A PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) - Based Model For The Optimal

Energy xxx (2014) 1e7
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Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
A PSO (particle swarm optimization)-based model for the optimal

management of a small PV(Photovoltaic)-pump hydro energy storage
in a rural dry area
Anna Stoppato*, Giovanna Cavazzini, Guido Ardizzon, Antonio Rossetti
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Venezia, 1-35138 Padova, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In developing countries, the exploitation of renewable sources is an opportunity to increase the number
Received 8 November 2013 of people who have simple access to electricity and to water. Among other technologies, stand-alone
Received in revised form photovoltaic pumping systems are often installed in remote areas where the grid is not available: they
30 May 2014
are used for irrigation and/or other local water needs and can supply also electricity to small consumers.
Accepted 1 June 2014
In this paper, by means of an optimization model based on the Particle Swarm Theory, the managing
Available online xxx
strategy of a system aimed at supplying electricity and water to an isolated small village in Nigeria has
been optimized in order to fulfill the requirement of the users and to improve the system efficiency.
Keywords:
Photovoltaic pumping systems
Ground water is pumped into a storage reservoir and can be used both for irrigation and domestic use.
Particle swarm theory The system is composed by a photovoltaic plant, a pump as turbine, a pack of batteries and a diesel
Water cooling internal combustion engine for integration purposes. A simultaneous optimization of both devices size
Water saving and plant management has been performed in order to achieve the best economic performances or to
Energy storage fulfil the requirement only by renewable sources. In the first case, the use of a pump as turbine permits to
Pump as turbine save about 4% of diesel oil, even if the low cost of fuel makes it convenient to use the engine. In the latter
case the optimum size of photovoltaic plant is about 16 times higher than in the first one, while the
batteries' and pump's optimum sizes are strictly connected to the maximum allowable value for the
water storage volume.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction alternative renewable energy sources, when convenient, but also

