BICOL UNIVERSITY

GUBAT CAMPUS
Gubat, Sorsogon
ISO 9001:2015
TÜV Rheinland ID 910863351

Name:________________________________
Course/ Year :___________________________
SSEd 14 Teaching Approaches in Secondary Social Studies
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Describe the cognitive, affective and psychomotor taxonomies

TOPIC:
Taxonomy
a. Cognitive
b. Affective
c. Psychomotor

OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC

Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning

Domains
 Bloom's Taxonomy was created in 1956 under the leadership of
educational psychologist Dr Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher
forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and
evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than
just remembering facts (rote learning). It is most often used when
designing educational, training, and learning processes.

The Three Domains of Learning

Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge)

Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
Since the work was produced by higher education, the words tend to be a little bigger than we
normally use. Domains may be thought of as categories. Instructional designers, trainers, and
educators often refer to these three categories as KSA (Knowledge [cognitive], Skills
[psychomotor], and Attitudes [affective]). This taxonomy of learning behaviors may be thought of
as “the goals of the learning process.” That is, after a learning episode, the learner should have
acquired a new skill, knowledge, and/or attitude.
While the committee produced an elaborate compilation for the cognitive and affective domains,
they omitted the psychomotor domain. Their explanation for this oversight was that they have
little experience in teaching manual skills within the college level. However, there have been at
least three psychomotor models created by other researchers

Cognitive Domain
learner thinking - cognitive domain
The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom,
1956). This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts
that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories of
cognitive an processes, starting from the simplest to the most complex (see the table below for
an in-depth coverage of each category):

Knowledge
Comprehension
Application
Analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation

Bloom's Revised Taxonomy

Lorin Anderson, a former student of Bloom, and David Krathwohl
revisited the cognitive domain in the mid-nineties and made some
changes, with perhaps the three most prominent ones being (Anderson,
Krathwohl, Airasian, Cruikshank, Mayer, Pintrich, Raths, Wittrock,
2000):

o changing the names in the six categories from noun to verb forms
o rearranging them as shown in the chart below
o creating a processes and levels of knowledge matrix

The chart shown below compares the original taxonomy with the revised one
 This new taxonomy reflects a more active form of thinking and is perhaps more
accurate. The new version of Bloom's Taxonomy, with examples and keywords is
shown below, while the old version may be found

Table of the Revised Cognitive Domain

Examples, key words (verbs), and technologies for
Category
learning (activities)

Examples: Recite a policy. Quote prices from

memory to a customer. Recite the safety
rules.

Remembering: Recall or Key Words: defines, describes, identifies,

retrieve previous learned knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines,
information. recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects,
states

Technologies: book marking, flash cards,

rote learning based on repetition, reading

Examples: Rewrite the principles of test

Understanding:
Comprehending the meaning,
translation, interpolation, and
interpretation of instructions
and problems. State a
problem in one's own words.
writing. Explain in one's own words the steps
for performing a complex task. Translate an
equation into a computer spreadsheet.
Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends,
distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends,
generalizes, gives an example, infers,
interprets, paraphrases, predicts, rewrites,
summarizes, translates

Technologies: create an analogy,

participating in cooperative learning, taking
notes, storytelling, Internet search

Applying: Use a concept in a Examples: Use a manual to calculate an

new situation or unprompted
use of an abstraction. Applies
what was learned in the
classroom into novel
situations in the work place.
employee's vacation time. Apply laws of
statistics to evaluate the reliability of a written
test.
Key Words: applies, changes, computes,

Analyzing: Separates
material or concepts into
component parts so that its
organizational structure may
be understood. Distinguishes
between facts and inferences.
Evaluating: Make judgments
about the value of ideas or
materials.
Creating: Builds a structure
or pattern from diverse
elements. Put parts together
to form a whole, with
emphasis on creating a new
meaning or structure.
constructs, demonstrates, discovers,
manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts,
prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves,
uses
Technologies: collaborative learning, create
a process, blog, practice
Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of equipment
by using logical deduction. Recognize logical
fallacies in reasoning. Gathers information
from a department and selects the required
tasks for training.
Key Words: analyzes, breaks down,
compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs,
differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes,
identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines, relates,
selects, separates
Technologies: Fishbowls, debating,
questioning what happened, run a test
Examples: Select the most effective solution.
Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and
justify a new budget.
Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes,
contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends,
describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains,
interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes,
supports
Technologies: survey, blogging
Examples: Write a company operations or
process manual. Design a machine to perform
a specific task. Integrates training from
several sources to solve a problem. Revises
and process to improve the outcome.
Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles,
 composes, creates, devises, designs,
explains, generates, modifies, organizes,
plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates,
reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes,
tells, writes

Technologies: Create a new model, write an

essay, network with others

Bloom's Taxonomy: The Affective

Domain

The affective domain is one of three domains in Bloom's Taxonomy, with the other two
being the cognitive and psychomotor (Bloom, et al., 1956). For an overview of the
three domains, see the introduction.

