abmo&

realled and Saline

pH
The of contain colloidal
areappreciable (1) inThe salts
some Saline
(1) presence the alkali or is
various (c) (known
b) la) (2) greater and
to
ured, acidic;
(CaCO:
Degraded
alkali
soils ptB (EC than (pHSalinesoil non-saline-alkali excess exchangeable
Saline
Non-saline-alkali
more less
soils Non-saline-alkali
Degraded
alkali Saline-alkali asquantities
Alkali
material soils soils the alkalinfe
!5: less of
predominance than
pH
absent: than
types saline-alkali salts. Soils. Soils. and an occur
than ECthan soils CLASSIFICATION NATURE AND
greater
4 moro 8.5;
of alkali Alkali In not
is
(2) excess 7.0. soils
Saline
compact
soils)
horizon
8.5)
mmhosicm, alkaline is soils. sodiumised. ofthe Salinecomplex most This
than brokensolls.soils. yetAlkalife are
than ESP (pH soils. soils.exchangeable
soils case ofcommonly under
arid is
8.5; When soils sodium of those
4less Alkaline Soils Under of due
A
mmhoscm) greater soils down When may are sodium
and
are cerain they bealkali contain soils. divided salts the
tothat and
to
B than shown give contain sodium. soils, an and
they drvided among have
presence
circumstances do
7.0)
diagrammatically rise not Such
soluble exchange predominance
in to
the excess in to the exchangeable Alkaline
alkaline
an
t4han (pH soils (ESP Alkali
Saline-alkali soils to contain the climate
(Table
9.1). of
mmhos/cm) following of
degraded soils an
I5: 8.5, greter salts sodium-salts, two reaction
excess
EC the soluble complex
may groups
mai n CHAPTER 9
greater ESP clay in
groups bases.
than alkali
as excess or of of or
greater
than I5) under complex
soils.
salts,
:
may
contains but sodium sodium
Saline whosc Soil
arc they not its
:

issolved a permeable !n 4
interfere 8.5.
and
crust 0r 15% theysodium
sometime thalkali
econtains SalineSoiA. l Source Saline
the 7 3
dry
(vii) (r) morc () (iv) (ii) of(it) give formation
() When Orissa
Maharashtra
when or Haryana Punjab
Rajasthan Gujarat U.P
TABLE and
inSalinc mmhoscm.
season SaineElecIrical with Total Exchangcable As the gives Saline
anitrates exchangeable brown Fertilizer : Bengal W. State
Alkaline
to the
the the watcr atota! brown a
normalsolublc
consequence whitc soils alkali of soii 9.1
water soil when soils sods
cation soils News,
and
conductivity colour of contains : Soil
water usually remain contain issoil. Area
sS. the air
growth salt sodium colour sodium. calcium, Vol.
exchange
(C.E.C.).
capacity known
CHARACTERISTCS under
move net contcnt to The 4.04 S.26 S.34 6.89 7,28 8.50 12.14 12.95 Area
of the onusuaily excess 21(9);
have in of pcrcentage
low the The saline
movement
up locculated a (E.C) most soil. process
as the
pp.
a is ESP, soil salinization. of
tosurface presence soil and
ofplant more chloride, (15-23).
ofsodium
surfacc. Nadu1s. Bihar14.Kerala13. Delhi12.
Tamil M.P10..
Karnataka 9.
the solut1on is alkaline
of gcnerally (ESP) accumulationknown Total
surface, soil crust spccies. than A.P.
State
cGndition of salts
0.1%. is When sulphate, soils
moisturc of Cxtract very chloride
pH asand
where white nitrates (lakh
It varies low, saline hectares
milion
7.00
(granulatcd).(salurated is of clay
is
bicarbonates and salts hectares)
they salts, high bcing
upward. are soil
complex 69.49
between sulphate 0.04 ) ()60.42 224 4,04 Area
0 04
are
especially enough in lcading to or (lakh
ha.) 04
less
lett soit) cxcess whitc
Salts it than 'and stil 91
as to 7.5 of
ts is
 accumulate
the in salts the hence, weathering
and products
of soluble the are salts soluble When salts. soluble asodium
nd exchangeable amounts
of
out leach sufficient
to not regions
is these rainfall
in low evaporation.
