THE AGE OF Unit 2

REVOLUTION

Javier Partal
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
CAUSES
• IDEOLOGICAL: The ideas of Locke and the
French Enlightenment: equality among
men, separation of powers, popular
sovereignty.
• SOCIAL: inequality of people before the
law, peasants 85%, feudalism, dependence
on crops. Unprivileged third estate.
• POLITICS: In the absolute monarchy the
subjects lacked political representation.
• ECONOMIC: Crisis since 1775, French state
indebted due to excess expenses of the
Court (festivals, palaces, rents, etc.) and
wars (US independence). Bad harvests,
rising price of bread.
 ESTATES-GENERAL 1787-1789

Inequality of the estate system, bad harves. Desperate

financial circumstanses. Huge expendes (luxurious court, war
int the british colonies, etc) provoked a real need of money.
1789, Louis XVI calls a meeting for the representatives of the
three estates known as the Estates-General. The kings wants
emergency terrible financial situation.The deputies bring
complaints of caier de doléances. The minister Calonne
proposed special tax for the nobility and clergy, it has to be
voted.
The estates had one vone, however the Third Estate 96% of
population didnt agree, and they demand one vote for eath
deputy.
 NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1790

The Third States declare themselves the National

Assembly in the Tennis Court Oath.
The King alarmed decided to send royal troops, so
citizens decide to take the Bastille, prison and
powder keg where guns were kept, on 14 july 1789,
being the popular revolution.
The National Assembly becomes the National
Constituent Assembly and begins to write a
constitution, which proclamed:
• Abolition of the estate system seeking the equality.
• Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen.
• Civil Constitution of the Clercy bring them to
status of citizens.
 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791-1792)

The Third estate depuies declare themselves

the National.
The King Louis XVI and his family try to flee to
Austria, but they were captured and confine
to the Tulleries Palace.
The Constitution is passed:
• Constitucional monarchy.
• Universal sufrage: men over 25 y.o. can
vote with incomes.
• Separation of Powers (executive, legislative
and judiciary).
• European monarchies felt in danger so they
decided to join in the First Coalition against
the revoluionary France.
In reponse, people attacked the Tuilleries
arresting the royal family.
Convention (1792-1794) Louis XVI is condemned to death Guillotined in
january 1793.
New republic is governed by the National Convention.
Two factions or parties:
The Girondins – upper bourgeoisie, worked with the
constitutional monarchy of Louis XVI.
The Jacobins- middle and petite bourgeoisie,
revolutionary lower class (sans-culottes). Danton,
Robespierre and Marat.
Initially Girondins have control but Jacobins took the
power beginning a period known as THE TERROR
whose leader was Robesbìerres.
In the Republican constitución, the male suffrage was
regnonised.
 Directory 1795-1799
•THE TERROR: chase the enemies of the state.
•July 1794, a coup d’état resulted in the
execution of Roberspierre. 1795 reprisals against
the leaders of the previous period, First White
Terror.
•The convention comes back under more
moderate control with the Constitution of 1795.
•The new form of government was called the
DIRECTORY formed by 5 members.
•Problems:
•Severe financial issues
•Unestable food supply
•Political crisis
In the conflict of Europe against revolutionary
France a young general stands out, NAPOLEÓN
 In november 1799, a coup d’etat
Consulate (1799-1804) triggered the end of the Directory.
Three leaders: Napoleón, Emmanuel-
Joseph Sieyès and Pierre-Roger.
Napoleón was elected First Consul for
Life:
Napoleonic Code: new legal system
replace the legislation of the ancien
régimen
Careers open to Talent: bourgeoisie can
become top oficial, nwe nobility based
on merit.
Order: organices pólice action to
prevent civil unrest.
 Proclaimed Emperor of the French in 1804. For
THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE many years.
He won victories and created a new map of
Europe.
In 1805, he was defeated by the United Kingdom
in Battle of Trafalgar. He tried to destroy british
trade.
He failed to invade Russia in 1812 with numerous
losses.
In 1814, he lost the Battle of Leipzing and he
abdicated. He was exiled to the island of Elba.
In 1815, he escaped and returned to Paris, he
reassumed power in period of the Hundred Days.
He was deafeated at the Battle of Waterloo and
banished to Saint Helena.
 3. Spain: the reing of Carlos IV and the
CARLOS IV became King in 1788. Not popular. He delegated his
power to his primer minister, MANUEL GODOY (wife’s lover?).
Peninsular war
His foreign policy was Family Compact until the execution of Louis
XVI 1793. Spain declared war on France.
In 1805 in the Battle of Trafalgar Spain lost its naval with France
against Great Britain in 1805.
Treaty of Fontainebleau Godoy and Napoleón shared up and
divided Portugal into three parts, one would be the Kingdom of
Godoy. He let frech army enter to Spain. People began to hate
Godoy.
To opposition to Godoy, led to the Mutiny of Aranjuez in march of
1808. They forced the King to remove Godoy and abdicate in favour
of his son, Fernando VII.
In the Treaty or abdication of Bayonne, Fernando VII transfered
the Crown to his father Carlos IV and Napoleón took away the
Crown and appointed to his brother José I.
 The war of Independence
On 2 may 1808, the people of Madrid rose up against the
French occupation.
The Spanich army defeated the French in the Battle of Bailén
(1808).
The Junta Central only recognised Fernando VII as King formed
of political opposition.
In Battle of Ocaña 1809, the Juntra Central took refuge in
Cádiz. The Cádiz Cortes were called to serve as a national
Assembly. They decided to write a new Constitution of 1912
(la Pepa).
Division of Powers.
Creation of rights and freedom.
Official religión catholism
National sovereignty
The battle of Salamanca, French were defeated in 1814.
4. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA AND THE CONCERT OF EUROPE

