Called S_ Block elements. Grovp-4> [15] ns! Group 2 [1G) ps2 . \ om p> Li [He] 2s! | Be Chie] 982 3" p> Na [Ne] 3s! \ Mg_Lnej_3s2 | 1 - f ( T \ uthes kK Cas} Ls! cq LA ys? istyps Rb [ky] Ss! Sx Use} B52 lethps Cs. Cxey 6s! Bo Ciel g52 zip» Fx (Rq} zs! Ro (RnJ 252 | Ly Rodioatrive | 0 Qikali_metats (hecavse an [+> alkaline eaxth metal | Beaction with water they form! hecayse all Oxide and hudnaxtuet hydtoxide >( stxongiy Alkaline | natvse) ee L I | | t fate | | echranit | | [rei ns! 4+ oxidation state 344 |2 Oxidation state = +2 ad valency => 4 > valency > 2 > Manovalent bf divalent ———____## Fist ele de _to © Smait ® High TEed 4 Li ' it Be ; | " ‘Sha { A po they io oa Scent Sa Lt tonic. => down the guove size t L ! becanse no-OF shell T i { { > down the gxoup sized Be < Mg Na> k> Rbs Cs | Be >Mg $ cq > S¥> Bq 2: So Gi Clements have less TE than G2 elements — io HE « Charge Gi (mt) | Gio (Mt2) Size Bey > MES catty oyt> Gat? i cn + t 22 Catt» s#t> Gd _ it> Na > K> Rb > Co! {Bet® aisai_and_atkaline —— _™ }i_has_may- hydaation jay Kali=s size more ______enengy, 69 Li Salis ate tydtand ! Aikaline-> size less » — LiCl. 2H20 ——| | a!Alkaline hos more _hu | {>So _mostly Aika SS aaa I Oydsaied Salt Mgci2« ¢Ho {| | Cachesiso H \ * Phy sical Paopeaties = Silvery White > Silvery Uyhite > Soft (can be cut with Plastit => Soft “(hoider than atkati) I Inife) +> lysturoo Be Greyish [+> \ight_metay (= light meta | ¥9 7 cot6us + * Density t in peyiod > density 1 exception 10 Group —> density f ! Ca_¢ M9 4 Be MP 4 BP « metalic bonding (> 2 valence e- t Metauic banding ;— High vip 4 BP thon | _1) valenee e~ > dixecty Proportion Ol Kali it) size QF Otom- inversely 1 au lGies # | valence ¢~ #t Low Mp 4 Bp —-# Electxapositive chaxacter | ~~ Size Ts. aist of e-faom___j=> size _electaapositive — ——fcleus_is_fo8_¢° xemoval easy, Chaactes _ __ ——-Ohd_hence elect soposifive _s Be ¢ Mg_¢ Ca < Sx 4 9___. chasaciey iNewease MeN Rend ees+ 4 Flame _colowss- 1 ee nay Red |_Be LE_tn08¢4.Size tens” 4A. Na> Golden Yellow= 14 -__no_flame_catauy | is > viotey |Co— Brick Red BL Rb Red violet : Ss _Cxim > Cs e Ba > apple gxcen ei 1 2 Thexmal Candy ctivity | 4 Chemical _psopeaty { Size is Big => Size is less than alkah i> IE is less — Te is moxe than alkan > e- is xemaved in les: ~> Reactivity ts less than enexqu- Alkals > Reactivity is high: I T ' { | i | | ff ize + TE’ down the Be 4 Mg < Ca ¢ 55 48g | Group Reactivity T Ti cWa ckeRb no m0 dhe tO this meta geis taxnisia! Mat Lax 4 ated)» no wr > moist al + G1 Hydroxide | because axige film layer iS — #_ Reaction With Oz ‘Fosmed on thelr _suxfice — Li +02 —1i20 (oxide) o7? | Be fo2 5 Beg > amphoksie— Nat0z> Na202_(pewoxde) a“, Mg +02 —> Mgo [ix O2 > _kOr {0a +02 > oqo | pasi— Rb + Or > R bD2} Supetoxin | Sy } “G2 Syo__|_nawe— Cs 40220502 Bg bar > Bag#-When Gu Clements_dxemjxedl Lith lig NH3_Ond_then weaced _— Wath Oxygen then Olt forms oxide, | _ Li ig Nig) +02 120 ~ 7 t L Rea > Qmphoteric Not) $62 >No | pes gos Lk Uy 02 > 20 _ | nature Cao _\ Basic [RbL ny Ox > Rb SxO Havre [ies Gai yp ¥ Oe Ses20 Bag ~ = > SO_Basic: oxides seads «ai Ii e a ————. ACid- ‘Lid + Wel ~> LiCl + 120 _NQ20 + HCl Nach + 420 | 620 + Wel kel + H20 R20 _t HCl—> RbCl + 120 C520 + HCV Cec +20 % Reaction with N2 1 Red tHCl—> Betlat 420 ( Bed + NOOK > Nai Bed2 +420 (sodium Besyigry Mgo + Hel —> Macla + 20 Cao + HCl» Cacl2 + H20 S¥O + HCl—> Sycl2 + Hod Baot Hel > Baclathwe Be + N2 — Bean ly + N2— Ligh Mg 4 N2 > Mg3N2 Na CQ} Na > cage k Do Rn | S84 Ne > Stayer Rh | Ba + Nz —> Bowe ee Cs l tL “—’"—“!