2023 10 15 Environmental Ergonomics Final

ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS
2023-10-15
MSPT 302-1
Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

PREVIEW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Physical Hazards
A. Temperature
B. Illumination
C. Sound
D. Vibration
II. Chemical Hazards
PREVIEW
TOPIC OUTLINE PER HAZARD
I. Overview
II. Health Effects
III. Occupational Health & Safety Guidelines
IV. Preventive & Control Measures
SOUND & NOISE
TEMPERATURE
CHEMICALS
VIBRATION
ILLUMINATION
ILLUMINATION
TEMPERATURE
SOUND & NOISE
VIBRATION
CHEMICALS
TEMPERATURE
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Six (6) Basic Parameters
2 Acclimatization
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors

❑ Two (2) Human Factors
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors

▪ Air Temperature
▪ Radiant Temperature
▪ Air Velocity
▪ Air Humidity
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR TEMPERATURE

▪ TEMPERATURE of the AIR in a workplace
▪ Measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F) or Kelvin (K)
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – RADIANT TEMPERATURE

▪ Heat that radiates from a warm object/surface
▪ How HOT/COLD are OBJECTS/SURFACES in your surrounding
▪ Measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F) or Kelvin (K)
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR VELOCITY

▪ SPEED of air
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR HUMIDITY

▪ Amount of MOITURE or WATER VAPOR in the air
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ Two (2) Human Factors

▪ Metabolic Heat (Metabolic Basal Rate)
▪ Clothing
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
2 Acclimatization
❑ Change in a physiological response that occurs after repeated

exposure to extremes of either heat/cold as a means to ADAPT
❑ Behavior acclimatization as a means to MAINTAIN HEALTH
TEMPERATURE (HEAT)
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION OF EXTREMES OF HEAT
WBGT MONITOR TEMPERATURE

SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
1 Workplace Inspection & Investigation
❑ Task Analysis
❑ Work Rate
❑ Work Temperature
❑ Clothing
❑ Personal Factors (Age, Build, Medical Status, etc.)
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 Temperature Assessment Proper
3 Recommend Actions for Improvement & Implementation

SECTION I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EXTREMES OF HEAT
1 Heat Stress
❑ Heat Exhaustion
❑ Heat Rashes
❑ Heat Cramps
❑ Heat Syncope
❑ Heat Stroke
SECTION I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EXTREMES OF HEAT
2 Heat Strain
SECTION I
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY GUIDELINES
GENERAL GUIDELINES
❑ Core Body Temperature should be MAINTAINED AT 37.5°C (99.5°F)
❑ Should NOT EXCEED 38°C (100.4°F)
❑ Termination for exposure is BEYOND 39°C (102.2°F)
SECTION I
TERMINOLOGIES
1 Action Limit (AL)
2 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
3 Work-Cycles
SECTION I
TERMINOLOGIES
1 Action Limit (AL)
❑ The TEMPERATURE LEVEL that workers should take action to

MINIMIZE EXPOSURE
▪ A THRESHOLD
▪ Serves as a WARNING SIGN
SECTION I
TERMINOLOGIES
2 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
❑ The TEMPERATURE LEVEL that workers SHOULD NOT EXCEED due to

risk of heat-related illnesses becomes significant
▪ The MAXIMUM LIMIT
▪ Serves as a BOUNDARY
SECTION I
TERMINOLOGIES
3 Work-Cycle Values
❑ PERMISSIBLE TIME that a worker can spend WORKING under specific

environmental conditions WITHOUT RISKING INJURIES whether heat-
related illnesses or injuries
SECTION I
EXTREMES OF HEAT – ACGIH GUIDELINES

SECTION I
EXTREMES OF HEAT
SECTION I
EXTREMES OF HEAT
SECTION I
EXTREMES OF HEAT
SECTION I
EXTREMES OF HEAT
TEMPERATURE (COLD)
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION OF EXTREMES OF COLD
ANEMOMETER TEMPERATURE
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
❑ Task Analysis
❑ Work Rate
❑ Work Temperature
❑ Clothing
❑ Personal Factors (Age, Build, Medical Status, etc.)
SECTION I
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 Temperature Assessment Proper

SECTION I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EXTREMES OF COLD
1 Clinical Hypothermia
❑ Core Body Temperature that falls BELOW 36°C (96.8°F)

