Fabrication and Adsorption Properties of Hybrid Fly Ash Composites

12/11/2023, 16:33 Fabrication and adsorption properties of hybrid fly ash composites - ScienceDirect
Applied Surface Science

Volume 396, 28 February 2017, Pages 400-411
Full Length Article
Fabrication and adsorption properties of hybrid fly ash composites

Mengfan Gao a, Qingliang Ma b , Qingwen Lin a, Jiali Chang a, Hongzhu Ma a
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.167
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Highlights
• Hybrid hydrophilic/hydrophobic FA composites was constructed.
• 99.2% O-II removal was obtained with MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).
• MF/KH-570 showed better hydrophobic property.
• The possible mechanism of FA composite fabrication was studied.
• The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit better with
kerosene adsorption.
Abstract
In order to realize the utilization of fly ash (FA) as industrial solid waste better, high-efficient inorganic/organic hybrid composite
adsorbents derived from (Ca(OH)2/Na2FeO4) modified FA (MF) was fabricated. The hydrophilic cationic polymer (P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) or
hydrophobic modifier (KH-570) were used. The prepared composites were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, energy
dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
thermogravimetry, and contact angle test. The adsorption of cationic composites MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) towards Orange II in
wastewater was investigated. The results show that: adsorption amount of 24.8 mg/g with 2000 mg/L of composites, 50 mg/L Orange II,
original pH (6–8), at 40 min and room temperature, was obtained. Meanwhile, oil adsorption ratio Q(g/g) of hydrophobic composites
MF/KH-570 was also evaluated. The maximum Q of 17.2 g/g to kerosene was obtained at 40 min. The isotherm and kinetics of these two
adsorption processes were also studied. The results showed that the fabricated MF composites modified with hydrophilic or hydrophobic
group can be used to adsorb dye in wastewater or oil effectively.
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Keywords
Fly ash; Adsorption; Hydrophilic; Hydrophobic; Orange II; Kerosene
1. Introduction
As an industrial solid waste and most common silicate material, the principle components of fly ash (FA) consisted of silica, alumina,
ferrous oxide, calcium oxide and various of carbon, so many active sites exhibit on its surface [1].
Reusing FA as adsorbents in removal of different kinds of pollutants in wastewater has aroused broad attention. For its hollow sphere and
activated surface area, FA has been used to the removal of heavy metals, dyes from water, as a non-conventional suitable efficient sorbent
[2]. But adsorption capacity of raw FA is limited for large closed holes. All kinds of traditional modified fly ash, such as acid/FA [3], alkali/FA
[4] and mixed modified FA have been widely used to the adsorption of pollution from wastewater. However, these modifications cannot
make it fully activated, which limit the application. Moreover, the disposal of alkaline or acidic wastewater presents an additional
difficulty in practical application.
To improve the adsorption properties of FA and the resource utilization as solid waste, most of surface modification techniques have been
investigated [5], [6]. Yang etc. [7] has studied the surface modification of purified FA and its application in polymer, the result showed that
the treated FA can be filled well in polymer as filler. Karakasi and Moutsatsou have discussed the sorption of three types of oil (heating oil,
light cycle oil and Iranian light crude oil) on two high calcium FAs (HCFA). and the results showed that the addition of HCFA to an oil spill
form a semi-solid oil-HCFA phase, allowing the quite total removal of oil from the water surface [8]. However, these single modifications
by a monomer or polymer mainly focused on increasing the specific surface area and roughness to improve adsorption capacity.
Extensive use of the industrial material in various parts of the world always generate harmful pollutants, such as coloured effluents, which
