_*P-Block *« Se => _ldst_electyon_enterss_into P_block Clement > hee mae & P orbitals — max 6 e- Can — The: eKORe 6 gp be accomadated 10 P- Block. Qs Ge Ga F -[16}.ns? np! _(ra@lns*op* TrG)nsp>_{Toingort Yrarnens penal tt | poyon Coon __ittogen oxygen Halngen aera family Fomity _Famity Fomily Family “ox noes Gap Ox > $3 ty t5 ay THB no rE 8 HH +5 <> Som of valence electyon ox sum of $4 P alectxon @o AM SGatd_> Ent? > TS (stobitiy) BM AMY << Gat 2rpt! 21" Cstabitity) -ined | | Paix efsect | | ; }— [> P Block has oll 8 types OF element — metal inonmesa, | Mesaiiotd: a 4 > size t 3 mesalli 4 | non- metaitic character V > Metal — tendency > foxmation of Cation: non-metal tendency > foxmation OF anton bs Highly xeactive metal ¢ _higly neartie non-metal => ionic tox — cation dnion due +0 differencei® | Electronegativity. -s Bond bet? non-metal 4 non- metal > Covalent “pond: [+> metal oxide —> Basic [5 non meta oxide ~ Avidic [neutiir> (NO CO, Neo wo || j Neutral oxice 2 Finst membex of each gp differs fron other member — | @ Size less > TE moxe — absence Of d_axhiie) Li ® Finst member oF each gxp- ha Maximom covatence oF (SH) o v Covalence OF moxe_ than & B=> [bru] and al CARj-3 @ Fist member oF each gxp form PM- Pr myltine bY C=C, C=C, NEN, C=O, C=N, CEN, N=O _ ___| _othes _membexs__foxm _d T= Prox _dir- dat multiple b— | © Nos~ 4 Pou"? > dir- Pt 3. +5 a As Only PIr-Pir ‘botds Aye posstpie | 4 aTe") | ci) a al XGwOvP-13 “DOvoON Family: | 4 _Tnivoduction ae y Occvss 0. i i ap.) “pug pl ler) gs + loo) Kewnitle (Nos0409 44 n5 ! | |_Al metal O€0i595 Bousite (Alxds: 2820) 4 Cayalite (Wa saLn | “2 shows many ghemical ———panevals I Simiayity _t0_Boxon Ga_meta) | In metas T1__metai lok Electyonic Configusaton. aM po B (He}] 2s? apt “|_coxe sinext gas. | 32 p> Al [.Ne}__3¢? 3p! | uthps Gq CAnj 3a°_US* UP" 4 cone sinext gos + 4° sth Ps Ty (kay ld!® gs? gp J _ gh p> TL Cxe]_ UF Sa gs? GP! Jeoxe> inost gas + | ales gi | Atomic Size _ 8 A ’ | te] poor shielding of d ciections $2 eff a4 A (Lanthanide contraction) ¥ | \ A\ Docleus 6 atiyacion f A v In Sheet SS ty ce Tiina anaes a _{ eae e ee——= a — | i _—___ & Tonisation_Energy- Be | v I Tt_— Poor shielding of f-oubital {Size became less) | Vv in d= O&bi Nh Vv A\ In *_E lectyonegativity L B 4 : | | Mi Fixst decyeases” AVY A Ga_} N Maxginal increase In after tal) A : r an | # Oxidation state L a8 1 due to sma Size of Boron the su of fist 2. fonisaion enexgy_is very vers is po el Al + ny, aa j | fous _mastly covalent c’ampaund oa > But in Case oF Al the som of DEVE eT “ i it fo 1t3_ fo | =+ Us In 2 Bt 2 Al 2 Gate tpt crt (sie : ine TH > 4,0 ~~ — Se a Tw __. Oxidising “™ SeIF Reduction ee ave fanet pay Nature - 10h of fe Ee |high elecixica_¢ Sit > Galliom = Low melting point > 309 eranetity > Den ity dawn the gyp BEM 4 GQ ety _In trivalent state = * Chemical Reactivity: = Valence e- =3 v No: Of electyon on centyai atom = © = _Plectkon defictent > _BFa, BCla, Bore, BIa ax 10 become stable (noble [Tnestgal | So_it aecepts lone > lewis acid. : > BF3 And BCls Aecepts lone paix kom NH and fase | BFa: WH BCla - Nhs Ladue Mis cy ‘psc ¢ WH, — > B C eel €)_ ‘gy + Pianay (sp) 4 bond Tetrahedsal 4 pon ping, Bra t{NWa — > BFa- NHy 7 Lewis Acid oxdex Bx3 SAlxs >Gax3 > Eat 4) decreases dawn Size le i nucleus. the 9xp: Ducleys Dear au | . ne par i 1 accep! Fax_la Jone paix easily a pont _caslly act“Alcis —> > deficient oe ee + form adduct becay: al_Siei oe oe tebe On age ai —____= 80_it become _stable_by_fosming_ditne, > 3 ceniex 4e- banana band Chat cp PP iy ALA tor A) us" cl a Sa A Hydrolysis Of _Taibalide i I wi | 2Q ) BCs * 1 Hav) Boys + 20 > Complete bydzalysi BI3 (all molecules (ith Water) ® OHe OFe ~B= es ote R=-c) t+ Hoot = “B~c B10) a) oT cl | He FA Ch ° |SHc)_ + _B-aH “Brow e— B-0n +H | te a r2ker a | Y I ue OW FOR: | ‘gon tuo —> PSX oy > PR on | Re tte Ho re Ye Sp ~ow te! a4 >> B (ons + 34 \ ete + H20 > B (on)3 + BHBy a B10 3 Be I H3 Boy Bra ti2Q —> Blows + SHE (Es be maining! HE + BFa — BEY \ | Bra + tao > BON, + AE PFE | Blow + HE + BEY | Alcia + Wo 9° Ta) Goal B | v | \ Sp3. gt 1 Cd optiig ge AN is inated] _#€ Reactinn with aix | oo — | Reaction with 0 ReqcHon With f Cay talline Bayon no Ren. = Caystalline Roxon +N2~> nose = Amorphous Roxon +02 B23 > Amoxpboos Roxon + N2~> BN. ! Al +09 > Alods A\ + Nz => AlN Ga +02 > Ga203 ! To, +02. > In.03 v +02 > Tho "Al foams thin layex_of oxide Lads) ond prevents it Pyom fuxthes attack >The xefoxe _'l! becomes > Possive_tnon_xeactive) ~1 Reaction with_acid=-Base | B +Cone- cone. => $$$ 4+ _Bowon = No_xxn Lith. acid_base > even Ot-high temp One: btn # A) weacts with acid 4 base A\ + dil Hel Alcla + Ho? AL+ dil- Noon —> NoAlOz + H27 Oy. No CAMoH)4) + Hot Sodiym tetsabydaaxa Alumate Tt Conc. WNOa Oxidizes Al ond fowms Al203 - A) decors Al_+ Conc: HNO3 —> Al2O3 Passive [ye Reaction Lith Halogen | e+ Xo —> EXs (M15 TIX) BtxX2. — BY [atm — aa | x=F, cups | Goa tX2 = Gary In + %2 — Tp Tl +%2 > Ty X Reaction with Water B = ho xen Al + H20 — Al2Oa + Het Al a thot) CAL becames ps Gq tho > 4 in = a A3 git i => AV (oly —2> Alz 03ee Important Compounds_of Boyon ~~ 11) Boxa. Sr . _=> White Caystalline Solid [ nse \ (> NO2B4 07-10 H20 B > Nor Couds (owl 8 H20 Nat go \do. => Tt has § water of cxysiallization to~ B J econ > 5 B-0-8 ‘tinlsage ait Neg PSP [5 2 Sp3 Boron 4 259? poxon ie PS gps_/ emp o# { HAL Sindoox Wali \Odkki_ kik bani i Hegt Acid ” Wares \aoxag [ | Nd2 Bu07+10 Ho —25 Nos Bud? 4 19 HO 1 No2Bu07 + Hel ~——» Ha Byo7 + Nac! He Bud7 + H20 —> W3B05 (Bere acid) | Y¥3 R63, —>> B203 ( Boxic oxide) u { Boric AN hydyide) Reaction oF Borsax water = NQo Gy07 + H20 —> H2Buo7 4 NaOH excess ad (Basic sat?) | H3B03, Strang base (weak acia)| "Heating Of Boxax Boyax, Gead__,Baxic xis ——NeaBu07- 104202, NorB407 2 ,[2Waport 8205} Goxle onigae — ‘odium meta Fixst_it is liquid a bosate Ceranspoat) —_____{Swells vp) _gotiaifies into g198S_tike_ a TS matenist called Boas heat eee: i it identifics {yansition meta | on the basis oF Colaw| 4 : 2) Boxic acid Ha R03 > sed in “coxom powder (> Used Qs mild antiseptic ——_e =i o > Hat tater — Highly Soloble |= Coldwater -_Spaningiy soluble ess soluble} ___ il | Pyeparation @ No2 Bo + BC+ HO —> Nacl Bako: i (Dewtsal) __(ueats aria) @ Beis t HO —> Btow)s + BHel