2nd QUARTER MAPEH

MUSIC
MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750-1820)
The classical era, also called “Age of Reason”, is the period from 1750- 1820. The cultural life was dominated
by the aristocracy, as patrons of musicians and artists who generally influenced the arts. Significant changes in
musical forms and styles were made. In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move toward a new
style in architecture, literature, and the arts, known as Classicism. It was also pushed forward by changes in
the economic order and in social structure. Instrumental music was patronized primarily by the nobility.
Important historical events that occurred in the West during this era were the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars, the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the American Revolution. The term
“classical” denotes conformity with the principles and characteristics of ancient Greece and Roman literature
and art which were formal, elegant, simple, freed and dignified. The same characteristics may also describe
the melodies of classical music. Harmony and texture is homophonic in general. The dynamics of loud and soft
were clearly shown through the extensive use of crescendo and diminuendo. A style of broken chord
accompaniment called, Alberti Bass was practiced. The great composers of the period were: Franz Joseph
Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig Van Beethoven. Sonata, Concerto, and Symphony are the
instrumental forms developed during this era while Opera Seria and Opera Buffa are the two vocal forms.
COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD:
1. FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)
Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the most prominent composers of the classical period. His
life is described as a “rags-to-riches” story. He came from a poor family and his music led
to his rise in social status. He was hired by rich patrons and eventually became a musical
director for the Esterhazy family for 30 years. His music reflects his character and
personality: mainly calm, balanced, serious but with touches of humor. He was able to
compose over 100 symphonies and developed them into long forms for a large orchestra.
He was named, “Father of the Symphony” although he excelled in every music genre of
the period. Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the “Surprise Symphony”,
“The Clock”, “The Military”. He also wrote chamber piano music and choral works.
2. WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child prodigy and the most amazing genius in musical
history. At age five, he was already playing the violin and the harpsichord; at six, he was
recognized as an exceptional pianist and, at seven, he was already composing excellent
music. At age thirteen, he had written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works,
and operas and operettas. He experimented in all kinds of music and composed over 700
works. Unfortunately, due to mismanaged finances he lived his life in poverty, died young
and was buried in an unknown grave. He composed wonderful concertos, symphonies
and opera such as “The Marriage of Figaro” (1786), “Don Giovanni (1789), and “The
Magic Flute” which became popular. Other known works: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G
Major, and Sonata No. 11 in A Major K311.
3. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany to a family of musicians and studied
music at an early age. He was the composer who bridged the late Classical era and the
early Romantic era. He was a talented pianist and composer. His famous compositions
include 32 piano sonatas, 21 set of variations, 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 16
string quartets and choral music. His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-1823) and
opera “Fidelio” (1805). His known symphonies are: Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6
(Pastoral), No. 9 (Choral), which adds voices to the orchestra. He began to go deaf in 1796
but this did not become a hindrance. He continued composing through the help of an
assistant and hearing gadget. Some of his famous compositions were made when he was deaf. Characteristics
of Beethoven’s works: - His music veered toward larger orchestras. - Sound was centered on the violas and
lower registers of the violins and cellos to give his music a darker mood. - All themes in a piece are tied
together by one motif. - He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of modulation - He
used more brass instruments and dynamics
VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

SONATA
A multi-movement work for solo instrument, Sonata came from the word “Sonare” which means to make a
sound. This term is applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument such as keyboard or violin.
1 st Movement: Allegro – fast movement
2 nd Movement: Slow tempo: (Andante, Largo, etc.), mostly lyrical and emotional.
3 rd Movement: Minuet: It is in three-four time and in a moderate or fast tempo.
SONATA ALLEGRO FORM
The most important form that developed during the classical era consists of 3 distinct sections: Exposition,
Development and Recapitulation.
1. Exposition - the first part of a composition in sonata form that introduces the theme
2. Development is the middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are being developed
3. Recapitulation - repeats the theme as they first emerge in the opening exposition
CONCERTO
Concerto is a multi-movement work designed for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It is a classical form of
music intended primarily to emphasize the individuality of the solo instrument and to exhibit the virtuosity and
interpretative abilities of the performer. The solo instruments in classical concertos include violin, cello, clarinet,
bassoon, trumpet, horn and piano. A concerto has three movements: fast, slow, and fast.
3 movements:
1 st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form with expositions of the orchestra and then by the soloist.
2 nd Movement: Slow: Has more ornamentation than the First movement.
3 rd Movement: Fast: Finale: usually in a form of rondo, resembling the last movement of the symphony and
usually a short cadenza is used.
SYMPHONY
A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived from the word “Sinfonia” which literally means
“a harmonious sounding together”. It is a classical music for the whole orchestra, generally in four movements.
4 movements of the symphony:
1 st Movement: Fast: Sonata-allegro form
2 nd Movement: Slow : gentle, lyrical – typical ABA form or theme and variation
3 rd Movement: Medium/Fast: uses a dance form (Minuet or scherzo)
4 th Movement: Fast: typically Rondo or Sonata form
CLASSICAL OPERA
Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform in a theatrical setting. The two distinct
styles of opera, Opera Seria and Opera Buffa, were developed during the Classical Period.
The Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama that employs mythological characters,
which was inherited from the Baroque period. “Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria.
The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from Italy made use of everyday characters and situations, and typically
employed spoken dialogues, lengthy arias and was spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social satire.
“The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, and “The Magic Flute” are examples of popular Opera Buffa by
Mozart

ARTS

Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

Renaissance was the period of economic progress. The period stirred enthusiasm for the study of ancient philosophy and
artistic values.

Italian Renaissance began in the late 14th century. It was an era of great artistic and intellectual achievement with the
birth of secular art. The focus was on realistic and humanistic art.

Renaissance art was characterized by accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and deeper landscape.

