Industrial

Hygiene
LESSON 2
Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the participants

would be able to:

❑ Describe the Industrial Hygiene principles

❑ Identify the different health hazards in construction site

❑ Know the applicable preventive /control

❑ measures to eliminate /minimize hazards in construction site

Health Hazards

❑ Construction work is featured by high labor turnover,

constantly changing work environment and conditions on site

❑ Construction workers are exposed to a wide variety of health

hazards on the job

❑ Exposure differs from trade to trade, job to job, day by day,

even by the hour
Health Hazards

❑ Exposure to any one hazard is typically intermittent and of short

duration but is likely to reoccur

❑ May also be exposed as a bystander to hazards produced by those

who work nearby

❑ The severity of each hazard depends on the concentration and

duration of exposure for that particular job
 Contamination of work environment

RAW MATERIALS
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES GASES HEAT WORK ENVIRONMENT
PROCESSING VAPOURS NOISE CONTAMINATION
FUMES MIST
DUST
Hazards Identification

Recognition of the different hazards can be accomplished by :

❑ Walk-through survey/ocular inspection (supervisors, contractors)

❑ Knowing your task

❑ Reviewing process involved

❑ Knowing the equipment and materials used

❑ Gathering of worker ’s complaints

❑ Labels, Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) and Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS)
CSDS / MSDS
 Environmental Hazards

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
HAZARDS HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL ERGONOMIC
HAZARDS HAZARDS
Physical Hazards

❑ Noise

❑ Vibration

❑ Inadequate Illumination

❑ Extreme temperature

❑ Extreme pressure

❑ Radiation

❑ Inadequate Ventilation
SOURCE OF NOISE dB
Riveting machine 110 110
Dozers, Dumpers 96 96 Relative
Intensity (dB)
Pneumatic machine 100
of Common
Graders, trucks, <85 Noise Source
concrete pumps &
mixers, generators
Rebar worker 95
Electric Drill 102
VIBRATION
EXPOSURE:

• Low frequency or whole body –

weaving looms, harvester -
t h r e s h e r, t r a c t o r s , e t c .

• High frequency or segmental –

hand driven power tools such as
c h a i n s a w, p o r t a b l e g r i n d e r a n d
polishers
 EXTREME TEMPERATURE

PROLONGED WORK UNDER DIRECT WORK AREA W/ STRONG HEAT HEAVY WORKLOAD
SUNLIGHT SOURCE, POOR VENTILATION &
HIGH HUMIDITY
EXTREME
PRESSURE

Occupational Exposure:

• Underwater tunneling

• Diving

• Sewage construction
RADIATION

Ionizing Radiation Non-Ionizing Radiation

Used for detecting weakness of Lasers, Microwave, Infrared (IR),
metal structure Visible light, Ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, electric arc welding
X-ray inspection of welds
 INADEQUATE
VENTILATION

Lack of air circulation due to

restricted by natural or
mechanical means of moving air
to and from any space.
CHEMICAL
HAZARDS

❑ Dust/Particulates

❑ Solvent/Vapors

❑ Metals/ Fumes

❑ Corrosives/Mists

❑ Gases
DUST
PARTICULATES
SOLVENT
AND VAPORS
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Bacteria Virus

Fungi Parasites

Insects Organic aerosols

ERGONOMIC HAZARD

❑ Manual handling

❑ Repetitive motion

❑ Forceful motion

❑ Awkward posture

❑ Static posture
 “ Fit the
Task to the
Person”
 a space which by design has limited
openings for entry and exit;

CONFINED unfavorable natural ventilation which

could contain or produce dangerous
SPACES air contaminants, and which is not
intended for continuous employee
occupancy
HAZARD IN CONFINED SPACES

Flammable Oxygen
Toxic Gases
atmosphere deficiency

Fire & Acute illness Acute illness

Explosion or death or death
Storage
Sewers
Tanks

Boilers Manholes

Tunnels Pipelines

Trenches Pits

Silos Vats
 Sources of Toxic Atmosphere

Activities performed in or about the space

❑ Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.

❑ Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.

❑ Sealing, bonding, melting.

❑ Cleaning, descaling

Fumes from welding works are very toxic in a confined space.