~» =—_mt He a) Be + Hoo “+> 4 Be + H20 thot) +> No gxn Metal + 20 —> MoH + Hat Mg +H O (cold) > No FKH 1 { j Ut Had => Liow t Hat’ 1 No + Wo? Naon +2 T 4 | mg-+ H20 (hot) > Mg (ona tia] i Rb + Ho —> Rbow tHe T | Ca bt H26 (cold/hel) > Catan) a+ Hip { l ( ( {ga k + HO OH + Hut Cs + ho-> Cson + Het S¥_b HeO (cod het) Srlon) + al Los tes ‘ize high IE > Bq + H20 Ccaldhot) > Gglowa+ bey ——— Aqoussh | taith nates So less expios! ve Ls Since Gu elements axe highly = jive | lH i 7 I L iis 125s denses then jccrashe | eae non! Tl ity Ha — MH (Meal hye | Mit? + H2 —> MH2_(metal_bysai [Lit ta 5 Li (lo73K) jBe_+ ho —> Get no mn a ya tH2— NaH 7 Mg_+H2— MgH: -k 4H2—> KH 1673 k | Ca FHe > Cate t Rb tHa— RbH S¥ tHe SOW a Cs 4Ha—> Ce Bathe = Bakr ~ ( a = fall these_metal_hydbides ave lone galid_—_——>~ . “high mel. Point) = [i oon ee z _+ ————___| ——$—————_______ > other | Peeparation method es | Fox Rela. | Becta + LiAlHy—> | Lithivin —FLiet | A\ominium EANCI5 u ! hudyige | [Beta —> 2 bond > ye- ; t ! ©" deficiens 1 Ganong pond, Bridge bong. | {3 centes 2e7 bong wk Reaction with Halogen ; Lit + xo => Mx (metal halide) | Mt? + X95 Ma Um i Li £X2 — Lix — covalent natose! Re + X2 —|Reyr'p Bere + | No + Xr Nox smal! aion oy) Mg + X2— Mair ik +¥) > kx Lowe anion | cq 4¥2 9 Carr [Rb +2 Rox _coidn's Ru! Sy ta —> Seva les + #2 CSX mone coment | Ba _b%2 — Box (MPC Lich< Lips 2vig reece | Order Of covalent Chaacter_| (NWu)2 BeFu~2> Bert NH Aromonium Tetra Fluxo Bexylate Bed + C4 Ch~> Beti2 + Co * Reducing Natuse { { —_M— > Mt te~ | M—> mt? 42e [7 i. | Oxidation TT [ Oxidarey - 1 ———Redoeing Nature UR ~——-#-G_hos_moxe_size than Gra |— These axe less powerful -——-2S0_G_has_mose_Reducing_| Reducing agent _than_alkal _—Ratwie thon G2 because OF 1 Reducing naure_incrcaser ——109¢_negative electyode_patenial__Fxam Bete BseT -deleasing_tendencyt Siesue the ee ag epenadeputebsil heat” Reducing Naivae_T 7 _mowe_negative dosin the gr | > Cs_> Rb > k > Nat aay \ ~TThtighes_geancing_notoge | —-________ 3 Fackaxs_ \ © Sublimation Energy i aa |_____@ Tonization Energy _, | wt dation Energy | | 5" 1 (size J HEN) ~___ Reaction with tig: NH3- L |= AlL_attsali_metals_ digsae in; _M + (cto) nia > Cm (wagdx]®) Aig: NHS. $2 Ce (nits) F | let) Na LM (Wis) +fe-(uHady] | ! (ommaniated electxan), = deep blue Colovy salP > _Ammoniaied electsan- j > deep blue black Solvtion dye 10 AMmaniakd e- a | | > Paxamagnetic ~_____ Stand-alone foxtong bows | | ~ _it_eleases 2 4 faxms mide —~ qu imtom) te> + NWs > song tS fe | fas long hows SN H Muto t $24 N concentaied sown te j ~ dig magnene J s |: Blue - Monee Coloyy ee ; —-_Te Reaction with