Renaissance painters depicted real-life figures and their sculptures were naturalistic portraits of human beings.

Architecture during this period was characterized by its symmetry and balance.

As the classical Greeks believed in the harmonious development of the person through a sound mind, by the practice of
athletics, the Renaissance held up the ideal of the well-rounded man, knowledgeable in a number of fields such as
philosophy, science, arts, including painting and music – and who applies his knowledge to productive and creative
activity.

The Renaissance was a period of artistic experimentation. It brought man into a full view just like the human figure in
Greek Art.

Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the early modern age. In many parts of
Europe, Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art. By 1500, the Renaissance style prevailed.

The greatest cathedral building of the age was the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
Famous Renaissance Artworks and Artists

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)

Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He was considered the
greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he was considered as one of the
greatest artists of all time. A number of his works in paintings, sculpture, and architecture rank
among the famous in existence. Among his outstanding works as sculptor were the following:
Pieta, Bacchus, Moses, David, Dying Slave, Dawn and Dusk. Two of his best known works,
The Pieta and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty.
He also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the
ceiling and the Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
In Pieta , Michelangelo approached the subject which until then had been given form mostly from north of the Alps,
where the portrayal of pain had always been connected with the idea of redemption as represented by the seated
Madonna holding Christ’s body in her arms. Michelangelo convinces himself and his spectators
of the divine quality and the significance of these figures by means of earthly and perfect
beauty, but of course, these are human standards.

“Pieta”by
Michelangelo
“David” by
Michelangelo

Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci (1452- 1519)

Leonardo Da Vinci was a painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician. He was

popularized in present times through the novel and movie, “Da Vinci Code.” He is known as
the ultimate “Renaissance man” because of his intellect, interest, talent and his expression of
humanist and classical values. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of
all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person to have ever lived.

His well known works were: The Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting of all
time), and the Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied portrait.) His other works
were: The Virtruvian Mar, The Adoration of the Magi, and the Virgin of the Rocks.
(Wikipedia)
“Mona Lisa” stems from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who
wrote, “Leonardo undertook to paint for Francesco del Giocondo the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.” Mona, in Italian, is a
polite form of address originating as Madonna- similar to Ma’am, madamme, or My Lady in English. This became
Madonna and its contraction Mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled
“Mona”, is also commonly spelled in Modern Italian as “Monna Lisa”.

Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) (1483-1520)

Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance period. His work was
admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the
interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines. Together with Michelangelo and
Leonardo da Vinci, he formed the traditional trinity of
great masters of that period. His main contributions to
art were his unique draftsmanship and compositional
skills. His famous works were: The Sistine Madonna,
The School of Athens, and The Transfiguration.
The Transfiguration was Raphael’s last painting on
which he worked on up to his death. Commissioned by
Cardinal Giulio de Medici, the late Pope Clement VII,
the painting was conceived as an altarpiece for the Narbonne Cathedral in France.
The painting exemplifies Raphael’s development as an artist and the culmination of
his career. The subject is combined with an additional episode from the Gospel in
the lower part of the painting.

The Transfiguration

Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) (1386- 1466)

Donatello was one of the Italian great artists of the period. He was an early Renaissance Italian
sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas- relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture. His
works included the following statues and relief: David,
Statue of St. George, Equestrian Monument of
Gattamelata, Prophet Habacuc, and The Feast of
Herod.

Renaissance art is the art of calm and beauty. Its

creations are perfect they reveal nothing forced or
inhibited, uneasy or agitated. Each form has been born easily, free and
complete. Everything breathes satisfaction, and we are surely not mistaken
in seeing in this heavenly calm and content the highest artistic expression
and spirit of that age.

David

Baroque Art (1600-1800)

The term Baroque was derived from the Portuguese word “barocco” which means “irregularly shaped pearl or stone.” It
describes a fairly complex idiom and focuses on painting, sculpture, as well as architecture.

After the idealism of Renaissance, and the slightly forced nature of “mannerism”, Baroque art above all reflects the
tensions of the age notably the desire of the Catholic Church in Rome to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant
Reformation which is almost the same with Catholic- Reformation Art of the period.

Although always in conflict with the simple, clear, and geometric concepts of classicism, the Baroque existed in varying
degrees of intensity, from a simple animated movement of lines and surfaces, to a rich and dynamic wealth.
Baroque was a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension, and grandeur. The style started in Rome,
Italy and spread to most of Europe.

The Roman Catholic Church highly encouraged the Baroque style to propagate Christianity while the aristocracy used
Baroque style for architecture and arts to impress visitors, express triumph, power, and control.

Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma, either directly in Biblical works or indirectly in imaginary or
symbolic work. The gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures: less ambiguous, less arcane, and mysterious.

Baroque sculpture, typically larger than life size, is marked by a similar sense of dynamic movement, along with an active
use of space.

Baroque architecture was designed to create spectacle and illusion. Thus the straight lines of the Renaissance were
replaced with flowing curves.
Famous Baroque Artworks and Artists

Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571- 1610)

He was better known as Caravaggio. He

was an Italian artist who wanted to deviate
from the classical masters of the
Renaissance. He was an outcast in his
society, because of his own actions and the
lack of modesty and
reverence for
religious subjects in Supper at
his own paintings. Emmaus
Perhaps he started out as a specialist in his
paintings of still life, especially of fruits.
Studies of single figures followed, but they are clumsier than the fruit which gives their savor of
originality and charm. Caravaggio’s models at this period were either himself or young persons who have an air of being
promising but wicked. Among his famous paintings were: Supper at Emmaus, Conversion of St. Paul, and Entombment of
Christ.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