containing various dyes and pigments, large amounts of these dyes from textile industries often are very toxic even at a very low
concentration when they are discharged to natural water bodies [9]. Azo dyes are important synthetic colorants that represent the largest
class of dyes generally characterized by the presence of one or more azo bonds ( N N ) [10].
In addition, one of the most visible and important source of marine pollutions is the oil pollution caused oil spills and chemical leakage.
And approximately tens of thousands of tones of oil are spilled annually worldwide in the past [11]. Oil pollution is harmful to both
environment and biology immediately and chronically.
Many different treatment techniques such as biological treatment, coagulation, oxidation, and adsorption have been used in the removal
of coloured dyes [12], [13], [14]. And some oil spill clean-up techniques have been developed, such as the use of booms and skimmers, the
oil pumping [15], the use of chemical agents, such as sorbents [16]. However, it has been reported that adsorption is one of the effective
methods with the advantages of high treatment efficiency and no harmful by-product to treated water including dyes and oil [17].
Nowadays, there are more and more lots of non-conventional, low cost adsorbents such as activated carbon [18], clay including bentonite
and kaolinite [19], [20] and so on, have been used for removal dyes and oil. However, these adsorption materials all have high costs and
problems in regeneration [21]. And the adsorption capacity of these adsorbents is also limited.
In our previous paper [22], Na2FeO4 and Ca(OH)2 mixed modified FA (Na2FeO4/Ca(OH)2/FA, MF) was fabricated with better mechanical
strength, higher porosity and higher efficient in dye removal. Here MF from FA was further modified by the hydrophilic cationic polymer,
dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride-co-acrylamide (P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)) or hydrophobic γ-methyl propenyl acyloxy propyl trimethoxy
silane (KH-570), to construct two types of hybrid composites with hydrophily or hydrophobicity, respectively, which then were used as
adsorbents for dye removal from wastewater or oil adsorption. The surface of MF can be regulated by hydrophilic/hydrophobic groups
instead of single modification to active surface fully, which can make full use of FA and realize resource utilization. Moreover, the
adsorption behaviors for Orange II (O-II) (removal efficiency, R%) in wastewater by MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) composite and kerosene (oil
adsorption ratio, Q(g/g)) by MF/KH-570 were studied. The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, concentration, contact
time, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption properties were evaluated. The hydrophobicity of MF/KH-570 was studied by contact angle
test. In addition, the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of the composites were also investigated. Here, the purpose is to construct
high-efficient adsorbents by modified MF with hydrophilic or hydrophobic group, the modification of MF or FA with two different organic
polymer or group has rarely been reported, and it would further expand the utilization of solid waste FA.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and regents
The raw FA, was collected from the electro-filters from a power plant in Shaanxi Province. Dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC,
analytical grade, and acrylamide (AAM, analytical grade were, purchased from Shanghai Chemical Co., China. γ-methyl propenyl acyloxy
propyl trimethoxy silane (KH-570) was provided by Chengdu Chenguang Silane Co., Ltd, China. Other reagents were analytical grade and
used without any further purification. Distilled water was used throughout.
O-II as a typical anionic dye, was chosen as the substrate in the hydrophilic adsorption test. Benzene, methylbenzene, kerosene, abies oil,
and olive oil were chosen as the substrates in oil adsorption experiment.
2.2. Synthesis of composite adsorbents

