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General Science I
GTS121
Lecture 1: Vectors

Dr. Tawinan Cheiwchanchamnangij

tawinan.che@mahidol.edu

Dr. Natthapon Nakpathomkun

natt.nakpath@gmail.com
SIIT 1
Outlines
• Coordinate systems
• Vector and Scalar
• Some properties of vectors
• addition
• subtraction
• multiply by a scalar
• Components of a vector
• Unit vector
• Problems
• Scalar Product

2
Coordinate Systems
Used to describe the position of a point in space
Common coordinate systems are:

• Cartesian Rectangular x y
coordinate

• Polar

Cartesian Coordinate System

Also called rectangular coordinate
system
x- and y-axes intersect at the origin

Points are labeled (x, y)

General Science I - GTS121 3 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Coordinate Systems
Polar Coordinate System sometimesmakethings
moresimpler morecomplex
Origin and reference line are noted

Point is distance r from the origin in the

direction of angle θ, ccw from reference
line which is often x-axis.
Angle
Points are labeled as (r, θ)

distance
fromorigin

General Science I - GTS121 4 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Coordinate Systems
Polar to Cartesian Coordinate System
Based on forming right triangle from r
and θ polar cartesian

x = r cos θ 1802,2
y = r sin θ U792,2
If the cartesian coordinates are known:
y
tan θ = O
x tarity arctancy

r= x2 + y2

General Science I - GTS121 5 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Coordinate Systems
Example
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane
are (x, y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m, as shown in the figure.
Find the polar coordinates of this point.

Ir O ox
from
r x2 y2 3.532 12.512 4.30 M

from r O 4.30m 215.50

tano
1
35.50 X 80050
O 180 01 215.50 y rsino

Drawtriangle seewhatwecando domath

General Science I - GTS121 6 Lecture 1 - Vectors
Vector and Scalar
A scalar quantity is completely specified by a single value with an
appropriate unit and has no direction.

• Rules for ordinary arithmetic are used to manipulate scalar quantities.

A vector quantity is completely described by a number and appropriate units
plus a direction.

Example
A particle travels from point A to point B along
a dashed path. The length of the dashed line is
called a distance which is scalar.
An arrow pointing from A to B represents a
displacement which is vector. It’s
independent of the path taken by the particle.

General Science I - GTS121 7 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Some Properties of Vectors
Vector Notation

• There are a few convention used for vector; A ,⃗ A,⃗ A.

• Magnitude (size) of a vector is represented by A or | A ⃗|
• the magnitude is always positive

Equality of Two Vectors

• Two vectors are equal if they have the same
1
magnitude 2
and direction.

• A ⃗ = B ⃗ if A = B and they point along

parallel line.

General Science I - GTS121 8 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Some Properties of Vectors
Adding Vectors
• Can be done by using graphical method and algebraic method

Graphical Method
doesn't usethatmuch
• Use the “head to tail” method

General Science I - GTS121 9 Lecture 1 - Vectors

 Some Properties of Vectors
Commutative law of addition Associative law of addition
canchangegroup

A ⃗+ B ⃗ = B ⃗+ A ⃗ A ⃗ + ( B ⃗ + C )⃗ = ( A ⃗ + B )⃗ + C ⃗

General Science I - GTS121 10 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Some Properties of Vectors
Negative of a Vector
• − A ⃗ has the same magnitude with A ⃗ A⃗
but opposite direction

• A ⃗ + (− A )⃗ = 0
−A⃗

Subtracting Vectors
• Use A ⃗ − B ⃗ = A ⃗ + (− B )⃗

General Science I - GTS121 11 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Some Properties of Vectors
Subtracting Vectors
• Or drawing tails of A ⃗ and B ⃗ at the same
point and A ⃗ − B ⃗ points from head of B ⃗ to
head of A ⃗

Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

mA ⃗
• positive m, it has the same direction with A ⃗ with magnitude m | A ⃗| .
extendthelength

⃗
• negative m, it has opposite direction with A with magnitude | m | | A ⃗| .
reversedirection extendthelength

21 o5A
y
General Science I - GTS121 12 Lecture 1 - Vectors
Subtracting rector

1 Japan das Mu
 Some Properties of Vectors
Example
A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0° west of
north as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s
resultant displacement.

13 ÉeB
Fromthepicture
Rx Bsin60
Boos
35 KM 30.31KM
Ry 13

f R
Ry A Boos60
By 12,2 48.2km
20.04135 0.5 37.5km

Rx Writetheunit onanswer
Timportant
General Science I - GTS121 13 Lecture 1 - Vectors
 B tant
Ey tant 37 5
30.31 38.90

Therefore thedisplacement is 48.2km 38.90tothewestofnorth

tocheck if ouranswermakesense
check if R isbiggerthan Rx Rx

if 0 450then Rx Bywouldbeclose
Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector
• A component is a projection of a vector along an axis.
• Any vector can be completely described by its components.
• It is useful to use rectangular components.
• These are the projections of the vector along the x- and y-axes.
• A ⃗ and A ⃗ are component vectors of A ⃗
x y

•
fjustnumber
Ax and Ay are scalars, and will be referred as components of A⃗

A ⃗ = A x⃗ + A y⃗

General Science I - GTS121 14 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Components of a Vector

• A ⃗ = A x⃗ + A y⃗
• Ax = A cos θ Taga
• Ay = A sin θ U192,2

• A= Ax2 + Ay2 I
Ay
( Ax )
−1 arctancAy
θ = tan
•
Ax

General Science I - GTS121 15 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Unit Vectors use tospecifydirection tell directionof x y z
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with a
magnitude of exactly 1. é
• Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and I fix
have no other physical significance.