Bernini was an Italian artist and the first Baroque artist. He

practiced architecture, and sculpture, painting, stage design,
and was also a playwright. He was also the last in the list of the
dazzling universal geniuses. As a prodigy, his first artworks
date from his 8th birthday. Among his early works were: The
Goat Amalthea with the Infant Jupiter and a Faun, Damned
Soul, and the Blessed Soul. He made a
sculpture of “David” was for Cardinal
Borghese which is strikingly different from “Ecstasy of
Michelangelo’s David because it shows St. Teresa”
the differences between Renaissance and the Baroque periods. He
was the greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as seen in his design
of the Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica. It is one of his most innovative
and successful architectural designs. The famous “Ecstasy of St. Teresa” was his
greatest achievement and the Colonade of the Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome.
Peter Paul Rubens (1577- 1640)

Rubens was a Flemish Baroque painter. He was well known for his paintings of mythical and
figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits, and Counter- Reformation altarpieces. His commissioned
works were mostly religious subjects, history paintings of magical creatures, and hunt scenes. His
famous works were: Samson and Delilah, Landscape with
a Tower, Portrait of Helene Fourment, and The Three
Graces
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn
(1606-1669)
Samson and
Rembrandt was a brilliant Dutch
Delilah
realist, painter and etcher. He is
generally considered as one of the greatest painters and
printmakers in European art. He followed no particular faith, but
was interested in spiritual values and often chooses religious subjects.
Rembrandt shares with Rubens the revolution whereby painting came to depict
the more personal aspects of the painter: his own home and his family. No artist
has painted himself as often as did Rembrandt. His concept of himself continued
to deepen in grasp and subtlety, while his technique grew more daring. His well- known work was his “Self portrait in Old
Age”. Rembrandt had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings, and 2000 drawings.

Diego Velasquez (1599- 1660)

Velasquez of Spain developed out of the Baroque. He was one of the finest masters of composition
and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He worked out solutions to
pictorial problems of design that transcend the style of any period. Velasquez was the case of a
painter who discovered his avocation almost at the very start of his career. The passion for still life
frequently emerges in Velasquez’s art. His famous works were: The Surrender of Breda, Las
Meninas (The maids of honour), Los
Barachos (The Drinker), and Maria
Theresa

He created this work four years before

his death and served as an outstanding
example of the European baroque
period of art. Margaret Theresa, the eldest daughter of the
new Queen, appears to be the subject of Las Meninas but in
looking at the various view points of the painting, it was
unclear as to who or what was the true subject; it maybe the
royal daughter or the painter himself.

Las Meninas (The maids of

honour),

Summary

Baroque aims to give an effect that wants to carry the viewers away with the force of its impact. It gives not a generally
enhanced vitality, but excitement, ecstasy, and intoxication. Its impact was intended to be momentary, while that of the
Renaissance was slower but more enduring, making the viewers want to linger forever in a presence.

The Baroque required broad, heavy, massive forms. Elegant proportions disappeared and buildings tended to become
heavier until sometimes the forms were almost crushed by the pressure. The grace and lightness of the Renaissance
were gone; all forms became broader and heavier.
By the time St. Peter’s Basilica was completed, another architectural style was developed by the architects who knew all
the rules that had been so carefully recovered and chose to break them. It was during this period, that the effect was of a
dynamic style of architecture in which the forms seem to take on life of their own, moving, swaying, and undulating.

Many European cathedrals have Baroque features, high altars, facades, and chapels.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Fitness is a universal concern. Whatever endeavors we’re in, whatever activities we do, our fitness should
always be taken into account if we are to perform them effectively and efficiently. Fitness is not just for
athletes, sportsmen and Physical Education teachers and fitness instructors. It’s also a concern of students,
parents and other members of the community. If we are to become strong and productive members of our
community, we must address the very basic requirement of such goal, the sustaining base of any endeavor we
undertake, fitness.
This module introduces learners to the value of social dances and dance mixers in the enhancement of their
fitness. They will be provided with activities in modern standard dances which will in turn lead to a greater
awareness of the right foods to eat, proper ways to manage their weight and of course opportunities to
maximize the enhancement of your fitness through social dances. It is expected thereafter that such practices
will be used by learners to influence the lifestyle and fitness practices of their immediate community.
DANCE ETIQUETTE- Dance etiquette is a set of guidelines that help learners navigate the social dimensions
of dancing. Why do they care about dance etiquette? Because it is essential for them to maximize how to go
about the process of social dancing and have an enjoyable dancing experience.
*Dance floor demeanor/behavior *On the floor *No-fault dancing * Personal grooming
*What to wear * Asking for a dance
WHAT TO WEAR
Dancing has its own culture. In social dances and dance mixers, the more formal the dance, the more formal
the outfit.
ATTIRES GENTLEMEN LADIES
Formal Tailcoat, Tuxedo Coat, Regular Ball Gown, Evening Gown, Dinner
Coat, Bow Tie or Regular Necktie, Gown, Cocktail Gown
Black Trouser
Semi-Formal Dress Shirt and Tie, Vest or Dinner Dresses, Flowing Pants
Sweater that shows the Tie
Dressy Casual (Practices, Solid Color T-shirts, Turtleneck, Anything that displays a
Workshops, Dance Lessons) Polo Shirt, Cotton Slacks conservative, toned-down
appearance
Latin Button-up shirt, Solid T-shirt, Sexy Outfits and Long Slit skirts,
Turtleneck, Dress Slacks, Bright Low Necklines and Exposed
Colorful Outfits are Accepted Midriffs are Popular

DON’Ts IN TERMS OF OUTFITS and DANCE SHOES:

Do not wear sneaker or any shoe with rubber or spongy sole. They can stick to the dance floor during turns
and spins that may cause knee and ankle injuries. Always wear dance shoes.
Avoid sleeveless shirts and strapped dresses. It’s not pleasant to have your partner touch your damp skin.
Avoid shaggy, baggy, low armpit upper shirt. Partner’s hand may get caught in the baggy sleeves.
 Avoid accessories like big rings, watches, brooches, loose/long necklaces and big belt buckles. They can
be dangerous. They can catch in partner’s clothing, causing scratches and bruises.
Long hair should be put up or tied in a pony tail. It is difficult to get into closed dance positions when the
lady has long flowing hair. They might get caught in partner’s hands or may even hit your partner’s face.
PERSONAL GROOMING