FA/Ca(OH)2/Na2FeO4(MF) was prepared as the previous paper reported [22]. 4 g organic hydrophilic (P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)
(DMDAAC:AAM = 1:1) or hydrophobic modifier (KH-570) was dispersed into 25 mL distilled water with stirring evenly using SZCL-3A
stirrer, 1 g MF was then introduced into the suspension at 343 K for 2 h. After the sample cooling, separated, and the precipitate was
washed with distilled water 2–3 times, then dried at 373 K for 2 h to obtain the modified samples MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and MF/KH-
570, as Scheme 1 shown.

Scheme 1. Flow diagram of the composite adsorbents preparation.
2.3. Analysis and characterization of the samples

The chemical and elemental compositions of FA samples were determined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF 1800,
Shimadzu corporation, Japan) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX, high vacuum, Quanta 200, FEI corporation).
The surface morphology of all FA samples were analyzed on a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (TM3030, Hitachi).
The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface areas of samples were determined by N2 adsorption (Physical Adsorption meter, Mike,
USA). All samples were degassed at 373 K.
FT-IR spectra of MF, MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and MF/KH-570 composites were undertaken on a Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer (Bruker,
Germany) over 4000–500 cm−1 with KBr pellets.
Thermal analysis were performed on a thermogravimetric analyzer (TA corporation, USA) to evaluate the amount of the organic contents
in the hybrid composites at a rate of 10 K min−1 under N2.
Zeta potential measurements were performed by using a Laser particle size zeta potentiometer (Nano Zetasizer Delsa Nano C, Kurt
beckman company) injecting a small portion of the pure dispersion of hydrogel and detergent at room temperature.
Contact angle measurements were performed on an OCA-20 Contact Angle-meter (Data Physics Instruments, Germany) to test the
hydrophobicity of MF/KH-570, using the sessile drop method with water as wetting liquid.
2.4. O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

A series of adsorption experiments were studied at different conditions. Typically, a certain amount of hydrophilic composites
MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) was added into O-II solution with stirring (100 rpm). At the predetermined time intervals, MF/P(DMDAAC-co-
AAM) was filtered from the solution and the concentrations of O-II were then determined by UV–vis spectrophotometer (UVT6, Beijing
Purkinje General Instrument Co. Ltd, China) at λmax of 484 nm. And all the adsorption experiments were repeated for 3 cycles to decrease
error.
The removal efficiency of O-II was calculated by Eq. (1) [23]:
(1)
Where A0 and At represent O-II concentration at the initial time and time t (min), respectively.
The equilibrium adsorption amount (qe) and the adsorption amount at time t (min) (qt) were calculated by Eqs. (2)–(3):
(2)
(3)
where C0 (mg L−1), Ce (mg L−1) and Ct (mg L−1) are O-II concentration at the initial, equilibrium time and time t (min), V (L) is the volume of
the solution, and W (g) is the weight of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) composites. All the experimental data were averages of duplicate or
triplicate determinations.
2.5. Oil adsorption onto MF/KH-570

Batch oil adsorption experiments were conducted with various substrates. Gravimetric method [24] was used to test oil adsorption ratio Q.
Typically, a certain amount of MF/KH-570 adsorbent (S0, g) was introduced and immersed into the pure oily substrate. At the
predetermined time intervals, the oily substrate was adsorbed and its weight (St, g) was then recorded. The oil adsorption ratio (Qt) at time
t was calculated by Eq. (4):
(4)
2.6. The adsorption isotherms models

Batch experiments were conducted at different temperatures and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed. The
Langmuir isotherm model can be expressed as Eq. (5) [25]:
(5)
Where qL(mg/g) represents the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, kL is a constant related to the adsorption free energy, qe is the
amount of O-II adsorbed from the solution with the equilibrium concentration, Ce.
The Freundlich isotherm model can be expressed as Eq. (6) [26]:
(6)
Where kF is the Freundlich constant, an indicator of the adsorption capacity, and the dimensionless parameter 1/n is a measure of the
adsorption density.
2.7. Thermodynamic studies

The thermodynamic parameter, such as the change of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), was calculated by Eq. (7):
(7)
K is the equilibrium constant, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol.K)), and T is absolute temperature (K).
The apparent enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of adsorption were calculated using Eq. (8) [27]:
(8)
Lnk was obtained from the intercept of the plot of ln(Qe/Ce) versus Qe [29].
2.8. Adsorption kinetics [28,29]

The Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetic equation:
(9)
k1 is the Lagergren constant, qe is the equilibrium uptake value and qt is the uptake value at time t (min).
The Ho and McKay pseudo-second-order kinetics equation：
(10)
Where k2 is the pseudo-second-order rate constant of adsorption (g−1min−1).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Compositions and characterization of the composite adsorbents