 Labels
Three (3) ways
to inform
workers of the MSDS / CSDS
hazards
chemicals
Training
 A summary of the important health,
Contents of safety and toxicological information

CSDS/MSDS on the chemical or the mixture

ingredients.
Contents of CSDS/MSDS

Identification of the Composition/Informatio

Hazards identification
Chemicals n on ingredients

Accidental release
First-aid measures Firefighting measures
measures

Handling and storage

 Contents of CSDS/MSDS

Physical and Exposure control &

Stability and Toxicological
chemical personal
reactivity information
properties protection

Ecological Disposal Transport Regulatory

information considerations information information

Other information

MSDS vary in completeness, quality, and clarity.

HAZARD
ASSESSMENT
AND EVALUATION
Conventional
Industrial Hygiene
Measurements
Types of Environmental Monitoring

Personal Monitoring

Area/Environmental Monitoring

Biological Monitoring
 Industrial Hygiene Equipment

Lux meter Sound level monitor Ambient / RH meter Gas and VOC Monitor Supply Air, Air Velocity
Industrial Hygiene Equipment

The measurement data will be compared with existing standards /

guidelines:

❑ Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

❑ Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

❑ Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)

❑ Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)

❑ Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)

Conventional Industrial Hygiene
Measurements

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

❑ Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) - take into account variable exposure

through a full shift, 8 -hour workday

❑ Short Term Exposure Level (TLV-STEL) - limit of exposure during a short

period, 15 minutes

❑ Ceiling (TLV-C) - absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

 Construction Site Premises

Ty p e o f w o r k s :

1 . F i n e d e t a i l d i s c ri mi na tio n , p a i n t m i x i ng p r e c i si o n m a c h i n e w o r k s

2 . F i ni s hi n g w o r k s , f i n e i n s p e c ti o n, a c c o u n ti n g , p a i n ti ng

3 . O f f i c e w o r k s , m e d i um i n s p e c ti o n m e d i um c a r p e n tr y & m a c h i n e w o r k s

4 . M e d i u m a s s e m b l y, r o u g h b e n c h & c a r p e n tr y w o r k s , p l a n ni ng

5 . Ro u g h a s s e m bl y, m a c h i ne r o o m s , e l e va to r s , l o c ke r r o o m s

6 . Pa s s a g e way s, wa r e ho u s e s r o u g h m a t e ri a l s h a n d l i ng

7 . Ya r d s , r o a d wa ys , s o r r o u n d i n g s
 Control of Occupational Hazards

ENGINEERING
CONTROL

ADMINISTRATIVE
Hierarchy of Controls CONTROL

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
Engineering Control

R e pl a ce m ent /Subs titution of m a t e r ials us e d

• So l ve n t -b ased t o wa t e r - b ased p a i n t s

• L e a d ed t o n o n - le ade d p a i n ts

• U s e o f d r a i n r o d s i n s te ad o f u s i n g a c i d s o r c a u sti c s o d a t o u n b l ock t h e d r a i n

M odi f ications i n t he pr oc e ss a nd e qui pm e nt

• Pn e u m a tic h a m m e rs t o i m p a c t h a m m e rs

• Sa wi n g o r d r i l l i ng t o s h e a r c u t ti ng

M a i nt ena nce of e qui pm ent

Engineering Control

• Isolation or segregating hazardous processes

• Shielding – Plywood sheets shield IR & UV radiation

• Wet methods or water suppression to control dust emission

• Ensuring adequate ventilation in the working area

• Applying local exhaust ventilation to particularly hazardous

processes e.g. welding & grinding
Administrative Control

❑ Rotation of job assignments

❑ Adjusting work schedules
❑ Maintenance and good housekeeping
❑ Appropriate supervision
❑ Emergency response training and education
❑ Employee information and training
❑ Eating & sanitary facilities
❑ Good personal hygiene & good housekeeping
Personal Protective Equipment

Dust/Gas Safety
Face Shields/Visor
Respirators Goggles/Spectacles

Gloves (chemicals, Protective

Safety Shoes
anti-vibration, etc.) clothing/Aprons

Helmets Earplugs/Earmuffs
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection
SUMMARY

Industrial Hygiene Steps

Hazards Implementing appropriate

Evaluation
Identification/Recognition Control measures
Thank you!