BEFORE THE DANCE DURING THE DANCE

Shower and use a deodorant
Brush your teeth and use mouthwash/breath mint
Abstain from foods that produce strong odor
Don’t smoke, it causes foul mouth and clothing
odor
Check your grooming periodically
Freshen up and towel off periodically in the
bathroom
Carrying an extra shirt is advisable for men in case
they need to change

While on the Be Polite Accompany

Line of Floor (Avoid (Thank or your Partner
Direction colliding with Compliment back to her ON THE
(Counter other pairs your Partner) Seat DANCE FLOOR
clockwise)

NO-FAULT DANCING
Never blame a partner for missed execution of figures Dance to the level of your partner The show must
go on, say “sorry” to your partner if something went wrong
DEMEANOR
Be personable, smile and make eye contact with partner.
Project a positive image on the dance floor even if it’s not your personal style.
Dance at the level of your partner
If you don’t know the dance, be honest, refuse promptly if asked to dance.
No teaching on the dance floor. It may insult your partner Do not cut other dancers off.

Readings: Nature and Background of Social Dances and Dance Mixers

Social dances and dance mixers are dances intended primarily to get to know other people in attendance to a
certain social function. They are also called ballroom dances. They are usually performed in pairs, male and
female, but may also be performed in groups. Social dances are classified into two major classifications
namely the Latin American Dances and the Modern Standard Dances. Social Dances are communal dances
performed in social gatherings in any given space. They are synonymously referred to as ballroom dances,
but the former is performed in balls or formal social functions. Latin American Dances include the salsa,
mambo, meringue, swing, cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba, jive, boogie, and paso doble. They are called Latin
American dances because most of them are from the Latin-American countries. While the Modern Standard
Dances include the slow waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep. Latin dances distinguish
themselves by the costumes worn by performers. They are somewhat revealing, tight-fitting, sexy yet
sophisticated in nature. They are also distinguished by the nature of the movements. They are freer and can
be performed in close or open hold. Standard dances on the other hand, wear formal, ankle-length gowns for
females and coat-and-tie for males. Most of the time, movements in these are restricted to close ballroom
position with partner.
Social or ballroom dances are different from dancesport because the latter is freer in nature and are primarily
intended to widen one’s social horizon, for recreation; and fitness. The former is performed in competitions
and are referred to as competitive ballroom dancing. The required athleticism has established rules of different
levels of difficulty and is limited to five dances per category only. They are the cha-cha-cha, rumba, samba,
paso doble and jive for the Latin category and slow waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep for the
standard category.
The origin of dances in both the Latin American and Modern Standard groups might also help in
understanding the nature and background of social dances and dance mixers. Below is where each of the
dances enumerated came from:
Latin American Dances Origin Modern Standard Dances Origin
Cha-cha-cha Cuba Slow Waltz Austria
Rumba Cuba Tango Argentina
Samba Brazil Viennese Walt z Vienna
Paso Doble Spain Foxtrot USA
Jive/Boogie USA Quickstep USA
Swing USA
Merengue Dominican Republic
Salsa Cuba
Mambo Cuba
Dance mixers, on the other hand, are social dances which allow group of performers to change partners
periodically while dancing to allow chance to get to know other members of the performing group. Its primary
function is to maximize the social dimensions of dancing. There are specific dance mixers that are performed
in social events but ballroom or social dance can be converted into dance mixers by expanding it from a pair-
dancing to group dancing activity with exchange of partners periodically while dancing.
The Fitness Side of Social Dancing and Dance Mixers
There is more to dancing than dancing itself. It has the power to maintain or even improve learners’ fitness. In
their previous lesson on fitness, it has already been discussed that in planning their own fitness program, no
matter what their medium activity is, they always have to consider the FITT principle. F for frequency, I for
intensity, T for time and the other T for type of the activity. Intensity being one of the most important of the four
mentioned principles, refers to the level of exertion and is closely monitored through their heart rate. To receive
maximum cardiovascular benefits, learners should dance at an intensity that raises their heart rate from 60% to
80% of your PMHR (Predicted Maximum Heart Rate). But if they have a special condition which includes
inactivity, overweight/obesity, pregnancy or with special medication, they should consult their doctor before
proceeding to their fitness regimen.

Let’s do the cha-cha-cha

Basic steps in Cha cha cha.

Basic Name of Step Step Pattern

Counting
1 Weight Transfer (Rock Step) R-Bw, L-Fw
1, 2
2 R Chasse Fw R-Fw,L-C to R, R-Fw
1 and 2
3 Weight Transfer (Rock Step) L-Fw, R-Bw
1, 2
 4 L Chasse Bw L- Bw, B-C to L, L-Bw
1 and 2
5 Alemana Turn L-Fw (Pivot Halfway Turn R)
, R-Fw (Pivot Halfway Turn R)
1, 2
leading to a Chasse L Bw
6 New York (L over R) Step L across R in Front, Step R in
Place Chasse L Sw, Step R over
L
in Front,Chasse R Sw
1, 2, 1 and 2

1, 2, 1 and 2
7 New York (R over L ) Step R across L in Front, Step L in
Place Chasse R Sw, Step L over
R
in Front,Chasse L Sw
1, 2, 1 and 2

1, 2, 1 and 2
8. Spot Turn Same with Alemana Turn but done
Sw-leading to a chasse Bw
1,2

Sedentary Lifestyle
A sedentary lifestyle is a mode of living in which a person, an adult or child, does not engage in sufficient
physical activity or exercise for what is generally considered healthy living. The term is often used by doctors or
professionals within the medical community to describe a lifestyle among many people in highly developed
countries that does not afford opportunities for physical activity. This type of living has been heavily influenced
by the propagation of passive forms of entertainment, such as television, video games, and computer use.
Along with such inactive types of entertainment, large numbers of adult workers have shifted from physical
labor to office jobs, especially in technologically developed nations.
Many studies conducted by doctors and researchers have indicated a variety of negative impacts on a
person’s life due to living a sedentary lifestyle. Most common among them is increased weight gain and obesity
and the accompanying health problems they can cause, such as heart disease, diabetes, and increased
chances of certain types of cancer. Lack of exercise can also have a negative impact on a person’s immune
system which can create the possibility for even more negative health consequences.