The affective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia, 1973) includes the manner in which
we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation,
enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. The five major categories are listed from the
simplest behavior to the most complex:
Category
Receiving Phenomena: Awareness,
willingness to hear, selected attention.
Responds to Phenomena: Active
participation on the part of the learners.
Attend and react to a particular
phenomenon. Learning outcomes may
emphasize compliance in responding,
willingness to respond, or satisfaction in
responding (motivation).
Valuing: The worth or value a person
attaches to a particular object,
phenomenon, or behavior. This ranges
from simple acceptance to the more
complex state of commitment. Valuing is
based on the internalization of a set of
specified values, while clues to these
values are expressed in the learner's overt
behavior and are often identifiable.
Example and Key Words (verbs)
Examples: Listen to others with
respect. Listen for and remember
the name of newly introduced
people.
Key Words: acknowledge, asks,
attentive, courteous, dutiful,
follows, gives, listens,
understands
Examples: Participates in class
discussions. Gives a
presentation. Questions new
ideals, concepts, models, etc. in
order to fully understand them.
Know the safety rules and
practice them.
Key Words: answers, assists,
aids, complies, conforms,
discusses, greets, helps, labels,
performs, presents, tells
Examples: Demonstrates belief
in the democratic process. Is
sensitive towards individual and
cultural differences (value
diversity). Shows the ability to
solve problems. Proposes a plan
to social improvement and
follows through with commitment.
Informs management on matters
that one feels strongly about.
Key Words: appreciates,
cherish, treasure, demonstrates,
initiates, invites, joins, justifies,
proposes, respect, shares

Organization: Organizes values into
priorities by contrasting different values,
resolving conflicts between them, and
creating an unique value system. The
emphasis is on comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
Examples: Recognizes the need
for balance between freedom and
responsible behavior. Explains
the role of systematic planning in
solving problems. Accepts
professional ethical standards.
Creates a life plan in harmony
with abilities, interests, and
beliefs. Prioritizes time
effectively to meet the needs of
the organization, family, and self.

Key Words: compares, relates,

synthesizes

Examples: Shows self-reliance

when working independently.
Cooperates in group activities
(displays teamwork). Uses an
objective approach in problem
Internalizes Values (characterization):
solving. Displays a professional
Has a value system that controls their
commitment to ethical practice
behavior. The behavior is pervasive,
on a daily basis. Revises
consistent, predictable, and most
judgments and changes behavior
important characteristic of the learner.
in light of new evidence. Values
Instructional objectives are concerned with
people for what they are, not how
the student's general patterns of
they look.
adjustment (personal, social, emotional).
Key Words: acts, discriminates,
displays, influences, modifies,
performs, qualifies, questions,
revises, serves, solves, verifies

Bloom's Taxonomy: The

Psychomotor Domain
 The psychomotor domain (Simpson, 1972) includes physical movement, coordination,
and use of the motor-skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is
measured in terms of speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in
execution. Thus, psychomotor skills rage from manual tasks, such as digging a ditch
or washing a car, to more complex tasks, such as operating a complex piece of
machinery or dancing.

The seven major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex:

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

Perception (awareness): The ability Examples: Detects non-verbal

to use sensory cues to guide motor
activity. This ranges from sensory
stimulation, through cue selection, to
translation.
communication cues. Estimate where a
ball will land after it is thrown and then
moving to the correct location to catch
the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to
correct temperature by smell and taste
of food. Adjusts the height of the forks
on a forklift by comparing where the
forks are in relation to the pallet.

Key Words: chooses, describes,

detects, differentiates, distinguishes,
identifies, isolates, relates, selects.

Set: Readiness to act. It includes
mental, physical, and emotional
sets. These three sets are
dispositions that predetermine a
person's response to different
situations (sometimes called
mindsets).
Guided Response: The early stages
in learning a complex skill that
includes imitation and trial and error.
Adequacy of performance is
achieved by practicing.
Mechanism (basic proficiency):
This is the intermediate stage in
learning a complex skill. Learned
responses have become habitual
and the movements can be
performed with some confidence and
proficiency.
Complex Overt Response (Expert):
The skillful performance of motor
acts that involve complex movement
patterns. Proficiency is indicated by
a quick, accurate, and highly
coordinated performance, requiring a
minimum of energy. This category
includes performing without
Examples: Knows and acts upon a
sequence of steps in a manufacturing
process. Recognize one's abilities and
limitations. Shows desire to learn a
new process (motivation). NOTE: This
subdivision of Psychomotor is closely
related with the “Responding to
phenomena” subdivision of the
Affective domain.
Key Words: begins, displays, explains,
moves, proceeds, reacts, shows,
states, volunteers.
Examples: Performs a mathematical
equation as demonstrated. Follows
instructions to build a model. Responds
hand-signals of instructor while
learning to operate a forklift.
Key Words: copies, traces, follows,
react, reproduce, responds
Examples: Use a personal
computer. Repair a leaking faucet.
Drive a car.
Key Words: assembles, calibrates,
constructs, dismantles, displays,
fastens, fixes, grinds, heats,
manipulates, measures, mends, mixes,
organizes, sketches.
Examples: Maneuvers a car into a
tight parallel parking spot. Operates a
computer quickly and accurately.
Displays competence while playing the
piano.
Key Words: assembles, builds,
calibrates, constructs, dismantles,
hesitation, and automatic
performance. For example, players
are often utter sounds of satisfaction
or expletives as soon as they hit a
tennis ball or throw a football,
because they can tell by the feel of
the act what the result will produce.
displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats,
manipulates, measures, mends, mixes,
organizes, sketches.
NOTE: The Key Words are the same as
Mechanism, but will have adverbs or
adjectives that indicate that the
performance is quicker, better, more
accurate, etc.