The relative the upondepending 8.S, above usually pH,variab.e (ii)
A
high anrainfall
d low very have which regions semi-arid and arid in
fomed are They both. orclasodium
y presence
of thesolution
or soi! insalts
i5%. than more sodium isExchangeable (i)
sodium toAlkalinity
due is 7.0. than greater whose reaction
ispH or alkaline characteristics following
have that those
in are soils Alkaline Climate. Semi-arid and Arid () the have sotls these Usually water. and aimovcment
r of and entry the tor
unfavourable becomes structure soil Therefore,
the soil. alkali -saline MON
following upon depends alkaline factors asless nore behaves soil this Thus, only. Na-clay contains soil and
soil and salinedevelopment
of Orior
gin
FORMATION down, leached are salts soluble water much todue so:ls.
If salne like iess
or
more behaves soil this Thus,flocculated. keeps
it dispersed
and get to
permeability. infiltration,
and has-tow compact
and become Soils (vii) claysodium the allow not does saltssodium presence
of because
the is
This
structure.(prism-like) columnar devclops (flocculated). aggregatc possesses andfriable remains soil(Na-clay)the clay
It(vi) sodium presence cf the spiteof
aikalization.
In salinizetton
and process
of
colour. black has layer lower The (v) combincd the result
of developed aas thus, are They saline-alkali
soils.
mmhos/cm. th4arn less EC(iv) known
as are soils Suchsolution. in
salts soluble excess and Na-clay
l5%. than greater isESP (1ie)) contains thus soii The soil. the. remain in they water, Insufficiency
rain of
8.5). than (more pH the todue leached out not are salts sodium soluble the Ifsalts. soluble
high ahas body soil main constitutes
the which
laycr lower The (i) cxccss aswell Na-Clayas contains Soidepend.
l non-saline
soils alkali and
depth. inchesin few hardlya thin, very usualty 1s alkali sal.ne- formation of salts, solubie movement of According
to plH. and
layer This 6.0). (pH acidic is surface
layer the reaction
of soil The () content saldom1nance
t of degree
of varying transition
with stages
in all be
soil. alkalidegraded Soloth
or can There alkal1. and saline both are soils These Saline-alkali soils. (b)
Solod, called formed is sosoil thsolodization
e and as condition
known is (Usar) barren almost arc sosls these
Theretore. matter organc of
alkaline under H-Clay brcak-down of process
of The stable. remain depletion great therC
is matter,
SO organiC absorbs catbonate Sodum (")
not does way this formcd ia soil) (acid H-Clay hydrogen. replaced
by Is growth plant
layer surface exchangeable
the sodium
of ofpart time,a same the At affectadversely soilcondition
of physical poor and pHhigh the Also, roots.
colour. black acquiresa thus, layer lower The layer. lower thedeposited in is plant cffect toxic carbonate
cn ahas sodium free presence
of The ()
matter) (organic Humus humus. dissolves (Na,CO,) Carbonate Sodium slow). aerationis infiltration
and
soil)(alkali (or poor is air and waterpermcabilityto Hence. pores. soil thechokes and
H,0 Na,CO,+t CO, 2NaOH+ swelis ciay dispersed. deflocculated
The and complex
is Colloidal (v)
soil) (acid mmhos/cm. than4 less usually conductivity
(EC)
is Electrical fv)
NaOH H-Cla+
y H,O Na-Clay+ 0.1%. than is (sodium)
less content saltsoluble Total (iti)
condiion). a'kalinc). (strongly 10 to 8.5 from ranges Conscquently
pH (ii)
AIkaline carbonate sodium forms and air soil orCO, withconbines 15%. than greater percentage
which NaOHhydrolyses Na-Clay condition, this under leaching prolong of is ExchangeabBe
sodium ()
result (CaC0,).
aAs carbonate calcium fee contain not does soil The
abuncance. (Na,CO,)
in carbonates
sodium contain sols These soils. usar, typical called also are soils These
Soils. Alkali Degraded C. matter. organic thedispersion
of the causes which centent sodunm higth the
mmhos/cm. than4 greater conductivity
is Electrical (1v) effect
of the to
owing black, are theybecause soils, alkali 'black called
often are soils These salts. soluble quantities
of appreciable absence
of
.1%. than morc content
is salts soluble Generally (ii) and exchangeable
the sodium, wisaturated
th compl:x
IS
thar colloital of
8.5., to
falls again accumuiate,
pHthe again presence are charactenstic
the features Non-saline-aikali
The soils.
salts soluble the when but 8.5, above rise wil pH
downward,
the leached (a)
Soil) (Sodic Soil Alkali B.
