Personality Theory and Research 13th

Edition Cervone Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/personality-theory-and-research-13th-edition-cervone-test-bank/
Chapter: Chapter 08: Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation
of the Trait Approach

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not one of the Big 5?

a) conscientiousness.
b) honesty.
c) neuroticism.
d) agreeableness.

Ans: b

2. Five-factor model is to NEO-PI as

a) Freud is to id.
b) Rogers is to self.
c) Cattell is to 16 PF.
d) Allport is to factor analysis.

Ans: c

3. Which of the following is not a pair?

a) Eysenck - EPI, EPQ.
b) Cattell - 16PF.
c) Five-factor model - NEO-PI.
d) all of the above are pairs.

Ans: d

4. The Five-factor model is most similar to

a) Allport.
b) Eysenck.
c) Cattell.
d) Mischel.

Ans: b
5. The term Big 5 comes from
a) Goldberg.
b) Costa.
c) McCrae.
d) Buss.

Ans: a

6. The person responsible for the fundamental lexical hypothesis is

a) Allport.
b) Eysenck.
c) Goldberg.
d) Costa.

Ans: c

7. Which of the following is not a basis for support for the five factor model?
a) results from questionnaires.
b) results from projective tests.
c) results from ratings.
d) all of the above provide support.

Ans: b

8. The fundamental lexical hypothesis suggests that people

a) encode into language important individual differences.
b) encode into language basic biological determinants.
c) are different from one another.
d) rely on language to communicate ideas.

Ans: a

9. According to the fundamental lexical hypothesis

a) language determines thinking.
b) language determines behavior.
 c) language expresses observations.
d) none of the above.

Ans: c

1. DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated
with variations in Big Five traits. Can they claim that variations in volume of the
brain regions caused variations in the Big Five?
a) Yes, because MRI evidence enables one to identify brain regions that cause
behavior.
b) Yes, because past research indicates that the direction of causality is always
from brain to behavior.
c) No, because MRI evidence is infamously unreliable.
d) No, because correlation does not enable one to establish the direction of
causality.

Ans: d

2. DeYoung and colleagues (2010) were able to identify brain regions correlated
with variations in Big Five traits. Your textbook authors note that one reason one
must exercise caution when interpreting these results is that “the brains’ various
regions are enormously interconnected.” What did they mean by this?
a) The connectivity makes it difficult to figure out whether variations in brain
volume caused variations in traits or vice-versa.
b) The connectivity suggests that studying the brain, even with an MRI, will
always lead one to draw false conclusions about traits.
c) The connectivity makes focusing on more than one brain area problematic
because only one brain area is ever active during a given complex task.
d) The connectivity makes focusing on one brain area problematic because
several brain areas are active during a given complex task.

Ans: d

10. The existence of universal terms for describing individual differences would
be __________ an evolutionary perspective.
a) consistent with
b) inconsistent with
c) simultaneously consistent AND inconsistent with
d) irrelevant to

Ans: a
11. Studies on animal personality suggest
a) fundamental differences between human and chimp personality structures.
b) personality descriptions of other species express anthropomorphizing.
c) non-primates have the same personality structure as humans.
d) there is evidence for continuity of personality structure among the species.

Ans: d

12. The best measure of OCEAN is

a) EPI.
b) 16PF.
c) NEO-PI.
d) water jug test.

Ans: c

13. Results from the NEO-PI would be expected to be most similar to those from
the
a) Rorschach.
b) TAT.
c) clinical interview.
d) none of the above.

Ans: d

14. The NEO-PI is a

a) projective test.
b) questionnaire.
c) disguised test.
d) instructional test.

Ans: b

15.The NEO-PI correlates well with scores from the

a) EPI.
 b) 16PF.
c) Q-sort.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d

16.Costa and McCrae argue that the NEO-PI in relation to the basic dimensions of
personality is
a) necessary.
b) sufficient.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

17.The NEO-PI provides for

a) self-ratings.
b) spouse ratings.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

18.Self-ratings on the NEO-PI would be expected to show greatest agreement with

a) OT data.
b) spouse ratings.
c) projective test scores.
d) clinical interviews.

Ans: b

19.A problem with cross-cultural research on the Big Five is

a) translations across languages.
b) nationalism.
c) obtaining subjects.
d) all of the above.

Ans: a
20.The factor that shows least cross-cultural replicability is
a) neuroticism.
b) extraversion.
c) conscientiousness.
d) openness to experience.

Ans: d

21.The text suggests that cross-cultural trait comparisons may depend on whether
a) subjects are of comparable age.
b) subjects are of comparable intelligence.
c) indigenous terms are used.
d) researchers are from the US.

Ans: c

22.Overall, cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that

a) none of the traits are universal
b) all of the Big Five are pretty universal.
c) at least three of the Big Five are universal.
d) only one of the Big Five is universal.

