‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﲥﺘﻢ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ – ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﳐﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼــﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣــﻊ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻊ )ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼــﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼــﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﻟــﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼــﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛــﺰﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﲠﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻨﺘﺠـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﻮﻑ ﻭﻛﻤﺴـﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(1‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺑـﻊ ) ‪ ( A‬ﰲ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫)‪.(1‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﺛـﺎ�ﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸـﺎﺑﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ ) ‪ ،( V‬ﰲ �ﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟــﺔ ﻣــﺎ ﺑــﲔ ﻣﻜﻮ�ــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤــﺔ ﺍﳌﻀــﺎﻓﺔ )ﻋﻮﺍﺋــﺪ ﺍﻹ�ﺘــﺎﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺟــﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑــﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﳚــﺎﺭﺍﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍً ﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻞ ) ‪ ( F‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻮ�ـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ )ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﺸـﲑﺍﻥ ﻟﻺ�ﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑـﺄﻥ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺘﻀـﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳍـﺪﻑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸـﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻮﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸـﱰﻛﺔ ﻛﻠﻤـﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬـﺎ ﻗﻄـﺎﻉ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬
‫ﺗــﺪﻣﺞ ﻣــﻊ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﺑﺴــﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔــﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴــﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫــﻮ ﺍﻷﻣــﺮ ﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﻳــﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻋــﺪﻡ ﲡـﺎ�ﺲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋــﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﱄ ﳜﻠــﻖ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀ ـﺎً ﻣــﻊ ﺃﺣــﺪ ﺃﻫــﻢ ﻓــﺮﻭﺽ ﺟــﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﳌــﺪﺧﻼﺕ – ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟــﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫــﻮ ﺍﻟﻔــﺮﺽ ﺍﳋــﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺠﺎ�ﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ : (1‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ�ﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬

‫ﺍﻹ�ﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪196‬‬