The chemical compositions of FA samples were determined by XRF and the results were listed in Table 1. It showed that four FA samples
are mainly composed of four metal oxides, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO. After modification by the organic silane coupling agent KH-570, the
content of CaO increased significantly than that of MF. Also elemental analysis of all samples was determined by EDX (Fig. 1). The contents
of C, N and Cl elements of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) composites increased compared to those of MF, and the contents of C, Si of MF/KH-570
increased apparently after the introduction of KH-570, confirmed that MF was modified by P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) or KH-570 successfully.
Table 1. The chemical composition of all FA samples.
Samples Weight(%)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2 O MgO TiO2 SrO
FA 50.95 36.10 3.91 2.94 2.23 0.70 1.06 0.09
MF 29.61 22.10 11.53 33.17 1.45 0.00 0.94 0.07
MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) 34.16 24.63 10.13 26.60 1.67 0.56 0.84 0.07
MF/KH-570 37.47 20.44 9.05 30.38 0.00 0.59 0.85 0.09

Fig 1. EDX of (a) FA; (b) MF; (c) MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM); (d) MF/KH-570.
To gain the real morphology of samples, SEM was used to determine the qualitative and morphological characteristics [30]. A large
amount of cotton-like materials were produced on the surface of spherical MF, after the introduction of cationic polymer P(DMDAAC-co-
AAM) and the surface tended to be more rough and uneven, which was beneficial for adsorption [31]. The flocculent structure with surface
roughness and the dispersion of fine particles was obtained for MF/KH-570, it is likely that the hydrophobic group, organic silane coupling
agent KH-570, loaded to the surface of the of MF (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. SEM images of (a) FA; (b) MF; (c) MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM); (d) MF/KH-570.
Fig. 3 showed the adsorption–desorption isotherms of N2 and size distribution of three MF samples at 100 K. The type IV apparent
hysteresis loops in the relative pressure P/P0 range of 0.1–0.8 were observed [32]. The quantity of nitrogen adsorption increased
significantly at a P/P0 of 0.8, suggesting the capillary condensation of nitrogen within the primary mesopores. The pore size distributions
were calculated from the nitrogen desorption isotherm using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) model. The BET specific surface area,
specific pore volume, and average pore diameter, were summarized in Table 2. The results showed that MF was principally mesoporous
(average pore diameter 2–50 nm), and the hybrid composites were principally microporous (<2 nm), centered at 13.6 nm, 1.9 nm and
1.7 nm, respectively [33]. The largest specific surface area of 14.28 m2/g was observed for MF/KH-570 composites. It can also be seen that
with the pore diameter increased, the pore volume decreased sharply, indicating that well developed pores led to the large surface area.
Hence it was beneficial for the adsorption efficiency improvement for MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and MF/KH-570 composites.

Fig. 3. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distributions of (a) MF, (b) MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and (c) MF/KH-570.
Table 2. Porosity parameters of MF samples.
bSpecific pore volume.
cAverage pore diameter calculated by BJH method.
Adsorbents SBETa (m2/g) Vp b(cm3/g) dBJHc(nm) Pore volume distribution
MF 1.43 0.0044 13.6 2–50 nm
MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) 3.27 0.0208 1.9 <2 nm
MF/KH-570 14.28 0.0569 1.7 <2 nm
aBET specific surface area.
bSpecific pore volume.
cAverage pore diameter calculated by BJH method.
The FTIR spectra of MF, MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and MF/KH-570 before and after adsorption of O-II or kerosene were shown in Fig. 4. A
broad band at 3450 cm−1, in the FT-IR spectra of MF (Fig. 4a (I) and b (I)), due to O H stretching vibration band in Si O H groups and
H2O, the peak at 1640 cm−1, attributed to the H O H bending vibration in H2O, and the peak at 1447 cm−1, attributed to the OH
stretching vibration, all these bands suggested that the presence of adsorbed water and/or water of crystallization in the material [34].
Two peaks at 1010 cm−1 and 970 cm−1 were assigned to Si-O asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibration bands, and the peak at
460 cm−1 was attributed to the Si-O bending vibration. The weak band at 550 cm−1 was assigned to Al O stretching vibration band [35].
After modification by P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) (Fig. 4a (II)), the characteristic absorption bands of amide group −CONH at 3420 cm−1 and
1665 cm−1 were overlapped. A weak band at 2360 cm−1 was attributed to the stretching vibration of two five-membered rings of DMDAAC
[36]. Therefore, it can be deduced that the P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) has been introduced into MF framework. After the adsorption of O-II (Fig.
4a (III)), no new band appeared, the band at 3440 cm−1 strengthened significantly, which can also be attributed to the intermolecular
hydrogen bond, maybe indicating that the physical adsorption was the main pattern in O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).

Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of (a) MF(I); MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) (II); MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)-O-II(III) and (b) MF(I); MF/KH-570(II); MF/KH-570
−Kerosene(III).
For MF/KH-570 (Fig. 4b(II)), the significant increase in the intensity of the hydroxyl stretching vibration peaks at 3450 cm−1 compared to
MF, suggested that Si OH groups in the sample increased significantly. The band at 1635 cm−1 can be assigned to C C vibrations. The
band at 1245 cm−1 can be attributed to C O stretching vibrations. The bands at 870 cm−1 can be assigned to the vibrations of C C C O
group. All of these bands indicated that KH-570 was successfully developed in MF skeleton. After kerosene adsorption (Fig. 4b (III)), some
new bands, 713, 875, 1720 and 3642 cm−1 can be attributed the groups of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon in kerosene, indicating the
adsorption of kerosene occured [37].
The percentage of organic component in hybrid composites MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and MF/KH-570 were calculated by the TGA curves
(Fig. 5) [38]. Three stages of weight loss at different temperature ranges were observed, and all the organic components decomposed
completely upon about 700 K, the percentage of organic component in the hybrid composites were calculated as the ratio of the weight
loss during 400–700 K to the residuals at 700 K [39]. A weight loss of about 88.1% for MF/KH-570, 91% for MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) were
obtained, which was closed to the theoretical value. It was the high percentage of organic component in the hybrid composites that
promote the adsorption of the organic anionic dye and oily substrates.

Fig. 5. TGA curves of (a) MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and (b) MF/KH-570 composites.
The hydrophobicity of MF/KH-570 was measured by contact angle test as Fig. 6 shown. The contact angles were about 47° and 104° for MF
and MF/KH-570, respectively, indicating that MF modified by organic KH-570 with lipophilic long carbon chain could improve the
hydrophobicity significantly, that was essential for the adsorption of oily substrate [40].

Fig. 6. Contact angle of (a) MF and (b) MF/KH-570.
3.2. Hydrophilic adsorption properties of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)
3.1.1. Effect of operating parameters on O-II removal
3.1.1.1. Effect of O-II initial concentration and contact time
The adsorption of O-II onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) at different concentrations (30 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L) at room
temperature was studied as a function of time (Fig. 7a). O-II removal increased sharply at the initial 15 min, and then increased slowly
until to the adsorption equilibrium at 40 min. Moreover, the removal efficiency at various concentrations followed the order:
50 mg/L >100 mg/L > 200 mg/L > 30 mg/L, indicating that moderate concentration (50 ∼ 100 mg/L) of dye was suitable for higher O-II removal,
it is probably due to that the initial concentration of O-II molecules might provide the necessary driving force to overcome the resistances
of mass transfer between the aqueous and solid phases. Meanwhile, there are redundant dye molecules in reaction system cannot contact
with adsorbents fully at too high concentration of dye [41], [42]. So the optimal contact time and initial concentration were chosen as
40 min and 50 mg/L for the subsequent adsorption experimental study.

