Original Article

Relevance of Uterine Weight for Predicting Surgical Complications in

Minimally Invasive Benign Hysterectomy
Steven Mouro, DO, Jenna L. Carter Hamed, BS, James L. Whiteside, MD, MA, MHA, and
Dmitry Tumin, PhD
From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Drs. Mouro and Whiteside), East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, Department of
Pediatrics and Department of Academic Affairs (Dr. Tumin), East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, and Brody School of Medicine (Ms.
Carter Hamed), East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina

ABSTRACT Study Objectives: To describe the uterine weight threshold for increasing risk of complications after a laparoscopic hyster-
ectomy using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.
Design: Cross-sectional analysis using the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database from 2016 to 2021.
Setting: American College of Surgeons NSQIP database.
Patients: Patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for benign indications (N = 64 289).
Interventions: None.
Measurements and Main Results: Uterine weight was entered in grams and 30-day complications were abstracted from
patient charts. In the analytic sample, median uterine weight was 135 grams (interquartile range, 90−215) and 6% of
patients (n = 4085) experienced complications. Uterine weight performed very poorly in predicting complications on bivari-
ate analysis (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.53−0.54). On multi-
variable analysis, a uterine weight cutoff of 163 grams was associated with higher odds of complications (odds ratio, 1.11;
95% confidence interval, 1.03−1.19; p = .003), but this threshold achieved only a 43% sensitivity and 62% specificity for
predicting complications.
Conclusions: Uterine weight alone possessed negligible utility for predicting the risk of perioperative complications in min-
imally invasive hysterectomy. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology (2023) 00, 1−7. © 2023 AAGL. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Vaginal hysterectomy; Robotic-assisted hysterectomy; Laparoscopic hysterectomy; Uterine weight; Laparoscopy; Postoper-
ative complication; Minimally invasive hysterectomy; NSQIP

Uterine size has been cited as a barrier to minimally inva-
sive hysterectomy. However, recent case studies [1,2] have
reported successful minimally invasive hysterectomies with
uteri as large as 11 kg. Notwithstanding these reports, some
studies document an association of greater peri- and postoper-
ative complications with increasing uterine size [3,4], yet other
studies find no difference between vaginal and laparoscopic
Dmitry Tumin discloses quality improvement and research funding project
funding unrelated to this submission from Kate B. Reynolds Charitable
Trust and Lilly and Co., Inc. The other authors declare that they have no
conflict of interest.
Corresponding author: Steven Mouro, DO, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, North
Carolina 27834.
E-mail: mouros19@ecu.edu
Submitted May 31, 2023, Revised August 9, 2023, Accepted for publication
August 10, 2023.
Available at www.sciencedirect.com and www.jmig.org
hysterectomies for uteri up to a 300-gram threshold [3]. Other
studies have reported improved outcomes with laparoscopic
hysterectomy regardless of uterine weight, with proper
surgical experience and expertise [5−8].
In previous research on the relationship between uterine
weight and hysterectomy complications, uterine weights
from 100 grams to 500 grams have been identified as
thresholds associated with higher complications rates
[1,3,9]. In contrast, Louie et al [4] found no distinct thresh-
old weight but indicated that complication risk linearly
increased with weights >150 grams for vaginal hysterec-
tomy and >300 grams for laparoscopic hysterectomy.
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)-based reim-
bursement recognizes a 250-gram threshold for higher pay-
ment, but the ambiguity of the evidence base for any
specific threshold offers an opportunity for further study of
the significance of uterine weight in minimally invasive
hysterectomy. Although surgical expertise, patient safety,

1553-4650/$ — see front matter © 2023 AAGL. All rights reserved.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2023.08.005