Examples: Responds effectively to

Adaptation: Skills are well
developed and the individual can
modify movement patterns to fit
special requirements.
unexpected experiences. Modifies
instruction to meet the needs of the
learners. Perform a task with a
machine that it was not originally
intended to do (machine is not
damaged and there is no danger in
performing the new task).

Key Words: adapts, alters, changes,

rearranges, reorganizes, revises,
varies.

Examples: Constructs a new theory.

Develops a new and comprehensive
Origination: Creating new
training programming. Creates a new
movement patterns to fit a particular
gymnastic routine.
situation or specific problem.
Learning outcomes emphasize
Key Words: arranges, builds,
creativity based upon highly
combines, composes, constructs,
developed skills.
creates, designs, initiate, makes,
originates.

Other Psychomotor Domain Taxonomies

As mentioned earlier, the committee did not produce a compilation for
the psychomotor domain model, but others have. The one discussed
above is by Simpson (1972). There are two other popular versions by
Dave (1970) and Harrow (1972):
 Dave (1975):
Category
Imitation — Observing and
patterning behavior after
someone else. Performance
may be of low quality.
Manipulation — Being able to
perform certain actions by
memory or following
instructions.
Precision — Refining,
becoming more exact.
Performing a skill within a high
degree of precision
Articulation — Coordinating
and adapting a series of
actions to achieve harmony
and internal consistency.
Naturalization — Mastering a
high level performance until it
become second-nature or
natural, without needing to
think much about it.
Example and Key Words (verbs)
Examples: Copying a work of art. Performing
a skill while observing a demonstrator.
Key Words: copy, follow, mimic, repeat,
replicate, reproduce, trace
Examples: Being able to perform a skill on
one's own after taking lessons or reading
about it. Follows instructions to build a
model.
Key Words: act, build, execute, perform
Examples: Working and reworking
something, so it will be “just right.” Perform a
skill or task without assistance. Demonstrate
a task to a beginner.
Key Words: calibrate, demonstrate, master,
perfectionism
Examples: Combining a series of skills to
produce a video that involves music, drama,
color, sound, etc. Combining a series of skills
or activities to meet a novel requirement.
Key Words: adapt, constructs, combine,
creates, customize, modifies, formulate
Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight
parallel parking spot. Operates a computer
quickly and accurately. Displays competence
while playing the piano. Michael Jordan
playing basketball or Nancy Lopez hitting a
golf ball.
Key Words: create, design, develop, invent,
manage, naturally
 Harrow (1972):

Category Example and Key Words (verbs)

Reflex Movements — Reactions Examples: instinctive response

that are not learned, such as a
involuntary reaction Key Words: react, respond

Examples: perform a simple task

Fundamental Movements —
Basic movements such as walking,
Key Words: grasp an object, throw a
or grasping.
ball, walk

Perceptual Abilities — Response Examples: track a moving object,

to stimuli such as visual, auditory, recognize a pattern
kinesthetic, or tactile
discrimination. Key Words: catch a ball, draw or write

Physical Abilities (fitness) — Examples: gain strength, run a

Stamina that must be developed marathon
for further development such as
strength and agility. Key Words: agility, endurance, strength

Examples: Using an advanced series of

Skilled movements — Advanced
learned movements as one would
find in sports or acting.
integrated movements, perform a role in
a stage play or play in a set of series in a
sports game.
Key Words: adapt, constructs, creates,
modifies

Examples: Express one's self by using

Nondiscursive communication — movements and gestures
Use effective body language, such
as gestures and facial expressions. Key Words: arrange, compose,
interpretation

ACIVITY 5
1.Write 1 objective (layunin) for the following domain

a. cognitive

b. affective

c. Psychomotor

TOPIC: SULIRANING PANGKAPALIGIRAN

2. Make your own Learning Instruction ( MGA GAWAIN) For Every Domain

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/Bloom/affective_domain.html

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/Bloom/psychomotor_domain.html

ESTER M. FORTES

PROFESSORIAL LECTURER