Classification of Inflammation 3.

leukocytes
Acute inflammation 4. proteins of blood and tissues
Ø A short-term process that results in the Pus
classic signs of inflammation due to the  cells mainly contained polymorphonuclear
infiltration of tissues by plasma and leukocytes and few mononuclear cells.
leukocytes.  Alkaline in nature and yellow in color
Ø Ceases when stimuli have been removed,  Pus serum will not clot, since fibrin of
broken down, or walled off by scarring exudates is digested by proteolytic enzymes
(fibrosis). of the leukocytes.
Chronic inflammation Classification of Abscess:
Ø Is a pathological condition characterized by 1. Acute abscess (hot abscess)- inflammatory
concurrent active inflammation, tissue symptoms are more active
destruction, and attempts at repair 2. Chronic abscess (cold abscess)- inflammatory
Treatment of inflammation symptoms are less active
1. Acute Etiology of Abscess:
2. Subacute and chronic 1. Pyogenic organisms- Staphylococcus sp.
ACUTE 2. Specific organisms- Actinomyces bovis
 Remove the cause of inflammation, if 3. Chemicals – mercuric chloride, zinc chloride
possible Common seats of abscess formation:
 Cold and astringent application at 15C Cattle: yoke, udder, and prominences
which reduces inflammatory exudation Horses: shoulders, submaxillary, and post-
causes constriction of the vessel that pharyngeal lymph nodes
reduces blood to the area Dogs: anal region, and mammary gland
 Warm application at 45C. Warmth Acute abscess
promotes circulation, restores tissue blood  Forms in 3-5 days following infection
supply, and prevents gangrene.  Inspissated pus – liquid part is absorbed and
 Anodyne application the solid part is left in long duration abscess
 Scarification Symptoms:
 Massages 1. appears as local painful swelling
 Compression  Superficial abscess – no fever
SUBACUTE & CHRONIC  Deep abscess – no local symptoms
 Application of moist heat but fever and pain are evident
 Massage and compression Chronic abscess
NSAIDs  Develops slowly without any inflammatory
 Reduces fever and pain symptoms
 Maybe painless or slightly painful
ABSCESS  Usually occurs during repeated injuries and
Ø Are circumscribed collections of purulent is observed on the prominences of the limbs
material (pus) found in different species of and ribs due to bed sores
animals at different locations  Characterized as hard in consistency
Parts of the Abscess surrounded by fibrous tissue and containing
a. wall a small amount of pus or may be soft and
b. pyogenic membrane thin-walled with a larger amount of pus
c. pus Differential Diagnosis:
Pyogenic membrane Ø Can be differentiated by the following:
 lies between the wall and the pus o Cyst
 controls the spread of infection – slow in development as
 helps in phagocytosis compared to abscess
 granulation tissue formation -soft and fluctuates uniformly, but
Content of the pus: not hard at the periphery
1. necrotic tissue -no inflammatory symptoms
2. dead bacteria -no pain sensation
 Ø Hematoma  Bone- most common large breed dogs and
o Forms due to coagulation of blood rare in cats. The most common sites are leg
or serum cause the rupture of the bones and near joints
blood vessels  Head and Neck- cancer in the mouth is
o Doughy on palpation and forms common in dogs and less in cats. A mass in
immediately following injury the gums, bleeding, odor, or difficult eating
o Does not point like an abscess are signs to watch for.
o No pain sensation  Horse and cattle are more affected than
Ø Hernia sheep, pig and goat
o History of recent injury and o Fibropapillomatosis of the skin, mouth,
swelling esophagus, and urogenital organs are
o The hernial ring can be palpated often seen in domestic animals. Fibroma
Ø Tumour is more common in horses, cattle, and
o Uniformly hard in consistency dogs
o Exploratory puncture reveals blood  Old animals are more common affected
o No pain sensation than young animals.
o Does not point like an abscess Varities of Tumors:
Treatment: Tissue of Name of Cell Type
 Should correspond to the stage of Origin Tumor
development of the abscess Mesenchymal Fibroma Fibrous
1. measure to accelerate the maturation of the tumors connective
abscess by fomentations and mild blister tissue
2. Once matured abscess must be cleaned up of pus Chondroma Cartilaginous
by aspiration and subsequent washing of the tissue
purulent activity Osteoma Bony Tissue
3. abscess must be opened Odontoma Tooth
4. apply iodine to the pus cavity substances
Myoma Muscular
Tumor tissue
Ø Neoplasm is a Greek which means the new Lipoma Adipose tissue
formation of new growth Neuroma Nerve cells
Types of Tumor: and fibers
Leiomyoma Smooth
Benign Malignant muscle
Grow slowly Grow rapidly Rhabdomyoma Skeletal tissue
Locally grow to great size Create metastases Hemangioma Blood vessels
Meningioma meningitis
Don’t invade the Invade and destroy Teratoma Germ cells
neighboring tissue neighboring tissue and
Epithelial Papilloma Skin or
Usually do not return Recurrence after Tumor mucous
after surgical removal surgical removal membrane
Incidence Adenoma Glandular
Tumors are common in canines tissue
 Skin – common in older dogs (often benign)
Basal cell Basal cell of
but much less common in cats (malignant)
tumor the skin
 Breast– 50% in dogs and 85% in cats are
Hepatocellular Hepatocytes
malignant
adenoma
 Testicles- testicular tumors are rare in cats
Glumos tumor melanocytes
and common in dogs those with retained
Blood cells Non-Hodgkin Lymphoid cells
testicles
lymphoma
Leukemia Hematopoietic
cells
Diagnosis:
 Clinical examination – location, size and
consistency
 Radiography – bones and vascular organs
 Biopsy – exploratory cytology
Treatment:
1. prophylactic treatment – is undertaken to reduce
the anticipated incidence rate of a particular tumor
type or the rate of recurrence of a neoplastic disease
after treatment
- Mammary tumor in bitch
o – spaying between 6-12 months of
age will greatly reduce the risk of
breast cancer.
o Surgery is the best treatment of
choice of this type of tumor
- Benign vaginal tumor
o Ovariotomy
- Testicular tumor (seminoma and Sertoli cell
tumor)
o Castration
2. Definitive excision refers to the use of surgery as
the sole treatment procedure without adjunctive
radiotherapy or chemotherapy
- Local excision – removal of the tumor mass
with a minimal amount of surrounding
normal tissue
- Wide local excision – removal of the
predetermined margin of surrounding
tissue together with the primary tissue
- Radical excision – removal of the tumor
with anatomically extensive margins of
tissue that are undisturbed by the primary
growth of the tumor. Eg. Sarcoma
3. Palliative treatment – procedures that improve
animal quality of life by relieving pain. Eg. Limb
amputation, splenectomy
4. Chemotherapy
5. radiation
6. cryosurgery
7. heating
8. immunotherapy
CYST
Ø Is a closed sac having a distinct inner lining
of the secreting membrane
Ø May contain air, fluids, semi-fluid material
Ø Cysts may contain solid structure:
o Dentigerous cyst – like tooth
o Dermoid cyst – hair
Ø Capsule is the outer wall of the cyst -
CAPSULE
Ø Most cysts are benign in nature
Ø Size varies from a small grape to a football
Location of a cyst:
1. Chalazion cyst – eyelid
2. Retention cyst – gland like salivary cyst
3. Dentigerous cyst – associated with crown of
non-erupted teeth
4. Exudation cyst – hydrocoele
5. Dermoid – misplaced embryonic tissue
6. Encapsulated cyst – around foreign bodies
or parasites- Eg. Cysticercosis
7. Neoplastic – cyst adenoma
8. Ganglion cyst- (hand/foot joints and
tendons)
9. Glial cyst – brain
10. Distention cyst – follicular cyst of the ovary,
cystic distention of a joint or bursa)
11. Meibomian cyst – eyelid
12. Ovarian cyst –
13. Renal cyst
14. Sebaceous cyst
Diagnosis:
Cysts are usually non-inflammatory in nature and
develop slowly with well defined periphery.
Treatment:
1. puncture and evacuate the content
2. use of setton to drain
3. surgical excision
HERNIA
Ø Protrusion of a tissue, structure, or part of
an organ through the muscular tissue or the
membrane by which it is normally
contained
Ø Are usually are harmless but have a
potential risk of strangulation (blood supply
is cut-off)
Parts:
1. hernial ring
2. hernial sac
3. hernial content
Causes:
 Weakness of the abdominal wall
 Increased intraabdominal pressure
 Imperfect closure of an embryonic defect
 Increased pressure in the intervertebral disc
Classification:
1. Reducible hernia – when content can be pressed
back in the normal position
2. Irreducible hernia – cannot return to normal site
with simple manipulation. Severe complication may
developed when irreducible.
= strangulation
 = obstruction Ø Surgical remedy- an operation called
herniorhapy