Acid. i _ Reaction_with Acid | Mt He Me yy jut? + Mel —> Meise Mt + W2S04 > Masou tha TM? 4 Hasou—> Msou 4 4 | Mi + HaP0u — Mapou tHe | tea wapoy MgPouy + L H ext ft iewistic — | . A\Kal) Alisaline An_excess af dix = These metals” Lbs 8 bio Oxide | (Sma amannt)i—> Oxide 4 Hydroxide Of Re 4 LNG No202 4 Naso tM Oxe More Covalent than (smal amount) Cas $x, Ba. | |k > koe 5 ; t Beo —> Qmphotenic 9" | Rb > Rboz Cony Supeyoxide}l “M907 ls > C502 7 "Cao — Basic I Superoxide is stable with — ! $30 | laxge cation Bao Hydrolysis OF Oxide Peroxide! Basic oxides af Gap? When Supesaxide | Teacted With H20-> : M20 + H2G—> MEFOR™ | Magy > M9 (ol): M202 + Ho Mt FOHF Rae! Cag \y nso —> Ca Con) MO2 ¢ Hro => Mt + OW FRO Sao = Sy (oH)2 | 102 Bao => Ba (ot): eo s d iti ——— Supetoxide=> Yellow Mange | Thema. stability, Bq —_ {Paromagneris _' chasacies inereases down tie g | Be0 + 20 —> Ge (ol jee Amphoferie oe Bean, + OH" cxess Beton) J j / - Beorglia fon | Becote Fel > [Be (ONly J Clr, acta=| Halide Mx (x2 cu Bait) d (mz lina, k Rb. Cs! — [MP 4 @p— Floside > Chloxide > | Oxide 0% hydroxise | Bromide 2 Iodide : I Small Cation Lazge cat gn i _-Lowge_ anion smali_anien | JA | covalent chasactes fonic chavacie [ | _Paepaxation Pxepaxotian QU Gio Halides axe ionic. 10% Casbonae + HX—> MX -excepk Bexylli0 1m halide i hydaohalic Metal acid halide | LiF 4 CsT > insolpble | UHigh (> Al halides axe soluble in HeOL > Low ydaasion! ! Bexyllium halide — Covalent Bele _Sdlid_— Palymes Vapavs ~ dimey & \200k —> Monomer 3bons 7. e deficlens 5 if T= 1200k Lattice Energy) Enexgy) Solid- Becle I N ao, tN | Wy v t + Be Be “Re “Be + Pntr prt Clie CH cen Cha o |_3 Center We~ bond Octet Complies: “7 Stable |! Ranana bond 7 'Vapons- pecls ea er Sea — SATE 1 | (ee _ | “{mpoatan! Compounds OF S-plock canes Bi _ | Gxoup_t "1 Sodium _Corthonaie_(Noa¢os) g Nc 9) sodium hydtaxide_( Noon) 1 || «, HL SodiumBiowbanate Noweoa}nn | ss ang | m ae | Called _ds_Washing soda > Molecoiax Formula —> NO CO3-10 H20 —> Prepared by Salva process 4_steps Step 4- _NHa + M20 + coz —> (NHu)» Coa Step 2- (NHu)> Coa + Hoo +¢02 (NH) HO03 used to [Step 3-_(NH4) Heo, + Nac! —> NaHcoa + tucn ee Jess Saloble » therefor precipitate is Faxmed Stepu- NaHCOg —> Nor Cox + Hrd + CO2 L# sol ay _pracess —> Nd2Co3 = - . | ig foxmed 3 sn yicgn coin etn acs ee a ak eee 10 Beaction at last. Naucos is heated to Jives Narco; ———.—Ammonia_+ 120 + cor —> Ammani ue _Cax bonal_—___— ~——Arnmonivim cotbanaie + excess H20 4 Co2-> Ammonium bicastom —————Ammanive bicasbanare_-Nacl Sodium _bicathonaje +2 sodium canhanak + "20 £¢¢2—a #_In_solvay process , NH3_{s zecoveaed back — uy 2.NHuCl es (oH), > DNs fF CoCla + WO Not Cat? 1 — exist 0s decahydrate _(Na2,C0s- 10 120 ) > Called as Washing soda > Juble in Wate ee Ss eset H NorCda-lo Hoo 4 NO2CO3 - H20 decahydxate 375k ___manahydiate No2Coa-H20 2 378k. Nas Cox (white powder) Monahydrare anhydaous (Soda_ash) ou 2) Nact (Sodiom Chloride) } # _Caude Sodium chloxide is manofactuxed From Crystaliste— N | ine soluto ins _Naaso4 ,Cas% Cacia, MgCl2 as impurity) {n> Cacle 4 Mgcla. axe _deliquescent ip _natwre & 4endency ta_Qbsaab H20°—~ aT & i N | Then saturated “with Ae) gas then cays ta_of Wa—~ = h With H2O 4 Filtexed out to xemove in is fosmed i ye MP OF NaCl is lost k. eee 4—“3 Na oh (Sodium Hydaoxide) aise ated. 05_eatste soda _ > Prepared commercially _by_eleciyoiysis OF Sodium chionse in _castnes - keliney cell > A Brine Solution is_electrolysed desing using Mescury cathode 4 Coxbsn anode ln) ie ‘ombi itt CI \ = Chioxide gas is evolved at anode cathode Na + er Hts Yo. Amalgam: GV 9 No, pet 2 = This sodinm Amalgam Sis_gives NaOH 4 He gar Na amalgam + 429 — > Noon + Ho + Hg # Lbite. translucent solid: # MP is sq k # _Solvble_in 420 dt ide Qt SUSface . % ith Co2 an Foxms Naz Co 44) NoWCos (Sodinm Hydsogen Caxhonate) / (Sodium hicasheme | ( Baking Sodo- ) > It decompnses on heating to genexate bubbles af co ———_eaving_hales_in Cakes ¢“pasinies 4 maning & light 4 as) = Manufactured by saturating a sowtion of sodium ——_Combonate with coxbon dioxide = Ii_ts_less soluble ¢ henceit_15_Sepaxaltd_ Sit —— NO2Co3 + Hea t Coz —> Nahtoya | #k_ Tmpostant Compound s_ Of Grxoup =2-———————___ 11) cateium oxide Cao | 2) calcium Hydtoxide Ca(OH), iw 8 e Caso ~ | w) calcium carbone Caco 5)_ coment i I 1) Calcium oxide, Cao. Suicklime ds ing Caco | | Cacos tet, “cad + C02 i — : => Cao _is (white Amosphan: Salid i MP> 2870 k - > on exposyxe to dix tt absoxbs moisture ¢ Co; | Cad + Ho — Ca(OH) 2 | Cao + Cor —> Cacos | 4 Slacking Of lime — on adding limited amount of de ~~ tt sbaeaks I ime ackin: reat _# Soda-lime> Qvick ime “Slacked With Soda gives silo Ee | 321 mixtuse OF Naot 4 Cao I> Ca0_is_o basic Oxide. So_it Combines with acidit— ba oxide Cao + Sid2 — > Caesids | Basic Acidic: Cao + PYOlIo + Cas (Pou) »pest 2)_CoCOH) . calcium Nydsoxide « Siacked lisa , > prepared by Adding M20 19 Quicktime coo 2. While _omoxphovs _porides_1 Spasingly Sol = The _09-Sol) af CaloH)2 is known as, ime way > Suspension Of Slacked lime in H20 is !oun as |__milk Of time _—>-On_possing co2 in colcinn bydsaride it form calcium Cagbanate- Ca COW2 + C02 —> Cacos Gh_passing COr in_excess. _Evsns_ lime ates rity . CaCOs + CO2 t Had — > Ca CHCOs) 2 milki y — > milk OF lime eacts With chlozine 40 fosm huparhiexite Co(OH)> + Clo —> Caciz + Ca (Oc): +296 ee OM — QChi iMens I \ CO i—> Limestone > Pxepaned by pa Ing_Co2 thxough Slaked lime ox -—by Addition oF sodiym Caxbonaie +o Calcium Chisyide Calonde + Co. —> Cacog + ro CaCl, + Na2cos —> Nati + Caco, v I Avoid aj 02 ik Ie —— Avid _giv Bicarterrst ——Tt_xeacls_with_dilute aria to give cannon dioxide —— | CoCo, + Hel —> Cacle + Ho ¢car —L —— £0003 4 Hrsoy —> Casoy + Ho + Coe a 2S#9 caicium Sulphate (cosou- 4 H20) (Pop) ___ => Hemihydaate OF calcium—sulphate- = When Gypsym is heated at 393k CaSdu +220 __4 2 Casdus H20_ + GH20 BK : _Gaypsim oy _casou | 420 |= when heated at high temp (2393) Cagou. 1 Heo 4 soy Canby ium | = (dead _boant plastes' 5) Cement ae Ie, en! e ! = Composition Gide = 12-5 tou | Cad 50-60 7 AlnO3 | Sige 20-25 7: | apo, 5-10 % Cad Sh |_Mgo__2-3 7 Si02+ Ala Oat Pe203 ! FesO3 av Sox \-27