Fig. 7. Effect of various parameters O-II removal (a) initial concentration and contact time; (b) adsorbent dosage; (c) initial pH.
3.1.1.2. Effect of adsorbent dosage
Since the adsorption of O-II occurs at the surface of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) mainly, the surface properties and dosage of adsorbent are
key factor on O-II removal (R%). Fig. 7b clearly showed that O-II removal increased with dosage increasing, and then stabilized after dosage
2000 mg/L (R% = 99.2%, qe = 24.8 mg/g). After adsorption, the Zeta potential of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) composites decreased from +11.2 mV
to +8.3 mV, indicating that neutralization effect happened on the composites surface. So 2000 mg/L adsorbent was considered as an
optimum dosage.
3.1.1.3. Effect of initial pH
As shown in Fig. 7c, high R% was obtained at strongly acidic condition (pH = 2), after a slightly decrease in the pH range of 2–4, the
adsorption capacity then increased with pH higher than 4, and the maximum O-II removal was obtained at pH 6. This was probably due to
that more H+ facilitated the neutralization function [43]. Furthermore, higher cationic degree (positive charged) of P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)
was not favorable to the adsorption of anionic dye due to the electrostatic repulsion. O-II removal decreased gradually at pH higher than 6,
maybe due to the increased repulsion between the negative charged surface of adsorbent and more electronegative OH−, −SO3− and −O− in
anionic dye [44], [45]. In addition, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding could also play an important role in the adsorption process [46],
[47].
3.1.2. The isotherms of O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

The model parameters from Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained from linear regression are presented in Table 3. As can be seen
that the Langmuir isotherm model described better than the Freundlich model (at 298 K) from correlation coefficients (RL2 (0.999) > RF2
(0.961)) suggesting that the monolayer adsorption or pores on the surface of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) play a main role in O-II adsorption
[48], [49].
Table 3. Adsorption isotherm parameters for O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).
T (K) Langmuir Freundlich
qL(mg/g) kL(L/(mg)) R2 kf n R2
298 67.90 0.0110 0.999 1.075 1.239 0.961
308 105.8 0.00999 0.987 2.576 1.171 0.983
318 140.1 0.00750 0.989 1.302 1.146 0.978
The removal efficiency of O-II adsorbed by MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) decreased from 99.2% to 70.6% when temperature increased from 25
to 45 °C, indicating that the adsorption process was exothermic [50]. Higher temperature might break the intermolecular forces between
O-II and composites adsorbents, which was consistent with the thermodynamic characteristic of the negative ΔH (Table 4). Moreover, ΔG
values increased with temperature increasing, suggesting that the sorption process was favorable at lower temperature.
Table 4. Thermodynamic parameters for O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).
T (K) lnK ΔG (kJ/mol) ΔH (kJ/mol) ΔS (kJ/(mol K))
298 1.93 −4.76 −8.12 −0.36
308 0.27 −0.68
318 −0.14 0.36
3.1.3. The kinetics of O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

The change of concentration over time on the adsorption of O-II at higher concentration range of 100–300 mg/L was examined The kinetic
parameters of the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models are shown in Table 5. It can be seen that the adsorption
perfectly fitted the pseudo-second-order model rather than pseudo-first-order with higher R2 value, indicated that hydrophilic cationic
MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) exhibited excellent adsorption performance towards anionic dye with neutralization and intermolecular forces
[51].
Table 5. The kinetic parameters for O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).
C0 (mg/L) Pseudo-first-order Pseudo-second-order
k1 (min−1) qe,1 (mg/g) R2 k2 ((mg/L)−1 min−1) qe,2 (mg/g) R2
100 0.08 25.25 0.987 0.072 11.25 0.999
200 0.09 12.38 0.919 0.036 20.38 0.997
300 0.12 24.74 0.954 0.032 35.37 0.998
3.2. Hydrophobic oil adsorption properties of MF/KH-570
3.2.1. The oil adsorption ratios of MF/KH-570 towards various oily substrates
Oil adsorption ratios Q (g/g) of hydrophobic MF/KH-570 towards various oily substrates (kerosene, benzene, methylbenzene, olive oil and
abies oil) were investigated and the results were shown in Fig. 8. All Q values increased in different degree with the contact time
prolonging, eventually reached adsorption equlibrium and the maximum Q value at 40 min. And Q values followed the order:
kerosene > methylbenzene > benzene > olive oil > abies oil, but the maximum Q value of 17.2 g/g was obtained for kerosene at 40 min. This
probably related with the components and the mobility of the oily substrates, and kerosene was composed of more complex components
and worse mobility than abies oil to be desorbed from MF/KH-570 well [52]. More precise reason would be further studied. The photo
image for kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570 was provided in Fig. 9. And kerosene was chosen as the oily substrate in the further study,
and the optimal contact time was chosen as 40 min.