SECTION I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EXTREMES OF COLD
2 Freezing Injuries
❑ Windburn
❑ Frostnip
❑ Frostbite
SECTION I
HEALTH EFFECTS
EXTREMES OF COLD
3 Non-Freezing Injuries
❑ Chillblain
❑ Immersion Foot
❑ Trench Foot
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
❑ Air temperature should be monitored if temperature goes BELOW 16°C (60.8°F)
▪ Workers performing barehanded tasks for more than 20 minutes should be
provided with ways to warm their hands
❑ Air temperatures should be MONITORED AT LEAST EVERY 4 HOURS if temperature
goes BELOW -1°C (30.2°F)
▪ Wind speed should also be monitored when it exceeds 2 m/sec (5 mph)
▪ Metal tool handles and control bars should be wrapped in insulating material
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
❑ MEDICALLY QUALIFIED FOR WORK
▪ Workers routinely exposed to air temperatures below −25°C (−13°F) at wind
speeds greater than 2 m/sec (5 mph)
▪ Workers routinely exposed to air temperatures below −18°C (0°F) at wind
speeds less than 2 m/sec (5 mph)
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
❑ WORK-WARMING REGIMEN
▪ Workers in an environment that is continually at or below −7°C (19.4°F)
should be provided a work-warming regimen
▪ Workers should be provided with anti-contact gloves, such as those made of
silk, to prevent contact frostbite from surfaces that are less than −7°C
(19.4°F)
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
❑ WORK-WARMING REGIMEN
▪ Workers in an environment that is continually at or below −7°C (19.4°F)
should be provided a work-warming regimen
▪ Workers should be provided with anti-contact gloves, such as those made of
silk, to prevent contact frostbite from surfaces that are less than −7°C
(19.4°F)
SECTION I
GENERAL GUIDELINES
SECTION I
PREVENTIVE & CONTROL MEASURES
GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD
ELIMINATION SUBSTITUTION
❑ Redesigning work processes, using different

materials
❑ Reorganizing tasks to remove exposure to
extreme temperatures
SECTION I
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
❑ Installing insulation in hot environments to reduce

radiant heat
❑ Using local exhaust ventilation to remove heat or
humidity
SECTION I
❑ Installing fans, air conditioning, or heating

systems to regulate temperature
❑ Creating shaded areas for outdoor workers
SECTION I
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
❑ Job Rotation
❑ Scheduled Breaks (Work/Rest)
❑ Limit Exposure Time
❑ Regular hydration breaks and access to shade
SECTION I
❑ Training & Education

❑ Work and Medical Surveillance
SECTION I
PPE
❑ PPE should be the last resort for managing

temperature-related risks
❑ Protective clothing, such as heat-resistant suits or
cold-weather gear, as well as personal cooling
devices like cooling vests
ILLUMINATION
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Three (3) Terminologies
2 Sources of Lighting
3 Types of Interior Lighting
4 Types of Light Fixtures

SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Three (3) Terminologies
❑ Illuminance
❑ Luminous Intensity
❑ Luminance
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Three (3) Terminologies – ILLUMINANCE
❑ AMOUNT of light falling and SPREADING onto a certain area

❑ How humans perceive BRIGHTNESS
❑ UNIT OF MEASUREMENT
▪ SI – Lux (lx) [derived from lumens]
▪ Non-SI – Foot-Candle (fc)
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Three (3) Terminologies – LUMINOUS INTENSITY
❑ Ability to provide LIGHT in a CERTAIN DIRECTION

❑ Dependent on the capability of the light source
▪ Cd – Candela
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Three (3) Terminologies – LUMINANCE
❑ AMOUNT of light emitted by a SOURCE in a given direction

❑ How SHINY an OBJECT/SURFACE is
▪ Cd.m-2 – Candela per meter squared
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
2 Sources of Lighting
❑ Natural Light
❑ Artificial Light
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
2 Sources of Lighting – NATURAL LIGHT
❑ Sunlight
❑ Skylight
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
SUNLIGHT SKYLIGHT
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
2 Sources of Lighting – ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
❑ According to SOURCE
▪ Flame
▪ Electrical
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ According to SOURCE – ELECTRICAL

▪ Incandescent
▪ Discharge
▪ Solid-state
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
INCANDESCENT DISCHARGE SOLID-STATE

SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
❑ According to SETTING
▪ Interior
▪ Exterior
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
3 Types of Interior Lighting
❑ General
❑ Localized
❑ Local
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
GENERAL LOCALIZED LOCAL

SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
4 Types of Light Fixtures
❑ Direct
❑ Direct-Indirect
❑ Indirect
❑ Shielded
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
DIRECT
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
DIRECT-INDIRECT
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
INDIRECT
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
SHIELDED
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION
LUX METER LX/FC VALUES

SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION
FOOT-CANDLE (FC) LUX (LX) AREA OR OPERATION
30 300 First-aid stations, offices, and infirmaries
10 100 General construction plants and shops
5 50 General construction area
5 50 Warehouses, walkways, corridors, exits, and other indoor spaces
5 50 General underground work areas, including shafts and tunnels
3 30 Concrete placement, waste areas, loading platforms, active storage
areas, field maintenance areas, refueling areas, and excavation sites
FC/LX VALUES
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
❑ Lighting Conditions (Bright/Dim; Flicker; Glare; etc.)

❑ Task Analysis
❑ Lighting Maintenance
SECTION II
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 Lighting Assessment Proper

SECTION II
HEALTH EFFECTS
VARIETY OF HEALTH EFFECTS

SECTION II
OSHA GUIDELINES
LUX (LX) FOOT-CANDLE (FC) AREA OR OPERATION
300 30 First-aid stations, offices, and infirmaries
100 10 General construction plants and shops
50 5 General construction area
50 5 Warehouses, walkways, corridors, exits, and other indoor spaces
50 5 General underground work areas, including shafts and tunnels
30 3 Concrete placement, waste areas, loading platforms, active storage
areas, field maintenance areas, refueling areas, and excavation sites
FC/LX VALUES
SECTION II
GUIDELINES
❑ Eliminate or substitute for an alternative if the

source of lighting is distracting or defective
❑ Natural > Artificial Lighting during Daytime and
vice versa (NOTE: Moonlight is not used)
SECTION II
GUIDELINES
❑ Clean and/or replace light fixtures on a regular

schedule
❑ Use of reflected light and local lighting to
eliminate shadows
❑ Matte or semi-gloss surface > glossy surface
SECTION II
GUIDELINES
❑ Position light fixtures in appropriate places

❑ Adjust light intensity (brightness)
SECTION II
GUIDELINES
❑ Job Rotation
❑ Scheduled Breaks
❑ Training & Education of Workers
❑ Work Surveillance
SECTION II
GUIDELINES
PPE
❑ Use of eyewear protection

SOUND & NOISE
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
1 Sound
2 Noise
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
1 Sound
❑ A disturbance in a medium
▪ PRESSURE CHANGES in a medium (usually air)
▪ Caused by vibration or turbulence
▪ Classified according to its frequency and pressure
▪ Measured in decibels (dBs)
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
2 Noise
❑ An UNWANTED SOUND
▪ Occasionally as unwanted or harmful sound
❑ Also measured in decibels (dBA)
▪ A-weighted sound levels closely match the perception of
LOUDNESS by the human ear
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION
DOSIMETER dB VALUES
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
❑ Task Analysis
❑ Source of Noise
❑ Identifying Areas and/or Equipment
❑ Assessment of Exposure
SECTION III
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 Lighting Assessment Proper

SECTION III
HEALTH EFFECTS
DEAFNESS
SECTION III
TERMINOLOGIES
1 Peak Sound Pressure Level (LCPeak)
2 Daily/Weekly Personal Exposure Level (LEP,d / LEP,w)

SECTION III
TERMINOLOGIES
❑ MAXIMUM VALUE of sound pressure to which a person is exposed

during the working day
▪ The MOST LOUDEST value in a noise or sound
SECTION III
TERMINOLOGIES
❑ The AVERAGE NOISE EXPOSURE a worker experiences over a whole

day
SECTION III
TERMINOLOGIES
LOWER EAV UPPER EAV

LEP,d / LEP,w 80 dB (A) 85 dB (A)
LCPeak 135 dB (C) 137 dB (C)
SECTION III
OSHA GUIDELINES
SECTION III
OSHA GUIDELINES
❑ ENGINEERING & ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
▪ When employee noise exposures exceed 90 DECIBELS (dBA) AS AN 8-HOUR
TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA), employers must implement feasible
administrative and engineering controls to reduce noise levels.
SECTION III
OSHA GUIDELINES
❑ HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM
▪ An effective hearing conservation program is required when employee
exposures equal or EXCEED an 8-HOUR TWA SOUND LEVEL OF 85 dBA.
▪ This program includes monitoring noise exposure, conducting audiometric
testing, evaluating audiograms, providing hearing protection for employees
with hearing shifts, offering training and education, and maintaining records.
SECTION III
OSHA GUIDELINES
❑ CONSTRUCTION SITES
▪ In the construction industry, the maximum permissible occupational noise
exposure is also set at 90 dBA as an 8-hour TWA.
▪ When noise levels exceed 90 dBA, employers must take steps to reduce them
through practical administrative and engineering controls.
SECTION III
GUIDELINES
❑ Replacing noisy machinery or equipment with