HEALTH
DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES
In the year 2004, an estimate of 6.7 million drug users in the Philippines was recorded by the Dangerous Drugs
Board (DDB). The “2008 National Household Survey on the Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse in the
Philippines” conducted by the same agency revealed that there is a downward trend in the number of drug
users down to 1.7 million users. The decline may be associated with the government’s intense efforts in
combating drugs.
The following are the reasons for the successful decline of drug abuse in the country:
Operations conducted by different law enforcing agencies like the Philippine National Police (PNP), National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Bureau of Customs and other law
enforcers have helped arrest local and international drug syndicate members, traffickers, and destroy secret
laboratories and warehouses.
• Strict implementation of policies under the “Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” like the compulsory drug test for
application of driver’s license, entrance to military service, application for firearms licensing, and others.

• Actualization of the Dangerous Drugs Board’s programs and projects in partnership with other agencies like
the Department of Education (DepEd), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other
local government units (LGU) and non-government organizations (NGO).
These are positive efforts bearing fruits and achievements; however the government does not rest on its
laurels but rather creates more productive programs and projects to make the country a drug-resistant society.
Profile of Filipino Drug Users
Profile Findings
Ratio of Users (male to female): 10:1
Mean Age: 28 years old
Civil Status: Single (58.2%)
Employment Status: Unemployed
Educational Attainment: High School level
Average Monthly Household Income: Php 16,290.80
Duration of Drug Use: 6 years and more
Residence: Urban areas
Nature of Drug Use: Poly-drug use (multiple drug use)
Common Drugs of Abuse Used: Shabu (1st) Marijuana (2nd) Inhalants (3rd)
Source: “2008 National Household Survey on the Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse in the Philippines”
Common Concepts in Drug Education
The following are the usual words you will encounter in studying substance use and abuse:

• Drugs are any substances or chemicals which when taken into the body either though nasal, oral,
transdermal or intravenous way have psychological, emotional and behavioral effects on a person.
• Drugs of abuse are drugs commonly abused by users. In the Philippines the three drugs of abuse are shabu,
marijuana and inhalants.
• Drug dependence is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity in
which the use of a drug takes on a high priority thereby creating a strong desire to take the substance.
• Drug misuse is the use of a substance incoherent or inconsistent with the prescribed dosage or frequency of
use.
• Drug Abuse is the use of a substance for non-medicinal purposes. Abuse leads to organ damage like brain
damage and liver damage, addiction and troubled behavioral patterns.
• Drug tolerance is the condition of the body to adapt to the effects of substances to the body thus requiring an
even larger amount of the substance to experience the same physiological and mental effect experienced
when taking the smaller dosage.
Risk and Protective Factors for Drug Use, Misuse, Abuse and Dependence
The use, misuse and abuse of drugs are the result of various factors surrounding a person. These factors
either increase or decrease the possibility of a person to use drugs. Risk factors are those influences which
increase the chances of using, misusing and abusing drugs. Protective factors, on the other hand, are those
influences which Community School Peer and friends Family Personal Domains of Life which Affect Drug Use
and Abuse decrease the chances of using, misusing and abusing drugs. According to studies, protective
factors counterbalance negative effects of risk factors. It is important to understand that it does not necessarily
mean that several risk factors present make a person highly susceptible to drug use, misuse and abuse.
Protective factors even if few in number may be enough to work against the risk factors, more so if there are
several of these protective influences. These factors are composed of influences in different domains of life.

PERSONAL
FAMILY
PEERS/ FRIENDS
SCHOOL
COMMUNITY

The six classifications of drugs are the following:

1. Gateway drugs
Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal drugs that a non-drug user might try, which can lead
him/her to more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu. Teenagers who engage in early smoking and
early drinking have a higher chance of using and experimenting with dangerous drugs of abuse.
2. Depressant drugs
Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central nervous system (CNS). The Central nervous system includes
the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Doctors commonly prescribe depressant drugs to help certain persons to be
less angry, less stressed or tensed. Depressant drugs relax muscles and nerves. These drugs also make
patients feel sleepy and light-headed. Depressant drugs include alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers.
3. Stimulant
Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of depressants. Stimulants make a person’s energy high. Negative
effects of stimulants include depression and tiredness. Stimulants include amphetamines which include shabu,
caffeine, nicotine and cocaine.
4. Narcotics
Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered in
moderation to patients with mental disorders and those in severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs include
cocaine, heroin and marijuana. These drugs are illicit and dangerous if taken.
5. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and facts. It affects all senses and makes a user see, hear and
feel things that don’t exist in the time being. The name hallucinogen came from the word hallucination which is to
perceive illusions. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and
mescaline.
6. Inhalants
Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical products and anesthetics. It is readily available and
accessible to young children. Inhalant intoxication is similar to the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication.
One difference is the foul smell of chemicals sniffed, inhaled or huffed by the user. Continuous use and abuse
leads to delusions, brain damage, liver damage, coma and death. Examples of household products used as
inhalants are acetone, rugby or solvent, ordinary and spray paint, cleaning fluids and air conditioner fluid
(Freon).
Myths, Misconceptions, Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse

Myths and Misconceptions Facts about Drugs of Abuse

Drugs of abuse improve Drugs of abuse shut down proper brain functioning.
memory. Certain drugs stimulate the brain but do not really
help improve memory. Most drug users claim they
think better and clearly after taking drugs but tests
on performance and cognition have proven that they
have performed worst.