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2 Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. Vol 00, No 00, 00 2023
and cost considerations also contribute to preoperative
counseling, the need to assess the independent utility of
uterine weight presents an opportunity for further evalua-
tion. Identification of an evidence-based uterine weight
threshold could also inform risk stratification and thus pre-
operative counseling. In this study, we used a large multi-
institutional registry to analyze the independent association
of uterine weight with the risk of perioperative complica-
tions after minimally invasive hysterectomy for benign
indications and to estimate the uterine weight cutoff most
predictive of increased complications.
Materials and Methods
This study was a secondary analysis of the American
College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality
Improvement Program (NSQIP) Participant Use Data Files
(PUFs) from 2016 to 2021. Patient-level data contained in
the PUFs are completely deidentified, and therefore, this
study did not constitute human subjects research requiring
local institutional review board approval. More than 600
teaching and community hospitals across the United States
participate in data collection for the NSQIP. At each institu-
tion, clinically trained reviewers abstract information on
patient demographics, diagnoses, procedures, and out-
comes, including intraoperative and 30-day postoperative
complications. Because NSQIP data are deidentified, this
study does not involve human subjects and was deemed
exempt from review by the local institutional review board.
For this study, we used CPT codes to identify patients
who underwent any of the following elective procedures:
Total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH) (CPT codes 58260,
58262, 58263, 58267, 58270, 58290, 58291, 58293,
58294), laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
(LAVH) (CPT codes 58550, 58552, 58553, 58554), or total
laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with or without robotic
assistance (CPT codes 58570, 58571, 58572, 58573). Infor-
mation on uterine weight was provided as part of the tar-
geted hysterectomy PUF, so we limited the sample to
patients included in the targeted PUF. We then excluded
patients with a principal diagnosis of cancer based on Inter-
national Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes
C51−C58, C796, C7982, D070, or D39, and any patients
whose hysterectomy was identified as being performed for
an indication of malignancy based on the targeted hysterec-
tomy PUF. Patients who underwent supracervical hysterec-
tomy (CPT codes 58541, 58542, 58543, 58544) were
excluded to avoid unaccounted for variance in gross speci-
men weight given lack of cervix. We also excluded cases
with concomitant surgery other than lysis of adhesions
(CPT codes 44180, 58660, 44005)), ureterolysis (CPT
codes 50715, 50722, 50725), or cystoscopy (CPT code
52000). Finally, we excluded patients with missing data on
uterine weight, study outcomes, or study covariates.
The primary study outcome was experiencing any surgi-
cal complications within 30 days of the hysterectomy
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procedure. This composite outcome included one or more
of 17 postoperative complications captured in the NSQIP:
bleeding/transfusion, superficial surgical site infection
(SSI), deep incisional SSI, organ space SSI, wound disrup-
tion, sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, unplanned intubation,
ventilator dependence >48 hours after surgery, urinary tract
infection, deep vein thrombosis/thrombophlebitis requiring
treatment, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest requiring
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, myocardial infarction, pro-
gressive renal insufficiency, and stroke [10]. Unplanned
reoperation was queried separately as a secondary outcome.
The primary exposure was uterine weight, entered in
grams by the NSQIP data abstractor at each participating
center. Uterine weights recorded as zero were regarded as
missing. To limit the influence of potentially implausible
outliers, nonzero weights <30 grams were rounded up to 30
grams (approximately the 1st percentile), and weights
>1 kg were rounded down to 1 kg (approximately the 99th
percentile) to account for potential data entry error. Patient
characteristics extracted from the NSQIP database included
the year of procedure, patient age in years, race and ethnic-
ity (Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic
White, or any other race and ethnicity not mentioned
above), body mass index (classified as underweight, <18.5;
normal weight, 18.5 to <25; overweight, 25 to <30; or
obese, ≥30), parity (0, 1, 2, 3+), American Society of Anes-
thesiologists classification (I, II, or III+), comorbidities
(diabetes, current smoking, hypertension treated with medi-
cation, bleeding disorders, pelvic inflammatory disease),
previous abdominal surgery, and previous pelvic surgery
[11] Surgical characteristics included approach (TVH,
LAVH, TLH) and operative time (minutes).
Categorical variables were summarized using counts and
percentages, whereas continuous variables were summa-
rized as medians with interquartile range. Receiver operat-
ing characteristics (ROC) curve analysis [12] was used to
characterize the utility of uterine weight for predicting the
composite primary study outcome, with area under the
ROC curve (AUROC) used as the measure of predictive
utility (range, 0.5−1.0, with higher values indicating better
predictive utility). The optimal uterine weight threshold for
predicting this outcome was defined based on Youden’s J
index, maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity.
The ROC curve analysis was repeated in subsamples
defined by surgical approach, as well as tertiles of the over-
all sample stratified by predicted risk of complications. Pre-
dicted risk was calculated using multivariable logistic
regression, controlling for all covariates except for uterine
weight, and complication risk was classified as low (bottom
tertile), moderate (middle tertile), or high (top tertile) based
on the linear prediction from this model. In the entire sam-
ple, we evaluated the odds ratio (OR) of any complications
and unplanned reoperation associated with the optimal uter-
ine weight cutoff using multivariable logistic regression,
controlling for all covariates in the study. Data analysis was
completed using Stata/SE 16.1 (College Station, TX:
Mouro et al. Uterine Weight for Predicting Surgical Complications 3

