ITC CHAPTER 1 & 3 TYPES OF SYSTEM

• Closed system is one with no inputs or

DATA outputs, it is completely isolated from its
• collection of independent raw facts, numbers, environment
letters, symbols • Open System is one with inputs and outputs.
• Refers to the facts and figures relating to Since all the systems we deal with in a
events that take place computing context are open system
• refers to things “known”
INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL
INFORMATION • refers to a conceptual framework wherein
• data made meaningful based on the needs of input in the form of data is processed which
the user through manipulation would result in the generation of an output in
the form of information
QUALITIES OF INFORMATION •
• Relevance
DATA PROCESSING STEPS
• Completeness
• Origination Phase
• Timeliness
o refers to the initial capture of data on
• Accuracy
some form or document (Data
• Cost Effective
Capture/Recording)
• Input Preparation Phase
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION
o the accurate recording or
• Operational Information
transcribing of data forms to permit
o Daily details that go into running an
convenient handling in whatever
organization, such as receipts,
system the forms are being used
invoice, payslips, etc.
(Editing, Coding, Verifying)
• Management Information
• Processing Phase
o Used to manage the planning,
o The actual conversion of data into
organizing and controlling of an
useful and meaningful information
organization
by means of one or more of the
• Strategic Information
following processes: (Classifying,
o Mission critical and relates directly
Sorting, Calculating, Summarizing)
with the thrust of the organization or
• Output Preparation Phase
the bigger organization required to
o The process of generating the
act in accordance with the
information and providing it to the
environment or market or
user. This may be done in the
competition.
following: (Reproducing,
Communicating)
SYSTEM
• Storage & Feedback Phase
• group of organized interdependent
o Storing, Feedback
components that interact with and
complement one another to achieve one or
DATA PROCESSING METHODS
more predetermined goals
• Manual Data Processing
• Mechanical Data Processing
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SYSTEM
• Electromechanical Data Processing
• Composed of Parts
• Electronic Data Processing
• Unitary Whole
• Hierarchical
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• Goal-Oriented
• use of computer, data communications, office
• Parts Interact
system methodologies and tools to generate
• Bounded
information
 ICT Hybrid computers: a combination
o
• ICT is the technology required for information of analog and digital
processing, in particular, the use of electronic 2. Based on applications
computers, communication devices and o General purpose computers: can
software applications to convert, store, work in all environments.
protect, process, transmit and retrieve o Special purpose computers: can
information from anywhere, anytime. perform only a specified task.
3. Based on size and capability
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY o Microcomputers: used by
• Evolution from the abacus to the modern-day individuals.
computers o Mini Computers: handle more data
• Transmission of information over the network and more i/o than microcomputers.
COMPUTER o Mainframe Computers: A very large
• An electronic data processing machine computer
capable of performing mathematical and o Super Computers: fastest type of
logical operations and processing large computer
volumes of data at high speeds
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Peopleware (Users, Programmers, Systems
Analyst, System/Network Administrator)
• Increase In Raw Computing Power • Hardware
• Increase In Storage Capacity o Input- Mouse, Bar Scanner, Joystick,
• Increasing Diversity Light Pen, Touch Pad, Scanner)
• Falling Prices o Output Forms
• Increasing Functionality and Flexibility ▪ Text Output
• Increasing User-Friendliness ▪ Graphic Output
• Improved Connectivity ▪ Sound Output
▪ Video Output
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER • Software
• Storage (large amount of data) o Webopedia- anything that can
• Automation be stored electronically is software
• Versatility (computers seem capable of o Wikipedia- also known as computer
programs, is the non-tangible
performing almost any task)
component of computers.
• Diligence (no tiredness)
MEMORY AND STORAGE SYSTEMS
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTERS • Primary Memory: Storing the data that are
• perform certain logic operations. Computer being currently handled by the CPU;
has the ability not only mathematical o Input Storage
calculations but also it can perform logical o Program Storage
operations. o Working Storage
• provide new dimensions. Computer can o Output Storage
process and perform complex mathematical • Secondary Memory: Storing the results and
and trigonometric functions. the data for future use
• store and retrieve information. • Internal Process Memory: Placed either
• control error. Computer can perform inside the CPU
automatic operations, detect errors and can
make responses to user. RAM
• check itself. The ability to control error is the • Static RAM: is a type of RAM in which data is
ability to check its own process. stored till the power of the computer system
is switched on.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER • Dynamic RAM: is the RAM in which data is
1. Based on operating principles stored in a storage cell, consisting of a
o Analog computers: represent data transistor and a capacitor.
in the form of continuous electrical
signals having a specific magnitude
o Digital computers: store and
process data in the digital form.
 TYPES OF MEMORY
• Single in-line memory
• Dual in-line memory
• Pin Grid Array
• Single Edge Contact
ROM
1. Programmable ROM: a memory chip on
which the write operation of data can be
performed only once.
2. Erasable PROM: data can be erased or
destroyed using Ultraviolet Light.
3. Electrically Erasable PROM: data can be
erased or destroyed by exposing it to an
electric charge.
4. Flash ROM: a type of EEPROM that stores the
information using floating-gate transistors
PRINTERS
• Impact printer – produces an output by using
a mechanism that presses against an inked
ribbon on paper, it was patterned after the
typewriter. (dot-matrix)
• Non-impact printer – uses a photocopier-like
process to transfer ink to a piece of paper.
(Laser printer, bubble jets)
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• System Software
o any computer software which
manages and controls the hardware
so that application software can
perform a task
• Application Software
o programs that do real work for user
• Open-source Software
o computer software whose source
code is available under a license that
permits users to use, change, and
improve the software, and to
redistribute it in modified or
unmodified form.
• Proprietary Software
o software with restrictions on using,
copying and modifying as enforced
by the proprietor
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Language Processor
o Programs that translate or convert
programs written by most
programming languages into a form
suitable for execution
• Utilities and Device Drivers
o Perform specialized and repeatedly
used functions such as sorting,
merging, and transferring data from
I/O device to another
• Operating System
o A collection of programs designed to
permit the computer system to
manage its own operations
• Compiler: program that reads a program in
one language – the source language and
translates into an equivalent program in
another language – the target language.
• Loader: part of an operating system that is
responsible for loading programs into
memory
• Linker: program that takes one or more
objects generated by compilers and
assembles them into a single executable
program.
• Interpreter computer program that
translates and executes instructions written in
a computer programming language line-by-
line
COMPUTER HISTORY
• 1941, the computer was created.
• 1963, the communication satellite was
introduced.
• 1969, the first Internet known as ARPANET
was introduced.
• 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and
Willian Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer)
• 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the
UNIVAC (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER)
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• The first generation of computer were huge,
slow, expensive and often unreliable.
(UNIVAC, Vacuum Tubes, Punch Card)
• Second Generation (Transistors)
• Third Generation (Integrated Circuit/IC)
• Fourth Generation (Microprocessors)
• Fifth Generation (Silicone Chips, AI,
Robotics)