Drugs of abuse do not improve memory.

normal acid level damages stomach linings which Certain

drugs of abuse stimulate the production of stomach
acids. Constant exposure to higher than
can result to ulcers.
Drugs of abuse help in the
digestion of food. Drugs of abuse do not help in the digestion of
food.

drugs of abuse remove shyness and

Drugs of abuse make a
person bold and brave.
inhibition. In psychology, normal inhibition prohibits a
person to do unacceptable things, thoughts and
desires. Normal inhibition includes not taking other
people’s things, not crossing a busy street and
knowing what is right from wrong. The temporary
courage brought about by taking drugs is a
dangerous one as it makes a drug user lose normal
judgment which is part of the person’s normal
inhibition.

Drugs of abuse place a user in a dangerous and

life-threatening situation.

Drugs of abuse remove Drugs of abuse are not the solution to problems and
life’s problems and worries. worries people encounter. Some people believe that
using drugs eliminate one’s problems and worries in
life. The truth is drugs of abuse will only worsen the
scenario and further add more problems some of
which are even harder to solve.

Drugs of abuse worsen life’s problems and

worries.
 Drugs of abuse heat up the Drug users believe that certain drugs cause the blood
body. to become warmer which makes the body
temperature rise. In cold countries, drugs are used to
heat the body. The truth about this is far from reality.
Drugs dilate blood vessels in the skin which makes
the blood to flow nearer to the skin which enhances
convection of heat from the body to the outside
environment. Convection transfer heat from inside the
body to the outside. Through convection of heat, body
heat is lost faster than normal.

Drugs of abuse do not heat up the body; instead

they make the body lose heat faster than normal.

Short Term and Long Term Effects of Substance Use and Abuse
A. GATEWAY DRUGS
Gateway drugs are accepted and legal with restrictions. In the Philippines, people below 18
years of age are not allowed to buy and use gateway drugs. The use of gateway drugs puts a
person at risk of using more dangerous and illicit drugs.

Tobacco of any form and alcohol are gateway drugs.

Gateway Drug Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects

A. Alcohol - Headache and light - Damage of organs like

headedness - Slurred
speech
- Slow body reflex,
senses and coordination -
Overconfident
liver, heart, colon and brain
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Poor study and work

- Mood swings performance

(depression, high spirit,
aggressiveness) - Nausea
(headache with vomiting)
- Experience of blackout
(loss of consciousness)
- Paralysis and/ or loss of
limb due to road accidents and
other tragic events
- Alcohol poisoning which
leads to coma and eventual
death
B. Tobacco - Stress - Development of asthma
- Rapid heart rate and pulse - Atherosclerosis
rate
- Thrombosis
- Persistent cough
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Difficulty in breathing - Chronic Obstructive
- Halitosis or bad breath Pulmonary Disease
- Cancer of the mouth,

- Sinusitis and otitis media throat, skin, lungs, and other

- Increased phlegm body parts - Hypertension or
production
increased blood pressure
- Stomach problems - Weak
- Heart attack and stroke
physical performance
which leads to coma and death

B. DEPRESSANTS
Depressants, also known as “downers”, suppress or slow down the central nervous system.
In the medical field, depressants are also called sedatives which are used to treat anxiety,
mental disorders and sleep disorders like insomnia. Types of depressants are tranquilizers,
barbiturates, and hypnotics. Tranquilizers are mild depressants which are used to treat
anxiety. Barbiturates are stronger than tranquilizers and are used to treat insomnia and other
sleep disorders and control seizures. Hypnotics are the most powerful depressants. Alcohol
is also a depressant.

The table below shows the effects of depressants on the body.

 Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects

- Slow brain function which leads - Agitation and aggressive behaviors

to temporary memory loss - Depression leading to mental
- Slow pulse rate and heart rate disorders

- Below normal breathing pattern - Hypertension or high blood pressure

- Low blood pressure - Cardiovascular diseases

- Inability to concentrate and - Paralysis of the muscles and nerves

poor judgment - Brain stroke
- Confusion and irritability - Chronic liver disease
- Dizziness and lightheadedness - Renal or kidney failure

- Slurred speech
- Loss of body balance and cancer
- Cancer of the colon and other form of
sluggishness
- Depression
- Diabetes
- Coma and death

C. STIMULANTS
Stimulants are also known as “uppers” or “speeders”. They stimulate or activate the central
nervous system. A person can stay awake for longer periods under the influence of stimulant
drugs. Some stimulants are legal while some are illicit and dangerous. Caffeine is a stimulant
which is found in soft drinks, energy drinks, coffee, tea and chocolate. Illicit stimulants include
cocaine and methamphetamine or shabu.

Short-Term Effects of Stimulants Long-Term Effects of Stimulants

- Increased heart rate and pulse - Paranoia

rate
- Heart attack
- Increased respiration (breathing)
- Brain stroke
rate
- Brain damage
- Increased digestive processes
- Kidney damage
- Increased blood pressure
- Liver damage
- Increased body temperature
- Coma which leads to death
- Decreased appetite
- Alert body responses
- Inability to sleep - Euphoria
- Depression (the “down” that
follows the “up” sensation)
 D. NARCOTICS

Narcotics are known as “painkillers”. They also induce sleepiness. Narcotics are
administered to patients with mental problems. They are also given to cancer patients

to relieve severe pain. Narcotic drugs include cocaine, heroin and marijuana.