StataCorp, LP), and p <.05 was considered statistically sig- Table 1

nificant.
Descriptive statistics of study variables (N = 64 289)

Variable n (%) Median (IQR)

Results
Uterine weight (g) 135 (90−215)
The 2016−2021 targeted PUF included 139 143 patients Any complication 4085 (6)
undergoing elective minimally invasive hysterectomy. We Unplanned reoperation 736 (1)
Procedure yr 2018 (2016−2021)
limited the sample to 109 916 benign cases and excluded
Age (yrs) 45 (39−51)
34 521 cases involving concurrent ineligible procedures. We Race and ethnicity
then excluded a further 2678 cases missing data on uterine Hispanic or Latino 6530 (10)
weight and 8428 cases missing data on study covariates. In Non-Hispanic Black 10 071 (15)
the final sample (Fig. 1) of 64 289 patients, the median uter- Non-Hispanic White 43 075 (67)
None of the above 4613 (7)
ine weight was 135 grams (interquartile range, 90−215), 6%
BMI
of patients (n = 4085) experienced complications, and 1% Underweight 445 (0.69)
(n = 736) required unplanned reoperation. Other study varia- Normal weight 12 042 (20)
bles are summarized for the overall sample in Table 1. Overweight 16 942 (26)
The ROC curve analysis for the entire sample is illus- Obese 33 860 (52)
Parity
trated in Fig. 2. Uterine weight performed very poorly in
0 12 581 (19)
predicting the risk of any complications (AUROC, 0.53, 1 10 079 (15)
95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53−0.54). The best cutoff 2 21 225 (33)
3+ 20 404 (31)
ASA status
I 5744 (8)
Fig. 1 II 42 484 (66)
Flowchart of study subject selection with exclusions. III+ 16 061 (24)
Diabetes 5208 (8)
Current smoker 9964 (15)
Hypertension 15 965 (24)
Bleeding disorder 482 (0.75)
Pelvic inflammatory disease 1458 (2.2)
Previous abdominal surgery 18 169 (28)
Previous pelvic surgery 38 613 (60)
Approach
TLH 47 296 (73)
LAVH 9309 (14)
TVH 7684 (11)
Operative time (min) 114 (85−153)

ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI = body mass index;

IQR = interquartile range; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterec-
tomy; TLH = total laparoscopic hysterectomy; TVH = total vaginal hysterec-
tomy.

identified was 163 grams, accounting for 38% of the sample

and achieving only 43% sensitivity and 62% specificity for
predicting the composite outcome of any complications.
When stratifying the sample by approach, predictive utility
of uterine weight was consistently poor across all 3
approaches (AUROC ranging from 0.53 to 0.56) and the
optimal cutoff for uterine weight ranged from 113 to 191 g
(Table 4). Similarly, after calculating complication risk
based on other study covariates (model shown in Table 5),
AUROC ranged from 0.50 to 0.52, and the optimal cutoff
for uterine weight ranged from 86 to 208 in each risk tercile
(Table 6).
In the entire sample, multivariable analyses demon-
strated that a uterine weight cutoff of 163 grams was inde-
pendently associated with higher odds of the composite