Alkal1ne
Soil and Saline Fundamentals
Soil of
92
 copper, ircn,nittogen. caicium.pnosphorus, sodium damaged
by not colloids
are the soils thesemagnesium.
In
ZiNC margereSE
ad
the reduction causes
a SOii
and calc1um
exchangeble contains (soil-colloid)
still clay-complex the
3$ ureÜSS piantavailabii1ty
of in
r inp! tigh Thereduced nutrients plantAvailability
of (iei) while saltssod1um excess
of contains (Salinization).
Soil soils Saline 1.
reduçe activity
amicrobioiogical
re anddrainagepermeab1lity. foilows as are They
, compactress
sor!, of toaffected.
Due properties Physical (21} soiis. alkal: and saline evolution
of in distinct
the stages three are There
soi!.compct development
of structure
and surface. the to ciose or
high table
is
e of
ioss aresults
in which clay dispersion
of causes colloids underground
water the where defective
and drainage
is depressions
where
rnd ciay adsorbed by sodium concentration.
The salt t0due not damage
is especialiy
in regions, temperate semi-humid
and ine.g, also, areas
ditiors.
the soii alkali Under particles. soil Dispersion
of () other deveiop
in soilsAikaline Regions.Semi-humid and Humid (ix)
sojalkalinity
l. in develop may etc., slag basic mitrate, sodium
non-saline-alkali). (Saline-alkalí
and Soil AIkali Fertilizers.
ofUse Basic Excessive
ofUse (viii)
fertilizers
like alkaline
productive
soils. potentially bbarien
ut usually saline. would
be materials,
soil rock parent nature
of saB1ne
are sciis Saline plarts directlyto effect toxICproduces it
then içve! high from deveiop soils Materials.
If Rock Parent Nature
of Saline (vii)
reass
it: salti soluble concentrat1on
of the Wher. toxicity. Salt (u) reason th1s toextent,
due grcat developed
ato Rajasthan
has salinity
of The
roOts ihe hy land the sal:nity
to add thus, and sea toback washed not are theyrainfall
adequate nutrerts
i1 mosture
and absorptson
of prevents Ths ar low toDue iands thdeposited
e on get and year after year wind blown
by
ce! uompATISO
te soiut10n
in s01! preSsure
of osnotic increase
the solution 1s
sait of iot sea, the nearregions arid WVind.
In Biown
by Safts (vi)
so! the saitsxcess1ve
i nutrients. and water Absorption
of ) sonls the salinity
of
Soils Saline the toadd and saltssoluble inrich itself be nay waterirrigation The
ITY SALINITY
AND SOL EFFECTS
OF DETRIMENTAL land. the salinity of increase
the
and surface the carried
to getthus, may, water ground the of
saltssoluble
H,O Na,cO,+ Co, 2NeOH+ thweather
e dryDuring water. ground saiine the with linked get mnay water
NaOH (2cid) H-ciay H,0 Na-clay percolating irrigation
the injudicious With nature. in generally
saline are
regions arid water ground
of The Water.Irrigation Introduction
of (v)
carbonate. sodium forms
2nd CO, the wicombines
th which NaOH itberates leaching)
and (during salts. with soils
theenrich accumulates
and water Sait tides. during water sea get which
lyses Na-ciay sotls. alkaltdegraded foms absent, it CaCO,
is If Lowlying
sea the near arcas Lands. over Water Sea Overflow
of (iv)
Na,C0, Ca-clay- CaCO, Na-clay+ surfacc.
