OPERATING SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES
• a program that manages the computer
hardware.
• provides a basis for application programs and
acts as an intermediary between the
computer user and computer hardware.
4 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Hardware
• Operating System
• Application Software
• Users (Compiler, Assembler, Text Editor)
USER VIEW OF OS
• Ease to use (Home PCs)
• Efficient resource utilization (Work stations)
SYSTEM VIEW OF OS
• OS is a resource allocator—manages all
resources (CPU time, memory space,
storage space, I/O and so on). Decides
between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use
• OS is a control program—controls execution
of programs to prevent errors and improper
use of the computer
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY OS
• Starting the computer and making sure that
its hardware components are operating
properly.
• Controlling and managing peripherals.
• Retrieving, loading, executing, and storing
application programs.
• Storing and retrieving data and files.
• Performing system utility functions.
• Controlling programming tools.
• Acting as an intermediary between the user,
application program and hardware devices.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY OS
• Program development (Editors and
debuggers)
• Program execution
• Access to I/O devices
• Controlled access to files
• System access
• Error detection and response (Software
errors)
• User interface
• Program execution
• File-system manipulation
• Communication
• Error detection
• Resource allocation
• Accounting
• Protection and security
BOOTSTRAPPING PROCESS
• turning on your computer is called
bootstrapping or simply as booting.
• to ensure that the desired program is present,
this portion is contained in the computer’s
ROM. This small piece of program is called
the bootstrap program. This program is
executed automatically every time the
computer is turned on.
BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS
• Process – refers to a program in execution.
Two Components
1. An executable program
2. Associated data needed by the
program
• Interrupts – refers to signals from the I/O
devices to the CPU which indicate that the
transfer of data needed by a program is
complete.
• Multiprogramming – several programs and
data for several tasks (jobs) are placed in the
memory at the same time.
• Shell – is a portion of an operating system that
defines the interface between the operating
system and the user.
• Kernel – is the internal part of an operating
system, it consists of software components
used to perform basic function needed by the
computer. (Frequently used functions also
called the nucleus)
• File Manager – is responsible for coordinating
the use of the machine’s mass storage
devices. It keeps the records of all the files
stored in mass storage including where each
file is located.
• Directory or folder – is a group of files which
are logically related to one another.
• Path – is a sequence which starts from the
directory, down to one of its sub-directories
 and ends in one of the files within the sub
directory.
WINDOWS OS
• MS-DOS – Disk Operating System – Uses a
command driven text-based interface.
• Windows 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0
• Windows 3.1 – introduced in 1992, it is a GUI
based operating system environment which
makes use of icons, buttons, menus and
windows.
• Windows 95 and 98. multi-Tasking – allowing
you to work on more than one application at
the same time.
• Windows NT, 2000, Millennium Edition
• Windows XP – extended protocol, experience
• Windows Vista
• Windows 7
OTHER OS
• Novell Netware – is a server operating system
designed specifically for microcomputer
networks.
• UNIX – developed by AT&T Bell Laboratories
in 1969 as a minicomputer Operating System.
• Linux – a variation of UNIX. Both UNIX and
Linux are similar to Windows 2000.
UTILITIES
• are subcategory of system software designed
to augment the operating system by
providing a way for a computer user to
control the allocation and use of hardware
resources.
Functions of utilities
• Anti-Virus
• Disk Clean-up
• Disk-Check
• Disk Formatting
• Disk Defragmenter
DATA COMMUNICATION
• A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can
communicate and share resources
WHY NETWORKING
• Terrestrial Microwave –use earth-based
• Sharing hardware or software
• Centralize administration and support
KINDS OF NETWORKS
Based on.
• Transmission Media
• Network Size
• Management Method
• Topology
TRANSMISSION MEDIA (GUIDED MEDIA)
1. Twisted-Pair Cables - If the pair of wires
are not twisted, electromagnetic noises
from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer
wire more than the further one, thereby
causing errors
• UTP- wrapped inside a plastic cover
• STP- metal foil or braided-metal-mesh
cover that encases each pair of insulated
wires
CLASSIFICATION OF UTP
▪ Category 1 ― lowest quality, good for
voice, mainly found in very old
building
▪ Category 2 ― good for voice and low
data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed
token ring networks)
▪ Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot,
for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone
networks in residential buildings)
▪ Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly
for token rings)
▪ Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps
(common for networks targeted for
high-speed data communications)
▪ Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5,
up to 1 Gbps
2. COAXIAL CABLE- carry signals of higher
freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cable.
Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a
shield against noise and as the second
conductor that completes the circuit
3. FIBER-OPTIC CABLES- beam of lights
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
(UNGUIDED MEDIA)
transmitter and receiver. The equipment
looks similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial
microwaves use low-gigahertz range, which
limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path
 between relay stations spaced approx. 30 TOPOLOGY
miles apart. Microwave antennas are usually
• Bus Topology - a bus network transmits
placed on top of buildings, towers, hills, and
data and hope that the data will not
mountain peaks.
collide with data transmitted by other
• Communications Satellites – The satellites use
nodes.
microwave radio as their telecommunications
• Star Topology - the server(s), nodes and
medium which are not deflected by the
other hardware devices are connected to
Earth's atmosphere.
a central hub.
• Cellular and PCS (Personal Communication
• Ring Topology - the server(s), the nodes
Service) Systems – Use several radio
and other hardware devices are
communications technologies.
connected in a circular chain where each
• Wireless LANs –use a high-frequency radio
node is connected to the next.
technology similar to digital cellular and a
• Hybrid Network Topology - other types of
low-frequency radio technology.
topologies are combined to form a
• Bluetooth – A short range wireless
combination or hybrid network topology.
technology. Operate at approx. 1Mbps with
range from 10 to 100 meters.
• Wireless Web –use of the World Wide Web
through equipment like cellular phones,
pagers, PDAs, and other portable
communications devices.

NETWORK SIZE

• Local Area Network (LAN) -Small network,

short distance
• Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer
network that covers a broad area (INTERNET)
• Campus Area Network-interconnection of
local area networks (LANs) within a limited
geographical area. It can be considered one
form of a metropolitan area network, specific
to an academic setting.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects
two or more local area networks or campus
area networks together but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the immediate
town/city.
• Global Area Network (GAN) specification is in
development by several groups, and there is
no common definition

MANAGEMENT METHOD

• Peer to peer - Exchanging files and programs

is easy with a peer-to-peer network. Peer-to-
peer network is also called workgroup
• Client-Server Relationship- One particular
computer is used for a specialized task of
serving the needs of each node. All shared
resources within the network are accessed
from the server.