Fig. 8. Comparison of various oily substrates adsorption onto MF/KH-570.

Fig. 9. The photo image for kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570 (a) dyeing kerosene by SudanⅡ; (b) MF/KH-570 after adsorbed kerosene.
3.2.2. The isotherms of kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570

The model parameters for kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570 for Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained from linear regression
are presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Adsorption isotherm parameters for kerosene adsorption onto KH-570.
T (K) Langmuir Freundlich
qL(mg/g) kL(L/(mg)) R2 kf n R2
298 68.90 0.0110 0.949 1.075 1.249 0.999
308 103.8 0.00999 0.947 2.576 1.173 0.996
318 142.1 0.00750 0.981 1.302 1.147 0.998
It can be found that the Freundlich isotherm model described the oil adsorption process better than the Langmuir model (as evident from
correlation coefficients RF2 > RL2), and n > 1 in Freundlich parameters. This suggested that some heterogeneity and uneven adsorption
dominated in oil adsorption.
3.2.3. The kinetics of kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570

Oil adsorption kinetics were investigated in the pure kerosene phase at room temperature. Fitting the data by pseudo-first-order and
pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, respectively (Fig. 10). It can be seen that the kerosene adsorption process fitted better with the
pseudo-second-order model, which was consistent with some researches reported [53].

Fig. 10. The kinetics of kerosene adsorption onto MF/KH-570 using (a) pseudo-first-order and (b) pseudo-second-order model.
3.4. Possible mechanism of fabrication the high-efficient FA composite adsorbents and adsorption process
The inorganic composites MF exhibited good adsorption capacity to the anionic dye with more active sites and strong basicity [22].
Hydrophilic or hydrophobic groupintroduced into MF expected to further modulate and fabricate the high adsorption efficient inorganic-
organic hybrid composites, which then used to adsorb water-soluble dye molecular or oily substrates [54]. In this study, in order to
enhance the hydrophilic of MF surface and improve the adsorption capacity towards the anionic dye (O-II), hydrophilic polymer
P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) was in-situ polymerized from the water-soluble cationic monomer diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC),
which was widely used in wastewater treatment and dye industry, and further modified MF with positive-charged adsorption active site (-
CONH2-N+-), which was confirmed by Zeta potential test. Generally, some interactions play important role during the adsorption process:
one is electrostatic interaction between the positive charged adsorbent and the negative charged dye, the other is the hydrogen bonding
between the −OH of O-II and the amine groups −NH2 of polymer chain as Scheme 2 shown. Since AAM is a non-ionic polymer, DMDAAC
can increase ionizable groups on the polymer [55], which can increase the reaction between the anionic dye molecular and adsorbents.
Similarly, MF was modified by hydrophobic KH-570 with long carbon chain to build the high hydrophobic surface composites, which
enhanced its hydrophobicity, which confirmed by contact angle test and inter solubility to the oily molecular, as Scheme 3 shown.

Scheme 2. Fabrication of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) composites (a) and its possible interaction with O-II (b).

