The SPSS

UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
What is data analysis?
Data analysis is the process of cleansing, analyzing, and displaying data in order to get important
insights and make better business decisions.
Data may be found in spreadsheets, your sales funnel, social media platforms, customer
satisfaction surveys, support requests, and other places. It is developed at dizzying speeds in our
current information age and, when properly examined, may be a company's most asset.
Businesses must understand their consumers' needs in order to boost client retention and attract
new customers. However, in order to understand exactly what consumers, want and what their
pain points are, firms must go deep into their customer data.
In summary, data analysis may yield insights that inform you where you should focus your
efforts to help your organization thrive. It may assist companies in improving certain areas of
their goods and services, as well as their overall brand image and customer experience.
For example, is frequently analyzed by product teams to understand how consumers engage with
their product, what they're upset with, and which new features they'd want to see. They then
transform this knowledge into UX enhancements, new features, and increased functionality.

Types of data analysis

There are several practical data analysis methods you may employ to unearth insights in all kinds
of data, as well as developing datanalysis trends that can keep you one step ahead of your rivals.
Types of data analysis:
 Text Analysis

Unstructured text data is organized using machine learning and natural language processing
(NLP) for text analysis, commonly referred to as text analytics or data mining. In contrast to
statistical and numerical analysis, text analysis is a type of qualitative analysis.
Text analysis technologies can arrange text by topic, extract keywords, and read for emotion and
intent by turning human language into machine-readable data. It explains "What is happening"
with specific, frequently arbitrary data. It provides more detailed and focused perspectives on the
potential causes of events.
Another method of text analysis is sentiment analysis, which classifies data as Positive,
Negative, or Neutral in order to learn more about how customers feel about each component.
 Descriptive Analysis: What happened?
 When evaluating quantitative data, descriptive data analysis answers the "What happened?"
question. It is the most fundamental and widely used type of data analysis, and it focuses on
defining, summarizing, and discovering patterns using computations of the data already
present, such as mean, median, mode, percentage, frequency, and range. Typically,
descriptive analysis serves as the foundation for all subsequent data analysis. Without a sure,
it is incredibly helpful for creating items like KPI dashboards and revenue reports. However,
because it is solely interested in statistical analysis and absolute numbers, it is unable to
explain why or how those numbers came to be.
Inferential Analysis: What happened?
By comparing statistics from groups within an entire population, such as the population of a
country, an existing client base, the participants in a medical study, etc., inferential analysis
makes generalisations or hypotheses about "What happened?" The most popular techniques for
using inferential statistics are estimating theories and hypothesis testing.
Inferential analysis is frequently used in market research to compare two variables in an effort to
draw conclusions, such as the amount of money spent by male and female customers or by
different age groups. Alternately, it can be used to poll a representative sample of the population
in an effort to extrapolate findings to the entire population. In this scenario, accurate calculations
must be made for a representative sample of the population.

Diagnostic Analysis: Why did it happen?

Diagnostic analysis, also known as root cause analysis, aims to answer “Why did 'X' happen?”. It
uses insights from statistical analysis to attempt to understand the cause or reason behind
statistics, by identifying patterns or deviations within the data to answer for why. Diagnostic
analysis can be helpful to understand customer behavior, to find out which marketing campaigns
actually increase sales, for example. Or let’s say you notice a sudden decrease in customer
complaints: Why did this happen? Perhaps you fired a certain employee or hired new ones.
Maybe you have a new online interface or added a particular product feature. Diagnostic analysis
can help calculate the correlation between these possible causes and existing data points.

Meaning of computer assisted analysis

Computer analysts, often known as systems analysts, design and build computer systems.
Installing new systems or upgrading current systems to meet changing corporate demands is part
of their job. They also computerize tasks that are still done by hand or in a less effective manner.

Computer analysts might work for themselves or for firms that specialize in computers and data
processing. They may also work for government organizations, manufacturers, insurance firms,
financial institutions, and colleges. A bachelor's degree in computer science or a similar field,
such as management information systems, is usually required for a job as a computer analyst. An
advanced degree boosts your chances of landing a decent job even more.
Analysts then create reports, which typically include charts and diagrams, to demonstrate the
proposed system to those who would use it. Analysts may do cost-benefit studies to assist
management in determining if the system is acceptable. All of these jobs often entail intricate
mathematics.
After deciding on a system, the necessary equipment is purchased and installed. The analyst must
then ensure that the entire system functions properly. The analyst creates diagrams and
instructions that computer programmers may use to construct the code required to make the
elements work together as a system.
Some analysts are also programmers. Analysts put up test runs of various portions of the system
when the scripts are built. Analysts may be requested to continue supporting the new computer
systems after they have been installed.