Ans: c

23.Disagreement concerning trait measures is greatest concerning

a) factors.
b) facets.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: b

24.Cattell's factors seem most comparable to the NEO-PI's

a) factors.
b) facets.
 c) items.
d) none of the above.

Ans: b

25.The text suggests that the Big Five model can integrate the work of
a) Eysenck.
b) Cattell.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

3. Concerning the convergence between ratings using self-report and observer-report,

three major findings have emerged. Which is NOT one of them?
a) self-report and observer-report are correlated
b) observer-report and observer-report are correlated
c) self-report ratings are always more accurate
d) observer reports are sometimes more accurate than self-reports

Ans: c

4. Differences between self- and observer-ratings of the Big Five have been observed for
traits that are not highly:
a) socially desirable
b) descriptive
c) visible
d) a and c

Ans: d

26.According to McCrae and Costa, the Big Five have

a) a biological basis.
b) an environmental basis.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).
 Ans: a

27.McCrae and Costa's view of the Big Five is that they are similar to
a) motives.
b) cognitions.
c) temperament.
d) the self.

Ans: c

28.McCrae and Costa's view of the basis for the Big Five is captured by the term
a) unshared environment.
b) shared environment.
c) characteristic adaptations.
d) intrinsic maturation.

Ans: d

29.According to the concept of intrinsic maturation, personality traits are

a) largely uninfluenced by the environment.
b) largely influenced by the environment.
c) unpredictable in their development.
d) developed out of characteristic adaptations.

Ans: a

30.According to McCrae and Costa, life choices and the self-concept are formed out of
a) basic biological tendencies.
b) characteristic adaptations.
c) external events.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d

31.Research by Ravenna Helson and colleagues examining the lives of women who were
studied over long periods of time found that
 a) women’s personalities did not change over time no matter what their life
experiences.
b) women who were involved in the women’s movement became more confident
and empowered.
c) women who entered the workforce became neurotic.
d) None of the above.

Ans: b

32.In their study of conscientious behavior, Mischel and Peake found that such behavior
a) shows little temporal stability.
b) shows little cross-situational consistency.
c) shows high levels of both temporal stability and cross-situational consistency.
d) (a) and (b).

Ans: b

33.Research on age differences during adulthood are faced with the problem of
a) age effects.
b) cohort effects.
c) cultural differences.
d) gender differences.

Ans: b

34.Cross-cultural research on age trends suggests

a) the same pattern of personality trait change.
b) varying patterns of personality trait change.
c) western vs. nonwestern differences in personality trait change.
d) developing countries vs. developed countries differences in personality trait
change.

Ans: a

35.McCrae and Costa suggest that

a) progressions of personality development depend on culture.
b) progressions of personality development depend on historical context.
c) progressions of personality development are fixed in order and time.
 d) none of the above.

Ans: c

36.Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is

a) more complex.
b) less integrated.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

37.The text suggests support for the following

a) the child is father to the man.
b) change does occur in traits.
c) stability of overall structure with individual change.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d

38.The text suggests that the data support the view that
a) personality is more stable over short than long periods of time.
b) personality is more stable in adulthood than childhood.
c) there are individual differences in trait stability.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d

39.According to the Five-Factor Model, personality disorders are best understood as

a) stereotypes.
b) distinct categories.
c) extremes of traits.
d) all of the above.

Ans: c
40.At an extreme end of a trait dimension, personality can be
a) adaptive.
b) pathological.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

41.The Five-Factor Model appears to be useful in

a) describing personality disorders.
b) explaining personality disorders.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: a

42.Which of the following is not a likely contribution to trait stability?

a) genes.
b) people select their environments.
c) others respond in stable ways.
d) all of these contribute to stability.

Ans: d

43.The trait position suggests

a) consistency over a range of situations.
b) many behaviors expressive of a trait.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: c

44.Trait psychologists favor questionnaires because they

a) permit sampling over a range of situations.
b) trust people.
c) basically are phenomenologists.
d) all of the above.
 Ans: a

45.Laboratory situations are problematic for the study of traits because

a) they emphasize one variable at a time.
b) the results don't agree with questionnaire results.
c) they restrict the range of individual differences.
d) they are low in reliability.

Ans: c

46.The evidence is best that people behave consistently

a) within domains of situations.
b) across domains of situations.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: a

47.Critics of trait theory mostly focus on the problem of

a) cross-situational consistency.
b) longitudinal consistency.
c) multivariate research.
d) hierarchical organization.

Ans: a

48.The text suggests that trait theory is

a) growing in popularity.
b) declining in popularity.
c) in a state of disarray.
d) similar to Rogerian theory.

Ans: a

49.Concerning the number of basic trait factors,

a) five is just about right.
 b) some suggest more and some suggest fewer.
c) ultimately factor analysis will tell us exactly how many is best.
d) it all depends on the subject being studied.

Ans: b

50.A limitation of trait theory is that it

a) does not get at individual differences.
b) investigates but few variables at a time.
c) uses static rather than dynamic concepts.
d) cannot integrate science and religion the way Rogers did.