Congres of Vienna in 1814-1815 to reorganise Europe,

four countries: Austria, Prussia, Russia and the United
Kingdom.
• They adopted the Concert of Europe or Congress
System to maintain the balance of power.
• Absoluted monarchies re-established the throne of
France and Spain (Louis XVIII and Fernando VII).
• The great Powers formed alliances to protect
monarchs from revolution.
• The map of Europe was redrawn.
• The main aim of the United Kingdom.
• France returned to its 1789 borders.
• Continental Powers gained territory becoming
stronger than the others.
 5. WAVES OF REVOLUTION
LIBERALISM: Political and social way of thinking
that wanted to bring an end to absolitism
through constitutions and parliaments.
NATIONALISM: Social and political feeling that
demanded freedom and Independence for their
nations.
Revolutions in Spain and Naples were put down
throught the intervention of the great Powers.
In Greece, Independence from the Turkish
Empire in 1832.
Revolution of 1830 removed the Borbons and
appointed Louis-Philippe of Orleans as King of
the french.
In 1830 Belgium took the Independence from the
Netherlands.
 6. SPAIN: THE REING OF FERNANDO VII
ABSOLUTISM SEXENNIUM 1814-1820
Fernando VII promised to maintain the
Constitución of Cádiz, but when he
returned to Spain he received El
manifiesto de los Persas (request from
nobles to maintain the absolutism and
remove the Constitución), so he decided to
come back to absolutism by abolishing the
constitución and the Cortes de Cádiz.
He persecuted the liberals and forced into
exile.
LIBERAL TRIENNIUM 1820-1823
Rafael Riego staged a coup d’état forcing
the King to restore the constitutuon,
pronunciamiento de Cabezas de San
Juan (Cádiz).
The Constitución and liberals maintained
for 3 years when the Holy Alliance decide
to send to Spain the soldiers of Luis XVIII
of France to help Fernando VII to restore
the Absolutism. These soldiers were
called Cien Mil hijos de San Luis.
 OMINOUS DECADE 1823-1833
Fernando VII excecued Riego and the liberals
abolishing the Constitution 1812 again.
He retourned to absolutism.
During this period there were other attempts of
coup d’état like José María Torrijos.
Reestablishement of inquisition.
7. SPAIN: THE REING OF ISABEL II

CARLIST WARS
Fernando VII died with no inheritor but
princess Isabel. He decided to abolish the salic
law (ban women being queen). This triggered
his brother Carlos María Isidro claimed the
throne provoking the Carlist wars.
CREATION OF A LIBERAL STATE
Absolutist but became more liberal in order to
gain popular support. Two faction:
 PROGRESSIVES
Favoured popular sovereignty.
Great municipal autonomy and census
suffrage.
Progressive faction was General Prim.
Constitution of 1837 and governed during
the period Progressive Biennium 1854-56.
Disentailments (desamortización): belonging
to the Church and municipalities into
private property MODERATES
They advocated joint soverignty shared by
the Cortes. General Narváez, Moderate
Party leader.
The imposed the Constitution of 1845, re-
established the relationship with the
church.
The kingdom of Isabel ended up with the
Glorious Revolution in 1869, with a
internal crisis
 SIX YEARS OF DEMOCRACY (1868-1874) (SEXENIO
DEMOCRÁRICO)
It was seeking a new King
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD AND from Italy: AMADEO DE
CONSTITUTION SABOYA. Prime Minister
Prim is was his main
Constitution of 1869 is supporter.
passed during this period.
Determing what for of
government the country
would have.
It introduceds: universal
manhood suffrage, freedom
of religión and constitucional
monarchy.
 Democratic monarchy of Amadeo I (1871-1873)

The King faces opposition:

Before the King
reaches Madrid, Prim
is assassinted. As a
result, the reing has
difficult start.
The third Carlist Wart /1872-1876)
began because the provisional
government had not chosen the
Carlist candidature, Carlos VII.
The republicans were a great
opposition.
Amadeo I ended up abdicating.
 Federal and authoritarian republic 1873- There were four
1874 presidents in just one
year: Figueras, Pi y
The First Republic was declared in Margall, Salmerón and
1873 being the first time that Castelar.
Spain was no ruled by a monarch. They were working in a
It faced many problems: new constitution which
Continuation of Carlist War, the was not approved.
revolts in Andalucía, Levante and The crisis triggered
Murcia. General Pavía entered
The republicans disagreed on the the Cortes in January
type of republic they wanted: 1874, that year General
1- Federal republic: divided into 17 Serrano made a military
federal states. revolt bringing the
2- Centralised o unitary republic. Bourbons and finishing
Which made a great political the First Republic.
inestability.