Software packages for computer assisted analysis

Since the mid-1980s, software tools meant to aid with qualitative data analysis have been
available, and discussion about how best to teach them has raged on. (They are generally known
as CAQDAS-packages, for Computer Assisted Qualitative Data AnalysiS). The 'if, how, and
when' argument has centered on the timing and integration between the teaching of qualitative
methodologies (the strategies) and the software tools we employ to operationalize those
approaches (the tactics).
Continuous contemplation and debate of these concerns, as well as research into the adoption of
CAQDAS-packages, have resulted in teaching and learning aids that transcend the qualitative
methodology employed, the software programs chosen, and the teaching modalities adapted for
various situations.
Before learning how to run a specific CAQDAS-package, it is critical to have a full grasp of the
role, functionality, and potential of CAQDAS-packages in general. This results in the three
teaching and learning techniques listed below:
Introducing researchers to the kind of analytic tasks that CAQDAS-packages are intended to
support (the Analytic Activities framework; Lewins & Silver 2007; Silver & Lewins, 2014;
Silver & Lewins, forthcoming).

Teaching researchers how to use CAQDAS-packages effectively, regardless of technique or

software program (the Five-Level QDA method; Woolf & Silver 2018, Silver & Woolf 2019)
Implementing learning that caters to various learning types (the Recurring Hourglass
instructional design; Silver & Woolf 2015).
Introduction to SPSS
"Statistical Package for the Social Sciences" is what SPSS stands for. It is an IBM utility. This
tool was initially introduced in 1968. This is a single piece of software. This software is mostly
used for statistical data analysis.
SPSS employs three primary windows :
1. Editor of Data
The Data Editor pane displays the working dataset's contents. It is laid up in a spreadsheet
fashion, with variables in columns and cases in rows.
The data editor has two perspectives:
i. Data display
ii. Variable viewpoint
View of data: When you initially start the Data Editor, the spreadsheet is shown; this sheet holds
the data. Formulas and variable names, unlike in MS Excel, cannot be inserted here.
Variable viewpoint: It includes details on the variables in the data set.
2. Editor of Syntax
The Syntax Editor is another key window in the SPSS environment. In previous versions of
SPSS, all procedures were submitted through the use of syntax, which informed SPSS on how to
handle your data. Using SPSS syntax gives you access to commands not available through the
menus and dialog boxes, and syntax files may be saved and executed at a later time, allowing
you to repeat an analysis.
3. Viewer of Output
When you run a command for statistical analysis, whether you used syntax or dialog boxes, the
output is shown in the Output Viewer.

Pros & Cons of SPSS

PROS
1. It is relatively straightforward to use since data for each estimation is included in a single
column.
2. Used in a variety of work environments/schools, thus it is possible that your manager/school
may provide it to you.
3. Will accomplish all you need to do as a beginner and Understudies can import data from many
sources, including Excel, when data is organized as a data set.
4. Extremely simple to use for the visual student, with an easy-to-learn menu-driven layout.
Many of the competing factual programming packages, for example, R, SAS, and Stata, are
operated primarily as programming languages. While programming languages have many
advantages, they are far more difficult to master. Furthermore, the difficulty usually discourages
you from attempting a new and diverse methodology.
5. SPSS is a comprehensive factual programming system.
As an implicit component, many complicated measurable tests are available. The interpretation
of results is reasonably straightforward. Displays information tables quickly and easily. It is
possible to expand.
CONS
1. It's ridiculously expensive and requires a permission, so you can't just buy it and keep it.
(Note: R is free, and SAS and STATA do not need that the license be re-established
every year (at least, SAS did not the last time I used it).
2. I acknowledge that there are some things it can't accomplish or isn't as quick or good at,
for example, staggered investigations or primary condition showing; nevertheless, it's
been a while since I attempted those, and I found various solutions for those (Stata and
MPlus, individually).
3. If you get very good at it, you can program it to do whatever you want (R and SAS are
most likely awesome for this, with STATA a nearby third).
4. If you get very good at it, you can program it to do whatever you want (R and SAS are
most likely awesome for this, with STATA a nearby third)
5. It doesn't allow you to flex on different information investigators since it's akin to the
tricycle of programming programs... but a superb tricycle. Default graphics are a long
way from being suitable for dissemination. They can be enhanced to a limited amount by
changing the outline. In general, it is better to use multiple projects for illustrations. SPSS
does not provide actual capacities for several essential inquiries (such as collaboration or
balance in relapse).
6. SPSS might be expensive to purchase for understudies.

Raw data
2. Converted scores

3. Find and replace with 1 entry

4. Coding

5. Total scoring formula

6. Reverse scoring formula