for a rational synergy among fossil and renewable sources. This also
In the last decades, the energetic question has had more and implies that energy systems are able to switch from one source to
more increasing politic, economic and social implications. The another one each time that environmental boundary conditions,
awareness about the importance of environment defense and of a user requirement or market make convenient this change. At the
responsible use of fossil reserves has widely brought to a series of same time in developing countries, the exploitation of renewable
actions for energy saving and reducing the impact of energy sys- sources is an opportunity to increase the number of people who
tems. This seems to be a winning strategy also from an economic have access to electricity with an adequate grade of availability and
point of view, especially for nations, strongly dependent from reliability. In this way, a virtuous circle can be created among the
abroad for fossil fuels. In addition, efforts to a new energy strategy development of the industrial and agricultural sectors and the
can support the development and the improvement of the do- energy accessibility.
mestic industry related to the energetic efficiency. All these considerations explain the increasing diffusion and the
The goal of these actions is the transition to a different, more promotion by many local, national and international regulations of
sustainable energetic model. The first challenge is the differentia- small plants and distributed generation, whose diffusion also
tion of the sources, searching for the substitution of fossil fuels by contributes to reduce the transmission losses and the grid
congestion problems and permits the use of low density distributed
renewable sources (biomass, wind, solar, mini-hydro). They are also
an interesting solution for isolated communities or communities
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: anna.stoppato@unipd.it (A. Stoppato), giovanna.cavazzini@ looking for energetic self-sufficiency. For example, in Ref. [1]
unipd.it (G. Cavazzini). different options based on PV(Photovoltaic)-wind technologies
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.004
0360-5442/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Stoppato A, et al., A PSO (particle swarm optimization)-based model for the optimal management of a small
PV(Photovoltaic)-pump hydro energy storage in a rural dry area, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.004
2 A. Stoppato et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e7
are examined for isolated villages in Spain, while in Ref. [2] the installed wind power. Similar results have been found in Ref. [17]
phenomenon of the socio-technical change towards local energy where different sites in Turkey have been analyzed: different
systems based on renewable sources is presented and three case hydrogen production costs have been calculated depending on
histories described. wind excess energy and plant size. In Ref. [18] an optimization of
Many studies can be found in the literature trying to support the large-wind-hydrogen systems is performed, searching for the
design and the management of individual or microgrid systems. optimal sizes of hydrogen storage and production both for trans-
Special attention is paid to the analysis of wind and solar resources portation and stationary use of hydrogen. A hybrid wind-PV system
and their geographical and temporal variability and to that of users' is presented in Ref. [19] and the efficiency and the contribution of
demand; especially for small or micro wind plants, the main each sub-system to the overall production evaluated.
problem is the extension of short-period databases, which can be CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is another technology
partially overcome using probabilistic approaches and Measure which offers a lot of ancillary services to the electricity system such
Correlate Predict methods [3]. as black start capability, voltage support, frequency support and
The free and simple access to both drinkable and irrigation integration with non programmable renewable energy sources
water is another fundamental key point to assure better living [20]. It can be used also for isolated systems [21] as a support to
conditions in many developing countries. For this reason, in recent hybrid plants or in CHP configuration where it supplies also ther-
years many studies and proposals has been performed about mal power to a district heating grid [22]; the economic and envi-
pumping installations and many Authors suggest to integrate ronmental advantage of this solution is evaluated in Ref. [23]. CAES
pumping stations with renewable energy plants. Cloutier and is suitable for medium and large energy storage, but recently many
Rowley [4] study the integration of irrigation plants with different studies are related to its use into small systems, also in innovative
renewable sources in Central Nigeria. Their techno-economic study configurations integrating CAES and pumped hydro plants [24].
suggests solar PV (Photovoltaic) with storage batteries, and wind For medium and large storages, pumped hydro power plants are