Short-Term Effects of Narcotics Long-Term Effects of Narcotics

- Drowsiness - Development of diseases like

- Euphoria hepatitis, tetanus and HIV-AIDS due to
- Loss of appetite needle sharing

- Vomiting - Overdose leading to coma and

death
- Nausea
- Muscle cramps and pain
- Chills and shaking
- Weight loss
- Difficulty in sleeping
- Difficulty in breathing
- Inflammation of the veins
- Panic attacks

E. HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens create hallucinations. Hallucinations distort what is real. Everything the person
sees, hears and feels are the opposite of reality. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin
and mescaline are some of the common hallucinogens.

Short-Term Effects of Hallucinogens Long-Term Effects of Hallucinogens

 - Euphoria - Flashback (effects of the drug
- Hallucinations (seeing things which comes back after a long time of not using
are not really there) it)
- Poor judgment of time and distance - Increased blood pressure
- Inability to sleep - Brain damage
- Loss of appetite which lasts up to - Psychosis (a mental disorder in
10 hours which reality is distorted or twisted) -
- Nausea Coma and death

- Poor body coordination

- Feeling of super strength
- Increased blood pressure and heart
rate

- Aggressive behavior
- Memory loss
- Slurred speech

F. INHALANTS
Inhalants are found in common household chemical products. Inhalants are huffed or sniffed.
The effects of inhalants are similar to the effects of alcohol intoxication.

Short-Term Effects of Inhalants Long-Term Effects of Inhalants

- Slurred speech - Loss of hearing

- Poor coordination - Uncontrolled muscle spasms
- Euphoria - Brain damage
- Dizziness and nausea - Nerve damage
- Feeling of lightheadedness - Bone marrow damage
- Foul breath

- Hallucinations
- Delusions

Drug Use vis-à-vis HIV-AIDS

According to reports, drug use and HIV-AIDS are often not interrelated. In the Philippines,
injecting drug users (IDUs) is one of the known modes of transmission for the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus or (HIV) which is the causative agent that causes the Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a blood-borne virus which means, it is
transmitted from one person to another through blood transfusion, sexual intercourse,
 exchange of body fluids and from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. AIDS
is a syndrome because it is a complex immune system.

pattern of symptoms. AIDS is a disease which attacks and weakens the body’s.The
Department of Health (DOH) reported that around 13 Filipinos are infected with

HIV-AIDS every day. From 1987 to 2013, there were more than 14,000 cases of
infection and the rate of infection is very high in highly urbanized areas like Metro Manila. In
relationship to drug use and abuse, the two most recorded means of transmission of HIV-
AIDS is through the following:

1. Risky sexual behavior

2. Sharing of needles through drug use

High risk behaviors:

A. Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). The risk of getting HIV-AIDS through intravenous
injection (IV) is very high. Drug users are particularly vulnerable to this risky behavior. The
need to inject drugs through needle sharing during sessions with cousers puts each person at
high risk of getting HIV-AIDS.
B. Poor judgment and risky sexual practices. Drug intoxication greatly affects the person’s
way of thinking and decision-making skills. This can lead the person to perform risky sexual
practices which further aggravate HIV-AIDS infection.

C. Prognosis of disease and drugs. Drug abuse and addiction worsen HIV-AIDS
infection. A medical study has shown that HIV damages a larger percentage of brain cells and
nerve cells among users of methamphetamine. In animal subjects, viral presence in brain cells
is more than the other cells in the body.

D. Delay in drug abuse treatment. Medical study has found that the longer drug users
delay drug abuse treatment, the higher the chance of getting and spreading HIV. Delayed drug
abuse treatment means the person will engage in more intravenous drug sharing and risky
sexual behavior and practices. The earlier a drug user seeks
intervention and treatment, the better the chance of not acquiring and spreading HIVAIDS
and other diseases. Drug abuse treatment also educates and counsels the user and the
family about the risk of drug use and abuse.
 Effects of Drug Use

Aside from oneself, drug use and abuse also affects the immediate family, school and community
where the drug user lives. Below are some of the effects of drug use and abuse on the family,
school and community.

A. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Family

• Broken and unhappy family ties
• Ignored duties and responsibilities
• Financial constraint due to drug dependence and addiction
• High cost of drug treatment and rehabilitation
• Family dishonor and embarrassment
• Separation of family members

B. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the School

• Poor academic performance
• Increased rate of absenteeism and tardiness
• Increased incidence of school fights
• Low academic achievement rate
• Incidence of disrespect to school authorities

C. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Community

• High incidence of crime which includes stealing, robbery and snatching High
incidence of accidents, e.g. road accident, accidental falling, etc.
• Affected economy due to low manpower production
• Loss of government funds due to drug-related operations, treatment and
rehabilitation

Prevention and Control of Substance Use and Abuse

Drug Abuse Prevention

Prevention is the best way for people like you to avoid the use and abuse of drugs. People
should understand the different protective factors and risk factors. Protective factors should
be enhanced while risk factors should be avoided and dropped for good. refuse temptations
and offers from known drug users. You should learn decision-making skills and resistance
skills in order to be able to The following are protective factors you need to fight drug use and
abuse:
 • Loving and caring family
• Involvement in sports
• Positive outlook in life
• Positive self-image
• Caring and supportive friends
• A sense of worthiness and achievement
• Always having the right attitude
• Ability to cope with stress and depression
• Having responsible adult role models
• Active participation in sports or recreation
• Participation in school clubs and activities
• Consultation with responsible adults like parents, teachers, counselors regarding
problems, concerns and queries in life
• Development of talents and skills

Which of the protective factors are within your control? Beyond your control?

Decision-making Skills
The following activities will strengthen your decision-making skills.

Skills Guides

Step 1: Describe the situation Describe the situation you are in. You can better
describe by writing it on a piece of paper. You
you are in. can say it out loud several times.