quieter alternatives
❑ Building barriers or enclosures around noisy
equipment to contain the sound
SECTION III
GUIDELINES
❑ Using vibration isolation or shock mounts to

prevent sound transmission
❑ Applying sound-absorbing materials to machinery
or structures
SECTION III
GUIDELINES
❑ Regular maintenance to keep equipment in good

working order to reduce noise levels
SECTION III
GUIDELINES
❑ Job Rotation
❑ Training & Education of Workers
❑ Work Surveillance
❑ Posting of Warning Signs
SECTION III
GUIDELINES
PPE
❑ Use of hearing protection

VIBRATION
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MSPT 304-1

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Vibration
2 Whole-Body Vibration (WBV)
3 Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV)
4 Resonance
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
1 Vibration
❑ OSCILLATORY object moving about a reference position

❑ Repetitive
❑ Determined by FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE, and ACCELERATION
❑ Detectable but difficult to determine SEVERITY
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
2 Whole-Body Vibration (WBV)
❑ Transmitted from SOURCE to WHOLE BODY

▪ Such examples of sources are seating or moving surfaces
❑ Commonly experienced by drivers, operators and passengers in
machines/vehicles, or when traveling over uneven surfaces
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
3 Hand-Arm Vibration (HAV)
❑ Transmitted from TOOL to HAND & ARM

▪ Such examples of sources are seating or moving surfaces
❑ Commonly experienced by drivers, operators and passengers in
machines/vehicles, or when traveling over uneven surfaces
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
KEY POINTS
4 Resonance
❑ Aka Natural Frequency

❑ An UNWELCOMED SITUATION
❑ Transfer of vibration from SOURCE TO RECEIVER
❑ AMPLIFICATION causing hazardous effects
❑ Large objects produce low resonant frequency and vice versa
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
❑ Resonance VARIES per bodily segment

❑ Bodily segments have RESONANCE
LIMITS
WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV)
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION FOR WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV)
ACCELEROMETER RMS VALUES

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV)

❑ Task Analysis
❑ Source of Vibration
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV)

2 Vibration Assessment Proper

SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

1 General Health Effects
❑ Discomfort
❑ Reduction of work performance
❑ Cause health conditions
❑ Aggravate pre-existing conditions
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

2 Common Health Effects
❑ Low Back Pain

❑ Neck & Shoulder Problems
❑ Herniated Disc
❑ Early Degeneration of the Spine
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

3 Other Health Effects
❑ Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, endocrine, & metabolic

changes
❑ Digestive problems
❑ Reproductive organ damage in both men and women
❑ Impairment of vision, balance, or both
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
1 Daily Vibration Exposure A(8)
2 Exposure Action Value (EAV)
3 Exposure Action Limit (ELV)
4 Root Mean Square (RMS)

SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
5 Vibration Dose Value (VDV)
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
1 Daily Vibration Exposure A(8)
❑ LEVEL OF VIBRATION EXPOSURE to vibration (WBV/HAV) you

experience over an AVERAGE EIGHT-HOUR workday
❑ Expressed as…
▪ Acceleration per meter second squared (m/s2) and,
▪ Duration of Exposure
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
2 Exposure Action Value (EAV)
❑ It means that the level of daily vibration exposure that workers should
take action to MINIMIZE EXPOSURE
▪ A THRESHOLD
▪ Serves as a WARNING SIGN
❑ Measured as acceleration per meter second squared (m/s2)
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
3 Exposure Action Limit (ELV)
❑ It means that the level of daily vibration exposure that workers should
take NOT EXCEED
▪ The MAXIMUM LIMIT
▪ Serves as a BOUNDARY
❑ Measured as acceleration per meter second squared (m/s2)
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
5 Root Mean Square (RMS)
❑ Traditional method of reporting vibration intensity