based systems as good candidates to replace petrol based systems. a consolidated technology, but they are now called to new chal-
Hamidat and al [5]. analyze the efficiency of a PV based pumping lenges in order to increase their operation field and the response
system as a function of solar radiation and water total head for rapidity. They are often called to support wind power plants,
different kinds of crops in Nigeria. Kaldellis et al. [6] propose a smoothing the power output and giving economic benefits for the
stand-alone photovoltaic-based water pumping system, able to operators of the plant [25]. This last aspect is strictly related to the
cover irrigation and potable water needs in remote areas where the presence of incentives for grid-stabilization and CO2 mitigation [26]
connection to electricity local grid is not available. The system is and for this reason the availability of suitable tools to optimize the
completed by batteries for electric storage purposes and by a solar operation under market conditions is very important [27]. Under
collector for the production of hot water. In different studies, favorable market hypotheses pumped hydro power plants give a
similar systems have been analyzed: in Kuwait it was found by contribution to wind [28] and generally to renewable energy
Ghoniem [7] that they are less expensive than traditional diesel sources [29] penetration in the power supply system. In Ref. [30] a
engines, if well designed, while Bouzidi et al. [8] found them not comprehensive review of the state of the art and the future chal-
convenient in Algeria due to the local low fuel prices. lenges of small pumped-hydro power plants is presented.
One of the most relevant problems when dealing with not Note that when dealing with pumping systems, the water tank
predictable renewable sources is adjusting their variable and itself is a storage of energy. The possibility of using this storage for a
intermittent availability with the users demand curve. For this pumped hydroelectric system can be an interesting option. This
reason, they are often integrated by devices fed by fossil fuels, creates a new type of sustainable hybrid power plant which can
mainly diesel internal combustion engines. In Refs. [9,10] a hybrid work continuously, using solar energy as primary energy source
PV- diesel engine system is studied considering different configu- and water for energy storage [31]. In the last years, the use of PAT
rations and a sensitivity analysis of the fuel cost on system profit- (Pump as turbines) is increasing for small applications and several
ability is made. By means of the HOMER software, an economic, studies were focused on determining the machine performance in
energetic and green house gas emissions analysis of a similar sys- turbine operating conditions for a proper implementation in micro-
tem in Saudi Arabia is presented in Refs. [10], while in Ref. [11] the hydro power plants [32], and for a correct selection of the correct
same software is used to analyze many different configurations of pump for the turbine service [33].
hybrid systems with both PV and wind turbines. The complexity of hybrid systems make very difficult their
Even if energy storage use had a long history, both with regard proper design and operation. For this reason many different ap-
to medium-large sizes for peak shaving and to micro-small sizes for proaches have been proposed and applied to the optimization of
isolated systems and emergency power, greatest efforts have been these systems. More generally, the concept of distributed multi
recently spent to take advantage from energy storage also to meet generation approach is applied to systems where different energy
the intermittency of not-predictable energy sources [12]: in small vectors (electricity, heat, cooling power, hydrogen, water and so on)
systems, as those object of this paper, the most used are the elec- are produced and distributed energy resources. Different ap-
trochemical batteries, as reported by many Authors for isolated proaches have been proposed, such as a matrix based optimization
systems, in developed countries as Spain [1], in dry areas for model [34] for trigeneration systems, the theory of energy hubs
pumping clean water as in Nigeria [4], and for rural villages in Egypt [35,36] studying the interconnection among different carriers, and
[13] and Nigeria [14]. procedures based on the concept of multi source-multi product
Recently, the use of hydrogen storage with fuel cells has been systems [37]. In Ref. [38] a comprehensive review of many different
studied and proposed: in Ref. [15] one of the first experience of the approaches for the characterization, planning, evaluation and
use of PV with hydrogen storage and fuel cells is presented and optimization of such systems is reported. Aim of the optimization is
good efficiencies during two years of automatic operation is re- often the overall cost minimization or that of environmental
ported; in Ref. [16] the viability of hydrogen production via elec- impact: the better optimal hourly, daily or annual operation strat-
trolysis using surplus wind power is simulated and the results show egy is evaluated able to satisfy users' requirement.