Ans: c

51.Which is not a strength of trait theory?

a) investigation of relationships among many variables.
b) emphasis on multiple research strategies.
c) development of assessment devices.
d) development of static concepts.

Ans: d

52.At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability

a) is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability.
b) is better for cross-situational stability than for longitudinal stability.
c) is very good for both kinds of stability.
d) is very good for neither kind of stability.

Ans: a

53.People may be stable in their behavior because

a) they select as well as respond to situations.
b) stereotypes are formed of people.
c) constitutional factors predispose toward some trait stability.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d
54.A problem with the trait concept is that
a) there is little evidence of constitutional differences in people.
b) it presents too static a picture.
c) it cannot be applied to individuals.
d) all of the above.

Ans: b

55.Relative to older adults, adolescents and young adults score

a) higher on neuroticism.
b) higher on extraversion.
c) lower on agreeableness.
d) all of the above.

Ans: d

56.Concerning developmental aspects of traits, research suggests a relationship between

a) early temperament and later traits.
b) childhood and greater trait complexity.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: a

57.Trait data on Jim brought out his

a) mood swings.
b) strong appetite.
c) both (a) and (b).
d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: a

58.NEO-PI data on Jim suggested that he and his wife disagreed on the trait(s) of
a) N.
b) A.
c) both (a) and (b).
 d) neither (a) nor (b).

Ans: a

59.Recent research on the five-factor model indicates that

a) all individual persons display all of the personality traits in the five-factor
model
b) no individual people have any of the five-factor personality traits
c) individual people may show personality tendencies that vary from the
population structure
d) none of the above

Ans: c

60.Research by Twenge indicates that, in the past few decades, scores on the personality
trait of anxiety have ___________ in the population at large.
a) increased
b) decreased
c) remain unchanged

Ans: a

61.Research by Twenge on historical changes in personality traits scores _____

five-factor theory.
a) supports
b) contradicts
c) is irrelevant to

Ans: b

62.According to Ashton and colleagues’ analyses, what sixth factor did proponents of the
Big Five miss?
a) Openness.
b) Honesty/humility.
c) Conscientiousness.
d) Psychoticism.

Ans: b
True/False

1. The fundamental lexical hypothesis suggests that people basically are language
oriented.

Ans: False

5. If research suggests that some traits are universal, whereas others are unique to
specific cultures, then the fundamental lexical hypothesis is completely invalid.

Ans: False

2. The discovery of the basic structure of personality through the factor analysis of
ratings is comparable to the methods used in physics and chemistry.

6. Ans: False

3. According to the Big Five, intelligence is a major component of personality.

Ans: False

4. The NEO-PI was specifically designed to measure the basic five factors.

Ans: True

5. Proponents of the NEO-PI also advocate the use of projective tests in the study of
personality.

Ans: False
6. A problem with the five-factor model is that it shows no links with other personality
concepts.

Ans: False

7. The Big Five factor showing the least cross-instrument agreement is Openness.

Ans: True

8. The Big Five can usefully integrate the work of Cattell and Eysenck.

Ans: True

9. Eysenck's three factors can be located in the Big Five.

Ans: True

10.McCrae and Costa give equal emphasis to genes and environment.

Ans: False

11.McCrae and Costa suggest there is an intrinsic maturation to personality.

Ans: True

12.People become increasingly conscientious with age.

Ans: True

13.Women but not men become increasingly conscientious with age.

Ans: False
14.Personality trait structure in childhood is the same as in adulthood.

Ans: False

15.Personality is more stable in adulthood than in childhood.

Ans: True

16.Evidence of trait stability indicates that environments are unimportant in development.

Ans: False

17.According to the five-factor model, personality disorders represent pathological

conditions distinct from normal personality.

Ans: False

18.The five-factor model offers a specific model for psychological treatment.

Ans: False

19.The five-factor model clearly is useful in distinguishing among the various forms of
psychopathology.

Ans: False

20.Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to longitudinal consistency in

personality.

Ans: True
21.Since all studies find the identical five factors, we can assume the basic units of
personality have been discovered.

Ans: False

22.Critics of trait theory question the evidence of cross-situational consistency even more
than that of longitudinal consistency.

Ans: True

23.The trait of conscientiousness is linked to health and longevity.

Ans: True

24. Findings across seven languages indicate that honesty/humility is a reliable factor, in
addition to the other factors of the Big Five.

Ans: True

25. Though there are subtle differences from language to language, the data indicate that
a new sixth factor, honesty/humility, generalizes across seven languages.

Ans: True

Essay

1. Discuss the grounds for support of the Big Five model of individual differences,
including evidence that the trait terms relate to people’s everyday behavior.

2. Discuss the person-situation controversy in terms of the issue, the evidence, and the
 conclusions you would make about the consistency versus variability of behavior.

3. Discuss the strengths and limitations of the trait approach as both a) a description of
individual differences, and b) an explanatory model of human personality
functioning.