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3. What is the relative quantity of plant need (macro, secondary, & micro)?
Approximately 0.3% of plant dry matter. It is a MACRO nutrient.
4. Where does the element come from (or what are the sources globally and
locally?)
It is believed that all original P came from rock weathering.
Although it always in phosphate form, but it does change chemical existence in terms of
organic vs. inorganic, different chemical associations (e.g., H2PO4- and HPO42- in solution,
insoluble P, or organic P).
Microorganisms play a major role in the transformation from organic P to inorganic P, and in
mobilizing chemically fixed P (mycorrhizae and rhizosphere activities).
Phosphorus is easily fixed by chemical reactions with Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc. P-fixation is
pH-dependent, and is the process that removes P from available pools. Both too high and
too low of pH values can resulted in P-fixation, for example:
Although the total P content of most soils is large, only a small fraction of the total P is
available to biota, primarily because of chemical P-fixation.
Mining the P from apatite [ 3Ca3(PO4)2], which is primarily biological origin, is the main
source of P fertilizer (about 14 million metric tons per year).
Figure 12.21; Soil pH controls P-fixation which reduces P availability.
The effect of pH on the relative concentrations of the three species of phosphate ions. At lower pH values, more
H+ ions are available in the solution, and thus the phosphate ion species containing more hydrogen
predominates. In near-neutral soils, HPO422 and H2PO42 are found in nearly equal amounts. Both of these
species are readily available for plant uptake.
Roles of diffusion and mycorrhizal hyphae in the movement of phosphate ions to plant roots. In soils with low solution
phosphorus concentration and high phosphorus fixation, slow diffusion may seriously limit the ability of roots to obtain
sufficient phosphorus. The hyphae of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi help overcome this problem. They penetrate the soil,
absorb the phosphorus, and by cytoplasmic streaming inside the hyphae, transport phosphorus to the plant roots. This
makes the plant much less dependent on the diffusion of phosphate ions through the soil.
7. What factors and processes influence or control the availability to plants?
3. What is the relative quantity of plant need (macro, secondary, & micro)?
Approximately 0.8% of plant dry matter. It is a MACRO-nutrient,
4. Where does the element come from (or what are the sources globally and
locally?)
Rocks, rock weathering, clay minerals (such as mica), and ash produced from
burning plant materials.
It can get entrapped between layers of illite and similar clays during drying-
wetting cycles (See Figure 12.32 in the textbook). Entrapping K+ is called
Potassium fixation. Soil cation exchange is the main mechanism for K
stabilization/storage, in addition to rock weathering and clay entrapping
3. What is the relative quantity of plant need (macro, secondary, & micro)?
Approximately 1.0 to 2.5 % of plant dry matter is calcium. Approximately 0.5 % of plant
dry matter is magnesium. Both belong to the "secondary" group in term of quantity.
4. Where does the element come from (or what are the sources globally and locally?)
Rocks, rock weathering, and minerals.
Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ may be in four forms: (1) soluble ions in soil solution; (2)
absorbed onto cation exchange sites; (3) insoluble salts (e.g., CaCO3/MgCO3,
CaSO4/MgSO4); (4) organic Ca/Mg in biomass.
The first two forms are available to plants. Most agricultural soils have abundant
supply, except for highly weathered and oxidized soils or very old sandy soils
where all calcium and magnesium have been leached out.
Calcium and magnesium like many other metal ions get leached out quickly
during the initial stage of litter decomposition, therefore, organic forms only
exists in very small quantity.
In addition to parent materials, leaching is the single most important factor that
can change soil calcium or magnesium status (precipitation/irrigation, acid
deposition, acidic litter materials, etc.).
7. What factors and processes influence or control the availability of Ca
& Mg to plants?
3. What is the relative quantity of plant need (macro, secondary, & micro)?
Trace amount (MICRO-nutrients)
4. Where does the element come from (or what are the sources globally and
locally?)
Rocks, parent minerals, SOM.
Definitions:
A chelate is a coordination complex with a ligand and a metal ion in the center of
the ligand.
A ligand is any compound capable of forming a chelate.
Siderophores are special chelates formed from ligands produced by micro-
organisms or plant roots.
Figure 12.39
a: ferric ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetate
Two ways in which plants utilize micronutrients held in chelated form. (a) Dicotyledonous
plants such as cucumber and peanuts produce strong reducing agents (NADPH) that reduce
iron at the outer surface of the root membrane. They then take in only the reduced iron,
leaving the organic chelate in the soil solution where it can complex another iron atom. (b)
Grass plants such as wheat or corn apparently take the entire chelate–metal complex into
their root cells. They then remove the iron, reduce it, and return the chelate to the soil solution.
7. What factors and processes influence or control the availability of
micronutrients to plants?
Soil pH is the most important factor. The type of parent materials is also
important. Also micronutrients can have the problem of toxicity, as well as
deficiency.
Understanding that sandy, high pH soils with low SOM are more likely to have
micronutrient deficiency, what would you do if you have found out that your
plants are showing micronutrient deficiency symptoms?