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4 Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. Vol 00, No 00, 00 2023

Fig. 2 Table 2
Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, predicting risk
Multivariable logistic regression of any perioperative complication
of any postoperative complications based on uterine weight.
(N = 64 289)

Variable OR 95% CI p value

Uterine weight >163 g 1.11 1.03−1.19 .003
Procedure yr 1.07 1.05−1.09 <.001
Age (yrs) 0.98 0.98−0.98 <.001
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino 1.20 1.09−1.33 <.001
Non-Hispanic Black 1.17 1.07−1.28 <.001
Non-Hispanic White Ref.
None of the above 1.03 0.91−1.18 .603
BMI
Underweight 1.18 0.81−1.73 .386
Normal weight Ref.
Overweight 0.95 0.86−1.04 .269
Obese 0.96 0.87−1.05 .379
Parity
0 Ref.
measure of any complications (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03
1 1.14 1.01−1.27 .029
−1.19; p = .003) (Table 2), but not with the secondary out- 2 1.13 1.02−1.25 .015
come of unplanned readmissions (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.88 3+ 1.29 1.17−1.42 <.001
−1.22; p = .658) (Table 3). Perioperative complications ASA status
were also more common for more recent procedures, proce- I Ref.
II 1.25 1.09−1.42 .001
dures involving younger patients, and procedures involving
III+ 1.63 1.41−1.89 <.001
Black or Hispanic patients (compared with non-Hispanic Diabetes 1.12 1.00−1.26 .053
White). Higher parity, higher American Society of Anes- Current smoker 1.18 1.08−1.28 <.001
thesiologists status, smoking, comorbid bleeding disorder, Hypertension 0.99 0.92−1.08 .899
and history of abdominal or pelvic surgery were also associ- Bleeding disorder 1.64 1.23−2.21 .001
Pelvic inflammatory disease 0.96 0.77−1.19 .695
ated with increased complication risk. Longer surgery dura-
Previous abdominal surgery 1.18 1.10−1.26 <.001
tion and use of LAVH or TVH approaches (compared with Previous pelvic surgery 1.09 1.02−1.17 .014
TLH) were associated with increased odds of the composite Approach
outcome of perioperative complications. Considering the TLH Ref.
secondary outcome, younger age, comorbid hypertension or LAVH 1.16 1.06−1.27 .001
TVH 1.49 1.36−1.65 <.001
bleeding disorder, previous abdominal surgery, longer oper-
Operative time (£ 10 min) 1.04 1.04−1.05 <.001
ative time, and LAVH or TVH approaches (compared with
TLH) were also associated with higher odds of unplanned ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI = body mass index;
CI = confidence interval; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterec-
reoperation.
tomy; OR = odds ratio; TLH = total laparoscopic hysterectomy; TVH = total
vaginal hysterectomy.

Discussion
This study investigated the correlation between uterine
weight and rates of intra- and postoperative complications of
benign hysterectomy. Using a large multicenter registry, we
found that uterine weight possessed negligible utility for pre-
dicting the risk of perioperative complications for minimally
invasive benign hysterectomy. Minimally invasive hysterec-
tomy for enlarged uteri can be performed with a low risk of
complications and it does not seem to have any basis in sur-
gical complexity as determined by rate of perioperative com-
plications [13]. Higher reimbursement in these settings could
be related to increased operative time given that many studies
have demonstrated that uterine weight greater than 250 grams
has been consistently shown to increase operative time for
laparoscopic cases [7,14−16].
Although no uterine weight threshold that would reli-
ably predict greater risk of complications has been
identified in ours or other studies, longer operative times
and greater blood loss do occur more frequently among
patients undergoing a hysterectomy with an enlarged
uterus [9,13,17,18]. Studies seeking to identify a predic-
tive uterine threshold weight note that greater uterine
weight may be associated with statistically significant
increases in the risk of complications, but these pre-
dicted differences in the risk of complications do not
seem to be large enough to be clinically relevant. Uter-
ine weight alone does not account for overall surgical
complexity, given that patient anatomy, uterine shape,
and surgeon expertise (a function of skill, volume, and
the surgical team) also influence surgical outcomes.
Overall, it is unlikely that uterine weight alone is an
adequate proxy for surgical difficulty.