Scheme 3. Fabrication of MF/KH-570 composites and its possible interaction with kerosene.
4. Conclusion
In summary, the high-efficient hybrid MF composite adsorbents were fabricated with hydrophilic MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) or
hydrophobic MF/KH-570 modifiers in our study, and their adsorption properties to O-II or oily substrates were investigated. The results
showed that the physical and intermolecular forces between adsorbents and anionic dye maybe both existed. The higher organic contents
in P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and KH-570 were beneficial for the adsorption process. The highest O-II removal (99.2%) was obtained with
2000 mg/L dosage in a 50 mg/L O-II solution in 40 min with MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) as the adsorbent. The Langmuir isotherm and the
pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit better with the experimental results. Additionally, MF/KH-570 showed better hydrophobic
property (contact angle 104°), and exhibited encouraging oil sorption behavior towards kerosene, the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-
second-order kinetic model fit better with kerosene adsorption. The experimental results indicated the potential application of modified
FA in dye and oil adsorption, and more importantly, it also could realize the waste resource reutilization better.
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to be supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK201302013).
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• 99.2% O-II removal was obtained with MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).

• MF/KH-570 showed better hydrophobic property.

• The possible mechanism of FA composite fabrication was studied.

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2.1. Materials and regents

2.2. Synthesis of composite adsorbents

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Scheme 1. Flow diagram of the composite adsorbents preparation.

2.3. Analysis and characterization of the samples

2.4. O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

2.5. Oil adsorption onto MF/KH-570

2.6. The adsorption isotherms models

The Freundlich isotherm model can be expressed as Eq. (6) [26]:

2.7. Thermodynamic studies

2.8. Adsorption kinetics [28,29]

The Ho and McKay pseudo-second-order kinetics equation：

Where k2 is the pseudo-second-order rate constant of adsorption (g−1min−1).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Compositions and characterization of the composite adsorbents

Table 1. The chemical composition of all FA samples.

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO K2 O MgO TiO2 SrO

FA 50.95 36.10 3.91 2.94 2.23 0.70 1.06 0.09

MF 29.61 22.10 11.53 33.17 1.45 0.00 0.94 0.07

MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) 34.16 24.63 10.13 26.60 1.67 0.56 0.84 0.07

MF/KH-570 37.47 20.44 9.05 30.38 0.00 0.59 0.85 0.09

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Table 2. Porosity parameters of MF samples.

bSpecific pore volume.

cAverage pore diameter calculated by BJH method.

Adsorbents SBETa (m2/g) Vp b(cm3/g) dBJHc(nm) Pore volume distribution

MF 1.43 0.0044 13.6 2–50 nm

MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) 3.27 0.0208 1.9 <2 nm

MF/KH-570 14.28 0.0569 1.7 <2 nm

aBET specific surface area.

bSpecific pore volume.

cAverage pore diameter calculated by BJH method.

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Fig. 5. TGA curves of (a) MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM) and (b) MF/KH-570 composites.

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Fig. 6. Contact angle of (a) MF and (b) MF/KH-570.

3.2. Hydrophilic adsorption properties of MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

3.1.1. Effect of operating parameters on O-II removal

3.1.1.1. Effect of O-II initial concentration and contact time

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3.1.1.2. Effect of adsorbent dosage

3.1.1.3. Effect of initial pH

3.1.2. The isotherms of O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM)

Table 3. Adsorption isotherm parameters for O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).

T (K) Langmuir Freundlich

298 67.90 0.0110 0.999 1.075 1.239 0.961

308 105.8 0.00999 0.987 2.576 1.171 0.983

318 140.1 0.00750 0.989 1.302 1.146 0.978

Table 4. Thermodynamic parameters for O-II adsorption onto MF/P(DMDAAC-co-AAM).

T (K) lnK ΔG (kJ/mol) ΔH (kJ/mol) ΔS (kJ/(mol K))

298 1.93 −4.76 −8.12 −0.36