▪ Assesses the TOTAL EXPOSURE OF VIBRATION
❑ Measured as acceleration per meter (m/s1.75)
SECTION IV
TERMINOLOGIES
5 Vibration Dose Value (VDV)
❑ Similar to Root-Mean Square (RMS)

❑ Assesses the TOTAL EXPOSURE OF VIBRATION over a SPECIFIC
PERIOD
SECTION IV
WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION (WBV) – EU GUIDELINES

1 EAV & EAL WBV Guidelines
2 Exposure Guidelines
SECTION IV

EXPOSURE ACTION VALUE (EAV) EXPOSURE ACTION LIMIT

(EAL)
Root Mean Square (RMS) A(8) 0.5 m/s2 A(8) 1.15 m/s2
Vibration Dose Value (VDV) 9.1 m/s1.75 21 m/s1.75
SECTION IV

HAND-ARM VIBRATION (HAV)
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
EVALUATION FOR HAND-ARM VIBRATION (HAV)
ACCELEROMETER RMS VALUES

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HAND-ARM VIBRATION (HAV)

❑ Task Analysis
❑ Source of Vibration
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HAND-ARM VIBRATION (HAV)

2 Vibration Assessment Proper

SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

1 General Health Effects
❑ Discomfort due to either disrupted circulation or damage to nerves

resulting in tingling and numbness in the hand
❑ Pain due to damage to tendons, muscles, bones, and joints
❑ Cause health conditions
❑ Aggravate pre-existing conditions
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

2 Common Health Effects
❑ Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome

❑ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
❑ Vibration White Finger
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

2 Common Health Effects – HAND-ARM VIBRATION SYNDROME
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS

2 Common Health Effects – HAND-ARM VIBRATION SYNDROME
SECTION IV
HAND-ARM VIBRATION (HAV) – EU GUIDELINES

SECTION IV

EXPOSURE ACTION VALUE (EAV) EXPOSURE ACTION LIMIT

(EAL)
Root Mean Square (RMS) A(8) 2.5 m/s2 A(8) 5.0 m/s2
SECTION IV

SECTION IV
GUIDELINES FOR EITHER WBV / HAV
❑ Eliminating tasks or substituting tasks that lessens

the exposure of workers to WBV
❑ Eliminating tasks or substituting tools that lessens
the exposure of workers to HAV
SECTION IV
❑ Equipment modification (installation of vibration-

damping materials)
❑ Installation of anti-vibration mounts on machines
SECTION IV
❑ Job Rotation
SECTION IV
PPE
❑ Anti-Vibration Gloves
❑ Whole-Body Vibration Mats
❑ Seat Cushions
CHEMICALS
2023-10-15
MSPT 304-1

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
1 Toxicology
2 Hazard versus Risk
3 Lethal Dose (LD50)
4 Lethal Concentration (LC50)

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
1 Toxicology
❑ STUDY OF SUBSTANCES that can have adverse health effects on living

organisms
❑ TOXINS
▪ A harmful substance
▪ Can be natural or man-made
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
❑ Hazard
▪ POTENTIAL to cause harm
▪ Are intrinsic to the chemical or process and exist
independently of whether anyone is exposed to them
▪ Examples are flammability, toxicity, corrosiveness, reactivity
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
❑ Risk
▪ LIKELIHOOD (PROBABILITY) OF HARM OCCURING and
SEVERITY OF THE EFFECT
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
3 Lethal Dose (LD50)
❑ The toxic POTENCY or INTENSITY of different chemicals

▪ It tests the lethality of a chemical by measuring how much of a
chemical will be needed to cause death
▪ Small amount = LETHAL and vice versa
❑ Tested on animals
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
OVERVIEW
4 Lethal Concentration (LC50)
❑ The CONCENTRATION of a chemical in WATER

▪ It assess the relative toxicity of different substances to aquatic
organisms and environment
▪ Small value = TOXIC and vice versa
SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 Chemical Hazard Assessment Proper
3 Recommend Actions for Improvement

SECTION IV
OVERVIEW OF HAZARD
RISK ASSESSMENT
❑ Task Analysis
❑ Type of Chemical
❑ Type of Hazard
❑ Identify Handling/Exposure Information
SECTION IV
HEALTH EFFECTS
OVERVIEW
1 Acute versus Chronic Effects
2 Local versus Systemic Effects