that the economic reliability of this solution can be reached only In this paper an original optimization model based on the PSO
with significant reductions of the devices cost and suitable prices of (Particle Swarm Optimization) Theory is proposed and applied to a
electricity and hydrogen, but this solution can allow an increase of hybrid system aimed at supplying electricity and water to an
A. Stoppato et al. / Energy xxx (2014) 1e7 3
isolated small village in Nigeria. Its originality lies in the simulta- on the basis of three components: the previous velocity, the ten-
neous optimization of both sizes and hourly loads of each plant dency of the particle to move toward the previously discovered best
device. Many different constraints on the users' requirements, the position and the tendency to move towards the best position
devices size, the operation strategy, the operation load can be easily discovered by the swarm.
managed. Solution times are in the range of a few hours for a sys-
tem with about 50 optimization variables on a personal computer. 4. Position update: the particle position at the iteration j is updated
as follows:
2. The method
Xj ðiÞ ¼ Xj ði 1Þ þ Vj ðiÞ$Dtðj ¼ 1; 2; …npÞ
PSO (Particle Swarm Optimizer) is a relatively recent heuristic
search method based on the social behavior of a swarm of insects or
5. Convergence check: the convergence is achieved when the po-
a flock of birds where a continuous exchange of information allows
sitions of all particles converge to the same set of values.
each component to behave exploiting both its own intelligence and
the group intelligence of the swarm.
In the context of a multivariable optimization, the swarm is
characterized by a specified number of particles (where “particle” 3. The model
denotes a bird or an insect), each one characterized by a position
and a velocity. The particles, initially located at random locations, In order to show the potentiality of the developed procedure
wander around in the search space with a target (for example the
based on this approach, a stand-alone photovoltaic-based pumping
identification of the food source). When a particle locates a good system has been analyzed. The system is composed by a PV, a PAT, a
position, it instantaneously communicates this information to the
pack of BAT (batteries) and a diesel ICE (Internal Combustion En-
swarm that does not directly converge to that position. Each par- gine) and is located in a small isolated rural village in the North
ticle maintains its independent thinking and adjusts its position
Nigeria. It is aimed at supplying energy for the users' electric de-
and velocity on the basis of the swarm information about good vices (mainly radio and light bulbs) and at covering both irrigation
positions but also of its own best position, gradually going to the
and potable water needs. About 50 families (250 persons) live in
target after some iterations. the village.
As regards the PSO algorithm, the mathematical problem is to
Its management has been optimized in order to fulfil the
find the n-dimensional vector X ¼ {x1,…xn} that minimizes the requirement of the users and to improve the system efficiency.
objective function f(X), i.e. the target of the “swarm random search”
Fig. 1 gives a schematic of the system.
(where n is the number of variable to be optimized). The search Electricity and potable water requirements are reported in Fig. 2,
space is defined by the lower X(l) and upper X(u) bounds on X: as obtained from Refs. [4e8,14] for a typical summer day. Note that
the electric demand is mainly placed in the evening/night when PV
X(l) X X(u) is not working. The daily necessity of water for irrigation is 17 m3, as
obtained from Ref. [5].
The procedure of the PSO can be summarized through the
Water is pumped from a ground water 60 m deep and a concrete
following steps:
tank has been considered for water storage. The head losses in the
pumping system have been estimated as a function of the flow rate
1. Definition of the swarm size: the number of particles np of the
and the planned pipes length.
swarm should be assumed: X1, … Xnp. If n is the number of
Energy for the pumping system and electricity needs are sup-
variables, Fan et al. suggests as criterion to assume a number of
plied by the PV system and by the diesel engine. Since the pump
particles equal to 2n [39].
can be used also as a turbine, when the energy system supplies
2. Initialization of the swarm: a random location for each particle
more power than that required by the users, some additional water
Xj(0) (j ¼ 1, … np) is generated in the search space. Initially all
can be stored in the reservoir. Its later use in the turbine helps to
particles velocities are assumed to be zero (iteration 1).
3. Velocity update: each particle wanders around in the search
space updating at each iteration i its own position Xj(i) and ve-
locity Vj(i) on the basis of its own past flight experience (the
historical own best position of Xj(i): Pbest,j) and on that of the
swarm (the historical best position encountered by any of the
particles: Gbest).
The particle velocity is updated as follows:

h i
Vj ðiÞ ¼w$Vj ði 1Þ þ c1 r1 $ Pbest;j Xj ði 1Þ

þ c2 r2 $ Gbest Xj ði 1Þ ðj ¼ 1; 2; …npÞ
where c1 and c2 are positive constants representing the individual

and group learning rates respectively, w is an inertia weight and r1
and r2 are two independent sequences of random numbers
generated in the range 0 and 1, used to avoid entrapment on local
minima and to allow the divergence of a small percentage of par-
ticles for a wider exploration of the search space. Eberhart and Shi
[40] and Hu and Eberhart [41] suggested c1 ¼ c2 ¼ 2 and
w ¼ [0.5 þ (r/2.0)]. As it can be seen, the particle updates its velocity Fig. 1. Schematic of the system: solid lines represent electricity, dot lines water.
Fig. 2. Hourly electricity and water demand.

Fig. 3. Number of life time cycles of the batteries as a function of the depth of
discharge (DoD).
reduce fuel consumption. The efficiency of the PAT has been
calculated as suggested in Ref. [42] as a function of load. The range
of the volumetric flow rate is from 30% to 100% of the maximum
flow rate during pumping operation mode and from 50% to 100% in
the turbine operation condition. The level of the reservoir is
imposed to be restored at the end of each day to the level of the
morning.
For further storage purpose, a pack of batteries is used. Its
allowable minimum SOC (State Of Charge) is 10% and the maximum
allowable DoD (Depth of Discharge) is 90%, considering a maximum
discharge rate equal to 0.2 kW/kWh of maximum BAT SOC. Under
these operation conditions, the efficiency of the battery is 75%. Also
in this case, the state of charge of the battery at the end of the day is
imposed equal to its initial value.
The ICE design efficiency is 0.328 and its minimum load is 30% of Fig. 4. Hourly PV electric power per area unit [kW/m2].
design load.
The life span of the different component of the system is: 25
years for the PV, 10 years for the ICE, 20 years for the PAT, and 15 taking into account the batteries life span, which is as a function of
years for the reservoir. The battery life is calculated by the opti- their resulting operation. Note that SICE is forced equal to 0, when
mization procedure itself. the constraint of using only renewable energy is imposed.
Indeed, this parameter is strongly related to the number of As said, the number of particles np of the swarm was hence fixed
chargeedischarge cycles and on their depth: Fig. 3 reports the equal to np ¼ 2*n ¼ 106, where n is the number of variables (53: 48
dependency between lifetime and depth of discharge for the lead hourly variables: fuel mass flow rate and water mass flow rate in
acid (Pb) battery used in the system under investigation. The life of the PAT þ5: devices size). The fuel mass flow rate is subjected to the
the battery is calculated by means of the relationship deriving from power balance constraint:
Fig. 3 as a function of its resulting daily operation, applying the
rainflow method. Pusers ¼ PPV þ PICE þ PPAT þ PBAT
Data about solar irradiance, air temperature and wind velocity
have been obtained from different databases [43e47] for the town where Pusers is the load demand, PPV is the power generated by the
of Kano. They have been used to calculate the hourly energy sup- PV, PICE is the power of the internal combustion engine, PPAT and
plied by the PV plant. The calculation model considers the depen- PBAT are, respectively, the power of the pump-as-turbine and of the
dence of the conversion efficiency by the PV module temperature batteries pack that could be positive or negative depending on the
[48]; the specific PV hourly production trend is summarized in operating conditions.
Fig. 4, considering a tilt angle of 15 . Other constraints were that related to the tank volume [m3]:
Table 1 summarizes the specific costs of all the devices and of
the fuel used in this analysis.
0 V Vmax
By means of the optimization model, the optimum values of the
PV, ICE, PAT, BAT and water reservoir sizes have been simulta- and the flow rates balance constraint:
neously calculated, together with that of their operation strategy.
The function which has to be minimized can be written as:
Table 1
Specific costs of all the devices and of the fuel used in
f Xj ¼ ðcPV SPV þ cICE SICE þ cBAT SBAT þ cres Ares þ cPAT APAT Þ this analysis.
X
24 PV 340 V/m2
þ mh Dt ICE 1000 V/kW
h¼1 BAT 210 V/kWh
Reservoir 100 V/m3
where mh [kg/h] is the fuel mass flow rate and Dt is the considered PAT 180 V/kW
fuel 0.66 V/l [49]
time interval, which was fixed equal to 1 h. As said, cBAT is evaluated
Qtank ¼ Qusers þ Qirr þ QPAT cost. The high number of “peaks and dips” in the tank water level
can be explained to the necessity to guarantee that all the devices
where Qtank is the flow rate of the tank (positive values indicate an respect their allowable operation field.
outgoing flow rate), Qusers is the water demand of the village, Qirr is Since the cost of the fuel is low, the contribution of PV and of
the water need for irrigation and QPAT is the flow rate of the pump- energy storage is not very significant and the size of the PAT is
as-turbine. related to the water requirement. Nevertheless, the use of a PAT
Moreover, the maximum and minimum flow rate of the PAT, the permits to save about 4% of fuel and the battery stores about 5% of
maximum and minimum SOC, the maximum charge/discharge rate energy requirement; their presence also guarantees that the ICE
of the batteries, the maximum and minimum load of the ICE are can work into its operational field.
fixed as a function of devices sizes. Globally, 92% of electricity is supplied by fossil fuel engine,
Finally, in order not to affect the system management of the whose contribution remains dominant.
following days, it was imposed that, at the end of the day, the water When the constraint of exploit only renewable energy sources is
in the tank and the state of charge of the battery should be equal to imposed, the results are very different. If a maximum water stored
that at the beginning of the day: volume of 100 m3 is imposed, the devices optimum sizes are
calculated as:
Vh¼24 ¼ V0
PV ¼ 167 m2
SOCh ¼ 24 ¼ SOC0
BAT ¼ 131 kWh
The resulting objective function, which is the sum of the opti-
mization target and of the penalties for constraint violations, PAT ¼ 13.5 kW (as pump)
resulted to be:
The resulting span life of the batteries is 1.4 years. The overall
X nc annual cost is 24,130 V, which is a little more than double of the
F Xj ¼ minf Xj þ PFz cost using the ICE. Fig. 6aa reports the hourly trends of the PV, BAT
z¼1
and PAT power. Fig. 6bb shows the daily trends of the state of
charge of the batteries and of the water stored in the tank. PV en-
where nc is the number of constraints.
ergy production is stored for 11% as water, 79% in the battery, while
PF is the penalty function defined as:
10% is directly sent to the users. Note that the use of the turbine
allows the battery to not overcome the imposed maximum rate of
PFz ¼ lz ½VIOLz 2
discharge.
where VIOLz is the amount of the violation of the constraint z and lz These results are very affected by the maximum volume of
is the penalty multiplier, properly defined depending on the water tank. A last optimization has been performed, without the
considered constraint. For example, for the state of charge of the constraint on this storage. The devices optimum sizes are calculated
battery at the end and the beginning of the day: as:
VIOLz ¼ [SOCh SOC0] PV ¼ 177 m2