Tt _has_Layer Staocture. ( planay BO3 onits axe joina ! hy _H bond) # H Band (weak band) —— x + Ha BOs t Slippery in psi a i a er L__ : Se | tt__—E Ha BOa —> Leak _monabasic_acid Cone_H* rel | M — Noto _protanic acid © bot } Fron Hq | | = Lewis gcid (3 honds6e~ 2 e* deficient ) \ Hl ~ OH, @) Solon emg wed pees 7 uo ZB J BOH i | Cocos "2 oolas ] ed } Ho | Seca | F toG ; Heating Of —Bosie_acig—________+@) 1; a F¥om coatey H3B0, —"— > _ por + H20 Bok 4 7 . ’ ——______Gbave __Metahonic Atid ! 1s | 8203 | Baxic Oxide } Roxic_anbydria |3) Di- boxane {B2ta) = Coloveless . high! ic. we e. | Bane + 02 —> R204 + H2d Aus 1976 3 / mol t Bog + H2 —> H3G03 + H2T diethyl LF + AlF3 + G2! ethey | = i lab prep? — NaBHu + T2 —> Bate + Nas ___—_— = E oat ——_Indwstalal_pxepn - BF3 + Nah —> B2eRe, 2 Cleavage_of Baie Bane + Ai (Me) 3 —> BHs-niMe)s { cadduct) | Rane + Co —> BHa- co i adduct Stable |a) Boxazine Reaction OF NH3 With Babe | Baus + Nia —> GHa + NHa O¥ Golic- 20ky 4 ait [oH B \ 4 been Nh BaNahe ( Boxazine) + Ho [on qu Inoxganic Benzene Te 7N uy 7 4 Qi Nand al) B > SPP plans u B 4 # “Nei > Tnosgqanic Benzene \ is_more weactive than % | pr Osganic Benzene becatt I — in oxganic Benzene is I Ht Polay HF Stxuctoxe of Bote {Di borane) ~ F = Banana Bond whe us deyminal Hd 2 bridge — z + Hydaagen { [2st B wy > 4 termina a 4 2 Boron — br / tito Same_plane_—_— Ae Max pa: oF in atgn_lp — Same Plane =¢ {oss Of Boson >_> center 2e- fons \ Bullies proof vest ¢ #heges— > gGiyoup - 14 Casbon Family: | | fas { elemental State- Coals 4xqphite MU Ormond Cnn. metar > combined state- metal coxbosate.iyanaazn S isotopes» c!? cl3_ CY Con. Sinan meta) Tio Stable isotopes Radioactive I ‘5 Found in the Fam of Silica & givcaies | Ge-_metatisia (Cexamic, glass Cement) I Foond in +yace. | Sp meta: > accuns as SnOa (cassitexite | Pb meta; _—> accuss as pbs ( Galena) Ix Electronic Conk igbsaton: TG@]_ns? pp? |e > and ps” [he] 95? ap2 a [| si gid p> [Ney 952 '3p2 | Ge > uth p> Cas} gate Us* yp? Sp > Sthp > Fay 4d!® Bs Sp? Ph > 61 p > Cre} Uflt Sule 5% Gp2 | Since the ipnex Coxe clectsonic Conf igusatan is gist ¥ Oxidation state (ru. 421-4) — The Sum OF fixst 4 TE is very high $0 it cannat fosm_0'4 ion: So can't foam onic bond Therese ——___Coxbon__psually farms Covalent SSR etd op ea > inert_pais_¢t 7——Show_the_stability ety > cith S Get¥ > sntt ppty Det? ce Sie Get 4 Spt? copes inca — pal pk feck — > Stability of loiex ‘axidation state 7 down the g5p | Covalent Radiv CG < Si 6 Ge 4 Sn 4 Pb Goad amount Smal tin radios | og + in because OF poor Shielding | wadins of d 4 ¥ opbita + Tonization Enexgy: Te * J) | Size C> Si > we > Sn 4 PD : © Therwase in TE because #— . very pacx Shielding of E blots | | le Electronegativity | || | c > Siz Ge = Sn=Pb |__less_Size mone attzoction SS “nore Electaonegaiiviiy st | i g|| | | H i IL | Chemical Propenties t i c= Is? 252) 2pt _| {| fe vat) | |) ch Ga dy Covalent bond (marian) Caabon can't exceed its cavarence moxe than fous: Lathes elements (Sie, Sn Pb) > de ig PBESEnce af Vaca! | SiFg"?, Getle™, (sn (one) 4 axbital it Foxms moxe thas 4 bond icclu +20 —> po pen tayo £0_Obsence