PROTEINS

10.10.22

GLOBULAR PROTEINS
- They have irregular sequences of amino acids in their polypeptide chain. They are compact ball-
like that have metabolic molds. All enzymes are globular proteins. Some hormones such as
insulin and the energy producing hormone compound haemoglobin.

DENATURING OF PROTEINS
- The 3-dimensional structure of a protein is due to the fairly weak ionic and hydrogen bonds.
When these bonds are broken the protein is said to be denatured. The actual sequence of amino
acids is unaltered only the overall shape of molecule.
- Factors that may cause proteins to be denatured include:
o Temperature
o pH
o heavy metals
o mechanical force
o organic & inorganic chemicals
o reducing agents

KERATIN
- …
CYTOLOGY
- Cytology is the structure of cells, there are two types of cells eukaryote and prokaryote.
- Eukaryote nucleus & prokaryote (before nucleus). Eukaryote refers to plants and animal cells
and prokaryote refers to bacterial cells.

PROKARYOTE
1. No membrane bound structure.
2. No nucleus or chromosome – genetic
material: circular DNA.
3. No membrane bound
chloroplast/mitochondria.
4. Small ribosomes.
5. No mitosis/meiosis (DUH).
6. Flagella sometimes present but no 9+2
arrangement.
EUKARYOTES
1. Membrane bound structure.
2. Distinct nucleus with chromosomes –
genetic material DNA present on
chromosomes.
3. Chloroplast & Mitochondria present.
4. Large ribosomes.
5. Mitosis/Meiosis occur.
6. Flagella arranged in 9+2 folds.

SUBTOPIC: THE NUCLEUS

The nucleus is the largest organelle

TOPIC: END PRODUCT INHIBITION

Enzyme A  Enzyme B  Enzyme C  Enzyme D

Product A  Product B  Product C  Product D (End Product Inhibitor)

Organophosphates are irreversible non-competitive competitors. They are substances that bind to
acetylcholine

Organophosphates disrupts the synaptic cleft and movement of the neurotransmitter at nerves and
muscle junctions. Succinate Dehydrogenase, this enzyme is important in respiration. A chemical called
malonate inhibits this enzyme. Malonate is used in fungicides.