Step 2: List possible actions for List down all possible actions. Don’t worry about
the situation. listing the not-so-good ones. You can loud all
possible actions. Think over them eliminate them
afterwards. You can also say out
several times.

Step 3: Share your list with
responsible adults.
Share your list of possible actions with a
responsible adult. Make sure that this person
has not been associated with known drug
users.
His/Her decisions should be credible.
 Step 4: Carefully evaluate all
possible actions.
Carefully evaluate all possible actions. Ask
yourself if the actions will protect and promote
healthy results, protect safety of self and of
other people, respect and does not violate laws
and policies, follow guidelines of home, school
and community. Lastly, ask if the actions will
show your good image and persona.

Step 5: Choose which action is After questioning and evaluating all actions,
most responsible and suitable. choose the most responsible and suitable action
for the situation.

Step 6: Act responsibly and Do the action responsibly and intelligently.

intelligent.
Don’t stop evaluating the action.

Resistance Skills
Use the following steps to practice resistance skills in saying “NO” to drugs.
Step 1: What is the problem?
Say what is wrong. Say “that is wrong,” or “drugs are bad,” or “that is prohibited,” or “ Drugs are
against the law and school rules.”

Step 2: What could happen?

Ask the following:
Could anyone be harmed if I do it (including you)? How?
Could it get you into trouble? What trouble?
Would it make you feel bad if you do it?

Step 3: What are the ways of saying NO?

Choose from any of the following:

Say No. “No, I’m not interested,” or simply say “No”
Change the topic. Say “I’m going to the park, you can come with me.” or “Would you like to see a
movie with me?”
Tell the truth. Say “I hate drugs, it destroys dreams,” or “Drugs make you become sad and
unhappy,” or “I’m too young to die.”
Joke about it. Say “My parents are good at smelling, I won’t get past them,” or “Are you really ready
to die? I’m not!” Give reasons. “I don’t do drugs, it’s bad for the health,” or “I have a training today,
I need clean air to get going,” or “Let’s play basketball, beat me!”

Tell a story. Say “My friend died of drugs, he’s only 15 years old. It was painful,” or “my classmate
died from drugs. I don’t want that to happen to me or to you!” Walk away if you can’t change
your friend’s mind.
Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation

The Dangerous Drugs Board in cooperation with the Department of Health offers treatment
and rehabilitation programs to Filipinos who become ill because of drug abuse. Drug
dependents undergo effective modes of treatment. It is the responsibility of the state to help
and rehabilitate drug dependents so that they can once again achieve their dreams and
become responsible and productive members of the society.

Requirements for Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation

1. Application for Drug Dependency Examination (DDE) through the City Anti-Drug
Abuse Council (CADAC) in your city or province.

2. Application for Police Clearance and Barangay Clearance where the drug
dependent resides.

3. Application for Certificate of No Pending Case from the Regional Trial

Court (RTC). If the drug dependent is a minor and with a pending case, the
parents or guardian must secure a Certification of Suspended Sentence also from
the RTC.

Steps on Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation abuse treatment and

rehabilitation follows certain steps and procedures.

Treatment and rehabilitation can be voluntary, voluntary thru representations and compulsory
confinement.

• “Voluntary” means the drug dependent decides on his/her own to be

examined and admitted in rehabilitation centers,

• “Voluntary thru representations” means the drug dependent is willing but wants to
be represented by an immediate family member or legal guardian and “Compulsory
confinement” means the drug dependent needs to be confined as the condition is life-
threatening or threatens the life of the family.

Below are the steps securing drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation:

1. Secure referral form for Drug Dependency Exam at CADAC or Dangerous Drugs Board
(DDB).
2. Have the drug dependent examined by DOH accredited doctor.
3. If drug dependent is found positive, DDE must be submitted with the other documents
to the Legal Affairs Division of DDB.
 4. A “Petition for Confinement” shall be filed with the RTC where the drug dependent lives.
5. Decision of place of confinement. The immediate family or legal guardian will decide
where the drug dependent will be confined. The government usually recommends
government-owned treatment and rehabilitation centers but the family has the right to
choose where to confine the patient.

Mode of Treatment

There are various modes of treating drug dependents. Each mode is effective on its own.
Centers may apply several modes during the period of confinement.

Mode of Treatment Description

Eclectic Approach This approach uses a holistic approach in
staff are made available. Eclectic the
treatment process. The professional skills
and services of the rehabilitation
approach addresses different personality
aspects of the patients geared towards
their rehabilitation and recovery from the
dependency.

This approach uses Bible teachings as a

M
source of inspiration to change drug
dependents. The approach looks at drug
abuse as a sin. It also teaches patients
Spiritual Approach to turn away from the evil ways of drug
addiction and renew their connection
with God.
Therapeutic Community Approach This approach views drug addiction as a
manifestation of a more complex
psychological problem. The treatment is
a highly structured program wherein the
community is used to foster change in
attitude and behavior. Role modeling and
peer pressure play important parts in the
program. The approach teaches
personal responsibility, positive self-
image, importance of human community
and cooperation among community
members.
Its goal is to turn patients into responsible

Hazelden-Minnesotta Model
Multidisciplinary Team Approach
citizens.
This model views any form of addiction
as a disease that it is an involuntary
condition caused by various factors
outside an individual’s control. The
program consists of instructive lectures,
cognitive-behavioral psychology. This
approach teaches a set of values and
beliefs about the powerlessness of
persons over drugs and turning to a
higher power to help them overcome the
disease. Psychologists, psychiatrists and
patients help each other in this program.
This approach utilizes professional skills
and services of a team composed of
psychiatrists, psychologists, social
workers, occupational therapists and
other related disciplines in cooperation
with the immediate family of the drug
dependent.
JPMALLARI