saturated. sodiun thus. is
ciay TheNa-clay. into Ca-clay converts the on salts soluble leaving,evaporated,
are and action capillary surface
by the tomove water amounts
Na-Co, CaC0, iow toDue(Na,CO,) carbonate sodium end Ca-ciay high, tis
abie water the saits. of large
usually regions If soluble
arid watofers ground of considerable
quantities contain
rset g:ve and Na-ciay with reacts(CaCO,) carbonate Calcium coiloids). The Table. Water High (ii)
sethe Na-clay
in non-saline-aikaii
(onty soi! torise gives rainfal!.
it
increase
im the resuit
of icaching
a as removed
by are saline-alkaii
soils) basin orlowlying
in areas developed
in generally areas. shaped
(rom saltssciuble (non-saline-alkali
When soils). Alkalinization 3. issalevaporates,
inleft t the are soils Such soil. the
Ca-Saits Na-Clay+ Na-Salts Ca-Clay+ thimpeded,
ey drainage
is the
water When layer. joer accumulate
the in
salts rainfali,
the high periods ifand, layer upper the from leached
Sodtur alkalization salinizat:on
and
conditions. flocculated
process
of combined the
in
soils keep
result
of
s2lts
aas of the During Soi!. Drainageof Poor
are
deveioped
(in)
thus, are They sol. the rermain
in they insufficiency
rain, of the to thdeposited
e as evaporates. water
ue outeached not (3odzurm)
are saits soiuble thesolutton).
I1 are they where surface the to brought
predom1nan becotnes
the (sodium claysodium
soil cation
in with upmove saits weather,
the up are and water the
soi accumulate
fom period. prolong Overa movernent downward rainfall,dry oniy.distance
In short restriCed
a an saits sodum soluble When Saline-alkali
soils. 2. the down the Iimited the to However,
due
a to
iayers. lower is
in move and water ran disSoive
in
Alkalime
So1l and 5al:ne sa!ts the ratn, During sat
 ater drains adthe saits soisailow TOOt there be or of
mainwater.
magnesium
caicium
leschingThe and 1 bunding
gOOdfor sal: followingSchoonoverunfavourable
should ()
(?sal:nity
(B) so(22) arc
ed
done Methods
\Mechanical isrem0vai
(4) contact Sal1ne
Saline cond1tions, fromnutrients)OfsOl
are Somelimes ZOne. for probiem $. 4, belowAdequate
drainage. 1 !.
L'seProviding Cultural surface. Scraping low te Fleoding Imgation
Protection Better highUnder reacton
opened a by Avalability
be of again escape Affer weca with soils Soil
in tirst of the tcchnical
sglt salts
subsequent is Reciamation th an (1989} salinity-low
saline-alkali
the
used. properMethods
or scraping calcium in rOOt cffects chapter
free tile develops gypsum
of Such.week, Most pond1ng
a and to water and average
the leach which iTigation crops
reclamation zonerequirements
of
irrigaiondrains drain leaching reclamation
in of for
surface to 2 of should sufficient
(Crop, helps
on check is to
standirg the the irrigatiTn the dothe
soil the in his alkalinity
alkalinity. may
conditions the
aisc 3 not and and study
RECLAMATION suffer
laid age. such to treatments solublewaterdoNn salts soluble
be
management details.
Sol _oil. develop sol. fo:
water.
underground if remove deveiopmentadded downward is
Management advanced
of to water of to
the and lands. When water
n of comparatively
water. salts good be reciamation soil due low thereinfiuence
salts to
Salt soilWater toare the the taken
salts. the flood dissolved Following into
contain agronomic to ineet problems
quality.
salinity-high to may
free is given would soluble
and below alkali high
tonot soluble of ininclude crop of
be of
Managevent).
good This actuaily soil
help free alkalinity.water to leach andsalts. casy
appreciable
large saline in salinity
with methods the soils use
qualitydraining,
wash salts reclaim allow:ng
is practices. perfect India, alkalinity. reaction
a when root in blocks. and and
temporary solublc down The
suchThe by
soils.
