 23 (reign of Merenptah), wrt xnrt n sbk Sdty:
Wb. III 298, 1; HERBIN 1979, 210, doc. 203; KRI IV, 116.
162. Statue of the ‘royal scribe’ Ramesse (Nineteenth Dynasty, unknown
provenance), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt sA Ast bnr mrwt wsir ity
Hry-ib tA-S: unpublished; text given by HERBIN 1979, 187-191, doc. 189.
163. Lintel and jamb from the tomb of Hori (JdE 29334 and 29335)
(reign of Ramesse IX), wab sS mSa Hri n pr sbk Sdt, Hm-ntr tpy n sbk
Sdty: DARESSY 1893, 28; PM IV, 104; HELCK 1960-1969, 965; KRI VI,
554; HERBIN 1979, 163-167, doc. 178; ZECCHI 2002, 17-33.
164. Stela of wrn-iwny (Twentieth Dynasty, from the Fayyum), pr sbk
Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: BRUGSCH 1893, 29; HERBIN 1979, 181, doc. 185.

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 List of the Documents

165. Stela of nb-ntrw (JdE 36841) (Ramesside Period, from Gurob), sbk
Sdt Hr <Hry-ib> Sdt: LOAT 1904, pl. XVI.5; PM IV, 113; DOLZANI 1961,
201, ig. 12; HERBIN 1979, 25-27, doc. 11.
166. Statue Manchester 5376 of Kha-em-tir (Ramesside Period, from
Hawara), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S; Htp-di-nswt sbk nb Sdt
wsir Hry-ib tA-S; Htp-di-nswt Ast wrt mwt-ntr nbt pt Hnwt tAwy HtHr
[nbt] imntt: PETRIE 1911, 21, pl. XIX.1; PETRIE, WAINWRIGHT, MCKAY
1912, 36, pl. XXXVIII.3; PM IV, 101; HERBIN 1979, 182-184 doc.
187; ZECCHI 2006, 58-59, no. 92.
167. Statue CG 889 of Kha-em-tir (Ramesside Period, unknown
provenance), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib tA-S ntr aA; [Htp-di-nswt]
sbk-ra nb dt ntr aA nb pt: BORCHARDT 1930, 140; VANDIER 1958, 658;
HERBIN 1979, 184-187, doc. 188; PM VIII, 532.
168. Statuette Manchester 1467 (Ramesside Period, from Gurob), sbk
Sdty Hr Hry-ib Sdt: LOAT 1904, pl. IV.41; HERBIN 1979, 72, doc. 82.
169. Wood fragment (panel from a box?) UC 7948 (Ramesside Period,
from Gurob), […] Sdty: PETRIE 1927, 68 no. 110; THOMAS 1981, 32,
no. 24, pl. 2.
170. Wood fragment (lid from a box?) UC 7949 (Ramesside Period,
from Gurob), sbk Sdty Hr Hry-ib [tA-]S: PETRIE 1891, 20, pl. XXII.31;
PETRIE 1927, 68, no. 112; THOMAS 1981, 35, no. 50, pl. 42.
171. Wooden stamp UC 7953 (Ramesside Period, from Gurob), sbk Sdt:
THOMAS 1981, 84, no. 719.

Third Intermediate Period – royal documents

Osorkon II
172. Festival-hall at Bubastis, sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib [tA-]S ntr aA nb pt: NAVILLE
1892, pl. XII.8; HERBIN 1979, 247, doc. 248.

Third Intermediate Period – private documents

173. Statue Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery 22.183 (Twenty-second

Dynasty, from Karnak cachette), Hm-ntr sbk Sdt Hry-ib iSrw:
STEINDORFF 1946, 57-58, no. 168, pls. XXIX, CXVI; PM II, 163.
174. Statue Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery 22.202 (Twenty-second
Dynasty, unknown provenance), Htp-di-nswt sbk Sdt wsir m tA-S, Hm-
ntr sbk: STEINDORFF 1946, 26-27, no. 42, pls. X, CXI; HERBIN 1979,
245-246, doc. 246; PM VIII, 334.

Twenty-sixth dynasty – royal documents

Apries
175. Naos Brussels E 5818 (unknown provenance, but very likely Sais),
sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Axt-tA; sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib Sdt; sbk Sdt Hr Hry-ib pr-xnt:
SPEELERS 1923, 87-88; CAPART 1924, 24-25, pl. III; PM IV, 48; HERBIN
1979, 293-294, doc. 276; EL-SAYED 1982, 413; KAPER 2003, 264.

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