• i,̂ j,̂ and k̂ represent unit vectors pointing in the

positive x, y, and z directions, respectively.

• A x⃗ = Ax i ̂ and A y⃗ = Ay j ,̂ therefore,
A ⃗ = Ax i ̂ + Ay j ̂
mostefficientwayto communicaterector
canadd subtractetc

General Science I - GTS121 16 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Adding Vectors using Unit Vectors
Using R ⃗ = A ⃗+ B ⃗
Then

R ⃗ = Ax i ̂ + Ay j ̂ + Bx i ̂ + By j ̂

R ⃗ = (Ax + Bx) i ̂ + (Ay + By) j ̂ Easiest

tolookat
R ⃗ = Rx i ̂ + Ry j ̂

so Rx = Ax + Bx and Ry = Ay + By
Ry
R= Rx2 + Ry2 and tan θ =
Rx

General Science I - GTS121 17 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Problems
Problem 1
Find the sum of two displacement vectors A ⃗ and B ⃗ lying in the xy plane and
given by

A ⃗ = (2.0 i ̂ + 2.0 j )̂ m and B ⃗ = (2.0 i ̂ − 4.0 j )̂ m

FEB AxtBy ie Ay By m

12.0 2.0 it 2.0 4.0 m

4Oi 2Oj m

General Science I - GTS121 18 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Problems
Problem 2
A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements:
Δ r 1⃗ = (15 i ̂ + 30 j ̂ + 12k)̂ cm, Δ r 2⃗ = (23 i ̂ − 14 j ̂ − 5.0k)̂ cm, and
Δ r 3⃗ = (−13 i ̂ + 15 j )̂ cm. Find unit-vector notation for the resultant
displacement and its magnitude.

I AF AF t It
15423 1 13 I 30 14415 j t 12 5.0 0 k em

B 251 31 eat em
B 252 312 7 em 40.4CM

General Science I - GTS121 19 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Problems
Problem 3
Vector A ⃗ has a magnitude of 35.0 units and points in the direction 325°
counterclockwise from the positive x axis. Calculate the x and y components of
this vector.

Ax ASin 55
35.0 x sin 55

Ax 28.7units
direction
jong y
Ay 55 Ay ta
3250
go t units

General Science I - GTS121 20 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Problems
Problem 4
A vector has an x component of - 25.0 units and a y component of 40.0 units.
Find the magnitude and direction of this vector.

Y A At Ag
40 47.2units
Ay
n tant go
AO O dy
X
as ax g go 8 122.0

HI 0 98 tanarivannong
87N HIM sagas s
General Science I - GTS121 21 Lecture 1 - Vectors
Problems
Problem 5
Use the component method to add the vectors A ⃗ and B ⃗ shown in the figure
below. Both vectors have magnitudes of 3.00 m and vector A ⃗ makes an angle
of 30.0° with the x-axis. Express the resultant A ⃗ + B ⃗ in unit-vector notation.

I AyitAy
AC0530 ie Asin309
30 2.60i t 1.50 M

B Bx it Byj Oi 3.0 m

i It B 2.60T t 4.505 M

General Science I - GTS121 22 Lecture 1 - Vectors

 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Definition
The scalar product of vector A ⃗ and vector B ⃗ (often called dot product of A ⃗
and B )⃗ is defined by
if F 13 0 0 900
A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = AB cos θ,
F B perpendicular
where θ is an angle between vector A ⃗ and vector B .⃗ toeachother

A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ is the product of the magnitude of

A ⃗ and the projection of B ⃗ onto A .⃗

can useto checktheanglebetween A B

General Science I - GTS121 23 Lecture 1 - Vectors

The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Properties
• commutative : A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = B ⃗ ⋅ A ⃗
• distributive : A ⃗ ⋅ ( B ⃗ + C )⃗ = A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ + A ⃗ ⋅ C ⃗
no 7278

Scalar Product of Unit Vectors

• i ̂⋅ i ̂ = j ̂ ⋅ j ̂ = k̂ ⋅ k̂ = 1
• i ̂⋅ j ̂ = j ̂ ⋅ k̂ = k̂ ⋅ i ̂ = 0

Determined by the Components

• A ⃗ ⋅ B ⃗ = Ax Bx + AyBy + Az Bz
⃗ ⃗ 2 2 2 2
• A ⋅ A = Ax + Ay + Az = A Or F F A Acoso AZ

General Science I - GTS121 24 Lecture 1 - Vectors

Problems
Problem 6
The vectors A ⃗ and B ⃗ are given by A ⃗ = 2 i ̂ + 3 j ̂ and B ⃗ = − i ̂ + 2 j .̂
(a) Determine A ⃗ ⋅ B .⃗
(b) Find the angle between A ⃗ and B .⃗

a FB AyByeAyBy 2L1 312 4

b 0 FB ABCosa

Cosa AB
32.41
AB 122 11222 113 5 15

Q 60.30
costly
General Science I - GTS121 25 Lecture 1 - Vectors
General Science I - GTS121 26 Lecture 1 - Vectors