¼ 24
BAT ¼ 84 kWh
4. Results
PAT ¼ 21 kW (as pump)
The main result is the optimum sizes of the devices and the
distribution of energy production and/or consumption in the The resulting span life of the batteries is 2.5 years. The overall
different devices. annual cost is 13,720 V, with a gain of about 10,400 V with respect
When the minimum cost is researched the optimum sizes of the of the previous solution. On the other hand, the minimum water
devices are calculated as: storage volume required is about 330 m3, which is hardly allowable
in the examined locality. These results are reached, since the water
PV ¼ 10.4 m2 storage is less expensive than that of the batteries. Fig. 7 reports the
ICE ¼ 27 kW
BAT ¼ 15.5 kWh
PAT ¼ 3 kW (as pump)
The resulting span life of the batteries is 1.9 years. The minimum
water storage volume required is about 23 m3. The resulting overall
annual cost is 11,940 V.
Fig. 5aa reports the hourly trends of the PV, ICE, BAT and PAT
power. Negative values mean that PAT is working as pump and that
BAT is charging. Fig. 5bb shows the daily trends of the state of
charge of the batteries and of the water stored in the tank. It is also
interesting to notice that the algorithm exploit the battery in a life
conservative way, avoiding frequent charge and discharge cycles
that would have significantly reduce its life and hence increase its Fig. 5a. Hourly PV, PAT, BAT and ICE power and users' requirement [kW].
hourly trends of the PV, BAT and PAT power. In this case, PV energy
production is stored for 45% as water, 45% in the battery. Note the
PV area is quite the same that in the previous case: the little dif-
ference is due to the charge/discharge efficiency of the pumped-
hydro plant lower than that of the batteries.
As a last remark, it is important to underline that all the results
are influenced by the minimum operation load of ICE and PAT.
5. Conclusion
An original PSO approach to the optimization of a photovoltaic-

based pumping system integrated with a hydro storage system has
been presented and applied to the study of the energy need of a
small isolated rural village in North Nigeria.
Fig. 5b. Daily trend of SoC of the batteries and of water storage. The applied optimization procedure was aimed at minimizing
the costs of the system both using diesel oil and completely satis-
fying the users requirement by means of solar energy. The hourly-
based profile of the flow rates of a pump-as-turbine and the charge/
discharge rates of a pack of batteries were optimized simulta-
neously to the sizes of all the devices. The hybrid PV-hydro energy
storage systems tailored on pumping requirements resulted to be
able not only to provide the water amount for irrigation purpose
and household needs but also to satisfy up to 9% of the electric
energy demand of the village with a PV area of about 10 m2. The
low cost of diesel oil brings to a large use of the ICE instead of the PV
plant. If the optimization is forced to the only use of solar energy,
the results are very dependent from the maximum allowable vol-
ume of the water tank.
Further developments will include the calculation of the un-
Fig. 6a. Hourly PV, PAT, BAT and ICE power and users' requirement [kW]. certainness due to unpredictability of solar source. The same PSO
based procedure can be applied to other systems characterized by a
high number of optimization variables: for example, the operation
strategy of distributed generation systems and systems with energy
storage integrating different energy plants or combined heat and
power plants can be suitably studied.
Nomenclature
BAT batteries
ICE internal combustion engine
PAT pump-as-turbine
PSO particle swarm optimization
PV photovoltaic
P Power, kW
Fig. 6b. Daily trend of SoC of the batteries and of water storage.
Q flow rates, m3/h
V tank volume, m3
G vector of historical best position of the swarm
Pj vector of historical best position of particle j
V vector of particles velocities
X vector of particles positions
h hour, h
m mass flow rate, kg/h
n number of optimization variables
np number of particles
nc number of constraints
t time, h
subscripts
users users requirement
irr irrigation
Superscripts
Fig. 7. Hourly PV, PAT and BAT power and users'requirement [kW] if there is not any l lower
constraint on water tank volume. u upper
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A PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) - Based Model For The Optimal

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A PSO (particle swarm optimization)-based model for the optimal

1. Introduction alternative renewable energy sources, when convenient, but also

The particle velocity is updated as follows:

where c1 and c2 are positive constants representing the individual

Fig. 2. Hourly electricity and water demand.

VIOLz ¼ [SOCh SOC0] PV ¼ 177 m2

BAT ¼ 15.5 kWh

PAT ¼ 3 kW (as pump)

An original PSO approach to the optimization of a photovoltaic-

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