transitional FundamentalsSorof
l
accumulate as
ofout highiy
the leaching may zone the
amounts
land also alkali has on
irigation artificial
the below
actionof welUnder
l availability
soluble saits) to beand leveling. leach soilslisted
saits. cure sal1ne stand uscd out asstages,
such
on the can of the the
Is to

alcium-cationare downward
excess make soil).down of
(non-saline-alkali) I. etotton. etc. renain be down the aler-holding
sugarbeet. ofthc ic. theirsecdings
sal: hence.Water evenincreases,warer
sal1ne-alkaii Reclamation conserved land (vin) the
used saline-alkali)Soils (c) ic) (h) tir) (viif) water-holding (1) carly
(v7) concentrations (iv) (i)
the Soils of Alkal: to soil Ammonium in in
exchangeable Sens1tive ModeratelyLo GrowingRetardation in
increases
the l'se generally
thesc
Planting thu_, Proper
for soluble zhe Ploughing are smaller the
frecly soil sotls soiut1on Cse growth
of plantedp0ints
eclaiming get sall lower in lower capacity. of sodecreases
aimost soils, Acidic
the capacity suiphate) stage evaporates moisture
ani cannot the
dispersed
in soils, salts and telerant
crops of organic amounts, or use
ther salt salt level soil levels. and
alkali
impervious flooding infiltration
of and
decreases. inside have s0wing of
sodium. make Management be tolerant tolerant by When Fertilizer. thus, irrigation
th e
leached exchangeable Tomato. cIops with water levelling maures. shouid
soils, and reclaimcd retarding of should maximum th e IS
alkali the is
the sotl
sufticient can from most of the
The become soillikely Bcans, crops crops.evaporation
: and increases furrows. seeds be
coiCCntraiion
the to In
kept water.
downward.
soils potato, water. be germinate thc
sodium-cationwaterwater. alkal1ne to by the percolation of The saiine harmtul in
of (a) water the used. salt
sodium mere Alkali radish, Wheat,
do amount organlC they highest the at it
compact OniOn, Hig h land. sol, concentrat:ons.
alone But more from-soil and
and optimum
furrow.
to is
Following (onlyflooding evaporation. escape known
of
rice, salt Ploughing as of surtace the
Na-Clay
evcn harm.
(Saline-alkali carrot white rate. manures acidic salts
would these
a develop
must (impervious). Na-Clay
cloversorghum,
tolerant Therefore, result germinating
the The ield inthat
if
Leaching the surface. nature
etc. manures zone by
chemica! notwater is land. and the have f salt
capacity. the as
be crops
Thus, property capillarity the
so remain etc. ofconcentration
the
replacedleachcould great maize, Water levelling conductivity of soil
(flooding) In and salts salts
are veryfertilizers maximunm seedsseedlings.
amount
methods out
In th e Barley, :
during
soluton
added
move alkali as in casc non may may leach high
bythe
flax orand t
to the of
 locculated
on Addition Sodium
with
sodium carbonate, t0
gypsum
requirement expressed of sufficient.
lower repiaceChemical
materiais
Some oF Na* Na Methods(A)
= the Gypsum a (i)
Gypsum sodic water and Application
2,Sulphur Besides 10 the is
$,Aron
(FeS,) 4acid (S)
pyrite3Sulphuric
(H,SO,) such soil. sulphate used the
tYon (CaSO,.
aypsum
2H,0) may
m.e.
inESP The soil, and
of
or converts sodiurn
materials
Amendmnent toFor requirement gypsum Complex
Alkali
soil addition
sulphate gynsum of milliequivalent
requirement drainage leaching Clay as
be lower amountto the goesNa,CO,
Ca a a
a in of
uscd sodic lowering the
reclaiming gYpsum.
akaii
are that per desired improves into of
eSO,.H,0) the down clay
for of improves. gypsum
given is ESP
- soil,
can in solution +
reclaiming best 100 100 60 10
of
gypsum
value alkaline wi t h
CaSO, +CaSO4 back soil
By
gm to be of Gypsum agent,
below suppose, physical
soil soil. calculated
10, Ca
required
is
the
pHwater and into(calcium cationiif
the
amendment
alkalne
X
20 will 100perknown ESP soii. is calciun-clay calcium
lowered is soil
be CEC toForcond1tions with then CaCO, Complex Nomai Ca* sulphate)
exchange,
from as to the
soil
has
sols = gm of be th
removede replaces
30the gypsum level down production
reasonable crop
equivalert
Gypsum for
added help Na,SO,
+ no
Gypsum sodic and data soil. of Clay (Ca-clay). calcium
of to
is Fundamentals
reserve Soilof
0.63 1.62 0.57 0.19 I.00 ESP equirement. to
soil. of by necessary.the
soil, on 10 a
a is desirablcartificiaf
Soilswashing exchangeable
cqurvalentsscveral =CEC sodic of Is
often
60. considered Lcachable
calcrum
gypsum and soil becdrains
it When used
level ome
other ESP it out
of is to

which acidity carbonate,

green Saline
salts. usedconverts is neutral1scs
sodiunn
which
sOurec it to and especially
organic
of helpful
where
Increases
saline
soils. amounts
required. icnt aCnt not When (i)
should the sulphur (ii) In fo r then manurc
and
(} gypsum
(iv) formed present Use Alkaline
Cultural
Sane Method (B) ofDune of developcd
sodium he ot
Addition
less
Use matter Addition above reclamation.