SECTION IV
ROUTE OF ENTRY
1 Inhalation
2 Ingestion
3 Absorption
4 Inoculation / Penetration / Injection

SECTION IV
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS BASED ON HEALTH EFFECTS

SECTION IV
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS BASED ON NATURE OF EXPOSURE

SECTION IV
LD50 & LC50 GUIDELINES

SECTION IV
ACGIH GUIDELINES
1 TLV-Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
2 TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
3 Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling (TLV-C)

SECTION IV
ACGIH GUIDELINES
1 TLV-Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
❑ The MAXIMUM AVERAGE CONCENTRATION of a substance to which

workers can be EXPOSED over an 8-HOUR workday and a 40-HOUR
workweek WITHOUT EXPERIENCING ANY ADVERSE EFFECTS.
SECTION IV
ACGIH GUIDELINES
2 TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
❑ The MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION of a substance that a person

SHOULD NOT BE EXPOSED to during a 15-MINUTE period at any point
in their workday
SECTION IV
ACGIH GUIDELINES
3 Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling (TLV-C)
❑ The maximum allowable concentration of a specific substance in the

air within a workplace environment.
❑ A BOUNDARY
❑ This limit SHOULD NOT EXCEED AT ANY GIVEN TIME during a
worker's exposure to the substance.
SECTION IV
GUIDELINES
❑ Elimination of chemical hazard

❑ Substitute chemical hazard with a less hazardous
chemical
SECTION IV
GUIDELINES
❑ Enclosures
❑ Local Exhaust Ventilation
❑ Dilution Ventilation
❑ Retrofit Equipment
SECTION IV
GUIDELINES
SECTION IV
GUIDELINES
PPE
❑ Protective equipment such as eyewear, headgear,

and gloves
❑ Respirators
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!

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ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMICS

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

SOUND & NOISE

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR TEMPERATURE

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – RADIANT TEMPERATURE

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR VELOCITY

❑ Four (4) Environmental Factors – AIR HUMIDITY

❑ Two (2) Human Factors

❑ Change in a physiological response that occurs after repeated

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

EVALUATION OF EXTREMES OF HEAT

WBGT MONITOR TEMPERATURE

2 Temperature Assessment Proper

3 Recommend Actions for Improvement & Implementation

2 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)

❑ The TEMPERATURE LEVEL that workers should take action to

❑ The TEMPERATURE LEVEL that workers SHOULD NOT EXCEED due to

❑ PERMISSIBLE TIME that a worker can spend WORKING under specific

EXTREMES OF HEAT – ACGIH GUIDELINES

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

EVALUATION OF EXTREMES OF COLD

2 Temperature Assessment Proper

3 Recommend Actions for Improvement & Implementation

❑ Core Body Temperature that falls BELOW 36°C (96.8°F)

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

❑ Redesigning work processes, using different

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

❑ Installing insulation in hot environments to reduce

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

❑ Installing fans, air conditioning, or heating

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

❑ Training & Education

GUIDELINES FOR EITHER EXTREMES OF HEAT / COLD

❑ PPE should be the last resort for managing

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

3 Types of Interior Lighting

4 Types of Light Fixtures

❑ AMOUNT of light falling and SPREADING onto a certain area

❑ Ability to provide LIGHT in a CERTAIN DIRECTION

❑ AMOUNT of light emitted by a SOURCE in a given direction

❑ According to SOURCE – ELECTRICAL

INCANDESCENT DISCHARGE SOLID-STATE

GENERAL LOCALIZED LOCAL

LUX METER LX/FC VALUES

❑ Lighting Conditions (Bright/Dim; Flicker; Glare; etc.)

2 Lighting Assessment Proper

3 Recommend Actions for Improvement & Implementation

VARIETY OF HEALTH EFFECTS

❑ Eliminate or substitute for an alternative if the

❑ Clean and/or replace light fixtures on a regular

❑ Position light fixtures in appropriate places

❑ Use of eyewear protection

Edrian Nielson C. Punsalan, PTRP

2 Lighting Assessment Proper

3 Recommend Actions for Improvement & Implementation

2 Daily/Weekly Personal Exposure Level (LEP,d / LEP,w)

❑ MAXIMUM VALUE of sound pressure to which a person is exposed

❑ The AVERAGE NOISE EXPOSURE a worker experiences over a whole

2 Daily/Weekly Personal Exposure Level (LEP,d / LEP,w)

LOWER EAV UPPER EAV