oF yacant oxbéla) | HuSiOu~s siticte acid | Siclu + H29 —> | Sicondul + 4 HC] \Geclu + Ho — Getox)u + Qke SnClut H20 — > Sptonly + 4HC! PbCl2 + io — Pb (oH) + 24O ; hs i ey “oF 1 \ 1 i tbo —>» 5 + UHC le Cl “ on’ | Son ¢) oF C1 cy on gto gs Or Si tHe a5 a71No 7 [Sa ato ¢i ay © Mo MO2z > CO_—> neviral C2} Ocidic Si0_-> it exists only at high Temp SiG2 Ged > acidic Gede SO 7 Amphotenic O21 Amphateri | No, CO, N2O , 120 — 4 oxides aye Neptyal Amphoteric oxide > Sp, Pb, Zn, A! 1 Pro J Phow r | i 3¢ Reaction with 120 C4 Si_| + H20 — no xeaction Ge 4 + Sp _+ Hoo (hot) > ShOz Ph + H20 —> PbO (becames passive due +o foxmn — Of oxide on it) 4 Reaction with Halogen 42 +4 IL Mx2 Mxy ! S De Ren Cua _Si Do ¥£n Siky Ge Gera : Gexy |_stable Sp ___ Spa. Soxy J [Ph Pbx2 |stabe Poxy a| i | # Spfu_and_PbIu 4 = fonic_(4ve 10 Eajan's_ Rue) do Sinan cation Large_snion => covatent_natixe ide + +0 ty vt OX: | Gs Clectyon and hence can’t Fost 4 Opp aired o-) 2 Anomalous behaviours OF Caxbon. = Small_size, High electsonegativity high TE, unavailability of. d_Oxbital- > Casbon fosms Pr= Prt multiple bond c=c, cee ,c=w C=0 ) c= > Heavies Clement foxms _dir- Pr, dyt~ ye > Catenation- abivity to link with ane - anathes +h8augh __Cavalent -band +0 Fosm lang Chain ts cated catenaira, 4 Catenation Singie bond > Catengtion Oxdey ~ C~c> Six S\_> Ge ~Ge >SN-Sn Lb 2 Bond energy Order C=C > Si ~si > Ge- Ge >SnSn She tO Pit- Prt bond 4 catenatian it Shows Allotxapre foxm Allotyopes . D5 NIT OCad boy ——->_Diamond in Totes <— —caahan_bla — —>.Graptile —____Sverly oF an scone fp = Ebllesene ____ ZL chnacea) + Form ot heating 00 Wad 0% Coal __grapbite_q—_ i w |. —tespeciively “at high oe Pltere re {emp in Absence of ais> c-c js t+ 54u Ac ox 154 Pm: = digid_Bp_netuoxk > Tt is the hoxdest substance. => used os Obsasive fox shospening OF hard tools _¥ Gyaphile > Layered Stincture: => Layess axe held by Vandenoall_Foace_Of ttKocton = distance between layers —> U0 Prm > | I o- us. Ly o_b 2 > th election Fosms iT bond > yth e- j ile 4 delocalized avex tai £ i |_and__conducts Clectsicity. Is 7 ~oGrmphie_is sort 4 Slippery = It _is_vsed_as dy _lobricant in machines (at high tn —______becavse oil 4 gre he at high + 3 Fullesene ——2 then Gixophite_is_heated in_Clectyic axc_in present —~ of inert gas (He /Ay] - = Ponest_foarm_of_Casbon : > becavse_they have smooth closed sta mithoot dangly dangling band > Tn diamond | gxaphite some sake —- ___Cosbon_pave_fsce_Valency these ade caxban atom fosm—~ “New bond. with {mposity: These bonds are catied Jang inte ._ => Cage like motectile => Ceo > Socces ball I = iis te H > Bycky Gall: b> 90 e—inembex_Ring—}-2-60ventes Occupied by | 1255 member ding Caxban > but § member xing is fused | ie Qi_Casban -> sp? (a © bond) = Remaining e- is delacaligea 4 Fives AwaMaric choswey +O_ _MOlecyte > It contain C=c 4 C~c T t 13% 3 em 143-5 pm (ith only 6 Membet ring ie Compannds Of Caxban, _1) Coxbon monoxide [Co = Oxidation of cCaxbon_in_limitea SUPPIY OF ate ] 2 Ces) + G2 g) —> 20049) Gimited) = Pure co i i dxation_OF Foxmic acid _ Heogk #20, Co + H20 "with cone HaS0u ——Fosmic_Qcid___{Pore)__(dehysaating_agent)___ ~ lac ae OmMmescially 493k _ i —_Crs) + H20 1g) ————5_Co + He —— (Hot core) (steam) unten gas ax syn gas —__—— a ais | ee“en [c Le) i =| =_ 4 ! _ ——-TE_oit_is_passed_io_place of steam ———___ > ee 2 Cis) t 02 1g) + Y Na ig) ABS 2.6018) + UN? g) Producer gas industial Fvel: => Colaualess, adovates waters insoluble > ‘Co’ js a powexful Reducing agent- > Used in extyachon Of Metal fram meta) oxide Fer,oa + Co —» Fe + C02 2n0 +00» Z-+ CO2 — | | | | = — e \ Oe = O00 le bond, 21 bond I =u Ly ave +0 this lone paix it xeacts | With metal 4 foxm metor caxbory) |= Co_is potsonavs in nature. =r D ich { i moxe stable than Oxyhaemagiabin (leads +0 death) i 12) Coxbondioxide COr Complete Combustion OF Caxbon 4 Caxbon contatning Compaund in e€xcess Of air Hr 3G (3) pe O25 (g)e ==>: CO ng) CHuy(s) + 02 (9)—> HO «g)_ + CO2 1g) Vie ____ Labosatoxy p Caco, + HCl — > CaCla + Hoo + Cor (ies tone) = 4 2 COlovpless 4 Qdouviess PEET EY. BEL TET(| 1 — — — __[cs DO _ > Reaction_with_toates— Co2(3) + H2O (g) —> H2to3 “pul [cosbonic acid) | Heto3 +20 = * HCOs” +Haot £ : _ | ycog7 + H20 = cos? +Hg0' c. I ou On | Hoos /HCO37 buffex system, it [dibasic acia | helps tO maintain maximum Ph of blood 7-26 $0 742. O2 iS Used i i ee e [5 Con tH20 . bY ~ Cehir0¢ $O2+H20 Atmospheric (oo into d Chiosophyh lucese Catbohydsate Such a5 gluccs) =>CO2r is Dan poisonan: = If Co. in atmosphere incseases , this is called |_gxeen house Cffect_{ Temp - of armosphexa 4) 'S Coo is Obtained in Solid foxm as day ice | dvy_ice is used os _xefrigzant la O=t eo 26 4 26 bord |__ “gy 4 p_hybridization Lineay | pr- rx bond A$$ 4_ Don polax ( 2exo dips 6 Eco0 og ucs +— = 10 BC- Or i zeoglectuic — “Silicon dioxide | SiO) Silica pe naieies —_— 5 Quaxke——— \3¢ —— pustOlline _ \ " — ms_OF Si ~4>.cuistoba ep ata fos > Tidy ——— Se ' FF These_cnysine 4 forms ase “antes conven!i [=> -covatent_aD_Netioik-£Ach 1S on mth lea | ino _tetsahedwal_mannex to 4 Oxygen-Atom—__ > §_membered ning taith—aliesnate—S\%-9-alan Si-O bond _enihalpy is _vexy high S9_Si02 is___ Qlmast non = xeactive # Sid2 Yeacts with HE and Noe Sida + HE —> Sifu + 2H20 Si02 + Nadh — NazSid3 +420 He Gilica gel is Used as dxy agenp ___ [9 chg-c1 + si Cv Powdey (cHa)2 Sicl 570k | +20 ~Hq | Cena) Sion), “3€ Silicates ~____>_ beni Silicic acid (Husiou) (Si (oH) i = pasic onit > siouh On | ~O- uo bond > Sp hybaidization |=» Teteahed ra! :2) Pyso 3) Cyclic | u) Single Chain 4 _5) Double Chain 6) Sheed ' 7) ap Silicate / I ne Ortho Silicate © -~) [si ef | [7 1, NT {| Gee QO | Side view TOP view - EOxmula~ sioyn4 /4) Pyro silicate one souggen, alt Is_Shaxed between two sidq4 basic unit r men ca . 3 T si Si = = oe { ZISo VN. ba = o Onan o- = Foxmvla_( si,67~8) —— 2. Cyclic Silicate ; Two Oxygen atom OF Single tetahedsa) Uni Siow" 1S Shares a Si g09°8 aN Genexal_Eaxmuls IAS > Csidalni j 1 Singe_chain_siieate HH ——_—each_ ee a c GE = (Sida) y* [7 2 \ ihe CSE Geet oe eee ae No ‘ Y o 8 5) Dovble Chain | L, some basic silicate Onits Shaye _3Qtom | OB yome basic Silicate oni#S Shaye 2 idm GE = (Si0n)n 6) Sheet Silica Gz {Si20s) nh” { ap_siticate ail 4 oxygen side | Shared