sulphuralkalinity.
rcacts addition
The energy be to acidity. Sulphur of'
cultural of ofgunic harmful has the mentioned as Carbonate
Sodium
in (producesulphur.
uscd of 2S
amounts (psum
exchangcable und supplies aCarbonate 2CaCO, +Na,CO, the with Soil
to sulphuric sulphate also result Calcium
+ is during of
for Na,CO,-
ofH,SO, sulphate in thus, of. 2H,0Reactionscarbonate At
be ac1ds soil. spread the the suiphur,
practices microotganism molasses. the been acidity) In
replaccd, food organic ofboth + sodium th e
of presence acid. form. sulphur helping bases + it same the
H,SO, H,SO,
gvpsun1 Sulphurreduce and
used
for cases,
30, should on sulphuric case
ctc,.
arc sodium are into the ticourse
m e
Addition Sulphuric
also with The the is in
exchanges
matter. clay
of
1.7alkal1n1ty acidbioiogical as be soil,
fsllowed of it
Sulphuric
oxidation
sodium bnngs rcclaim alkali
and
and tons On which combination lowering
calciumtends success.bacteriaadded Ca(HCO,),
is ’CaSO, + foilowsadded of acid,
are necessary Calcium
Sulphate C0, it
converts
sulphur of an of C0, acid The
with sulphate. iscaBcium thetr the iron soii
given average to to +
as gy nolasses on
carbonate. changes that addition the H,0 2H,SO, artific1ally : oxidised sotl and that
describcd psum fermentation + reduce correct the deconpostion it
requircd
in H,0 stimulates
of
pH. hclp to + carbonate
into aluminium verycontains
tor sulphur, Leachable
Na,SO, If
the leach calcium to
orone
miilicqui
every in
Leachahble + the the the
Organic of of whensulphuriccalcum effcctively
in Table to 32 th e Na,S O, intensesodium alkalinity. organ1c artificial out free
into
the replace tons produe soil organic the sulphur
carbonate soluton suiphate.
reclamation
the clay of calciunn
9.2. of provide alkalin1ty
carbonate oxidation matter sodium soThe
suiphur is matterdrains acd. 99
d1tferent 01gan
matter
The is
the is
 among
presenceSaline N.e.
Exchangeable SPresenceof4. 3. 2. Sodum TABLE
frchangcahle
Percentage
(ESP) Sodium salts Content
(Soil) 1.
Colour CaNa
Exchanged per
Characieristic
in exchangeable and 100 9,2
the of 10
of 9
gm
soi! soil an :
AJkaline 4
of mounts
sulphate
than etc. Sodium
lesschloride, Ca
excess soil
White sodium
solublc
salts Fxcess of
Saline
soil
Classification
Nature
and bases amounts
Soils. of
of (4,000,000 gypsum
sodium POINTS
KEY Tonsucve
Gypsum ft
and
more
tancarbonae
Sodium Blac« Na soluble
sali of n of
Absenc (Alkali!
Non
Kalite.alkal1
pHsaline 17.2 15.5 13.7 12.0 10.3
86 69 52 34
exchange and
salts lbs
required
sHlphurto
is
greater of
orand soil)
more svdium
s%Ithan salts. wellcontains
soluble asS transtion. alkali
clayNa"asSoil
soil it saline
IS
non-sa
fine and bothareThese
soils predominance
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