Type of Hernia
Umbilical Opening of the abdominal wall

Inguinal Occurs in the groin area. Hernial sac usually contained

fat that can be pushed back with a finger
Perineal Herniation of the abdominal content through pelvic
diaphragm and causing swelling on one side of the
anus
Diaphragmatic hernia Protrusion the abdominal content through the
thoracic cavity by tearing of the diaphragm
Scrotal hernia Loop of intestine may pass down thru the scrotum
Ventral hernia Migration of viscera thru a tear in the abdominal wall
Femoral hernia Protrusion of the abdominal viscera thru the femoral
canal
Hiatus hernia Normal passage thru which the esophagus meet the
stomach defect allowing part of the stomach to
herniate into the chest

According to hernial content:

Gastrocele
Epiplocele
Vesicocele
Hepatocele
Hysterocele

Symptoms:
Ø External swelling is observed which varies in
size and shape and may increase during
coughing
Ø Reducible hernia – presence of hernial ring
Ø Incarcerated hernia -ring is not flat and
difficult to reduce the content. Colic is seen
Treatment of Hernia:
Ø Reduction and retention
o The hernial content are reduced by
local manipulation and retention is
o done by applying bandage or other
articles around the abdomen. This
method is effective in early stages
of umbilical hernia.
Ø Injection of irritant solution