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Mouro et al. Uterine Weight for Predicting Surgical Complications 5

Table 3 Table 5
Multivariable logistic regression of unplanned reoperation Multivariable logistic regression predicting risk of any complica-
(N = 64 289) tions, independent of uterine weight (N = 64 289)

Variable OR 95% CI p value Variable OR 95% CI p value

Uterine weight >163 g 1.04 0.88−1.22 .658 Procedure yr 1.07 1.05−1.09 <.001
Procedure yr 1.02 0.97−1.06 .507 Age (yrs) 0.98 0.97−0.98 <.001
Age (yrs) 0.97 0.96−0.98 <.001 Race and ethnicity
Race and ethnicity Hispanic or Latino 1.22 1.10−1.35 <.001
Hispanic or Latino 0.89 0.69−1.15 .358 Non-Hispanic Black 1.20 1.10−1.31 <.001
Non-Hispanic Black 1.12 0.91−1.37 .283 Non-Hispanic White Ref.
Non-Hispanic White Ref. None of the above 1.05 0.92−1.19 .468
None of the above 0.98 0.73−1.31 .882 BMI
BMI Underweight 1.17 0.80−1.82 .410
Underweight 0.68 0.25−1.83 .442 Normal weight Ref.
Normal weight Ref. Overweight 0.95 0.86−1.05 .301
Overweight 0.85 0.69−1.05 .136 Obese 4 0.97 0.88−1.07 .476
Obese 0.69 0.56−0.84 <.001 Parity
Parity 0 Ref.
0 Ref. 1 1.14 1.01−1.28 .023
1 0.86 0.65−1.12 .264 2 1.13 1.03−1.25 .011
2 1.10 0.88−1.37 .407 3+ 1.30 1.17−1.43 <.001
3+ 1.08 0.87−1.36 .482 ASA status
ASA status I Ref.
I Ref. II 1.24 1.09−1.41 .001
II 1.09 0.83−1.44 .522 III+ 1.61 1.39−1.87 <.001
III+ 1.21 0.88−1.67 .232 Diabetes 1.11 0.99−1.25 .059
Diabetes 0.90 0.67−1.21 .485 Current smoker 1.16 1.07−1.27 <.001
Current smoker 1.01 0.83−1.23 .904 Hypertension 0.99 0.91−1.07 .875
Hypertension 1.43 1.19−1.71 <.001 Bleeding disorder 1.64 1.22−2.20 .001
Bleeding disorder 2.53 1.47−4.35 .001 Pelvic inflammatory disease 0.95 0.76−1.18 .681
Pelvic inflammatory disease 0.96 0.59−1.56 .861 Previous abdominal surgery 1.17 1.08−1.25 <.001
Previous abdominal surgery 1.32 1.13−1.55 .001 Previous pelvic surgery 1.08 1.01−1.16 .021
Previous pelvic surgery 1.13 0.96−1.33 .130 Approach
Approach TLH Ref.
TLH Ref. LAVH 1.15 1.05−1.26 .001
LAVH 1.32 1.08−1.61 .006 TVH 1.47 1.33−1.61 <.001
TVH 1.70 1.38−2.09 <.001 Operative time 1.004 1.004−1.005 <.001
Operative time (£ 10 min) 1.02 1.01−1.04 <.001
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI = body mass index;
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterec-
CI = confidence interval; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterec- tomy; OR = odds ratio; TLH = total laparoscopic hysterectomy; TVH = total
tomy; OR = odds ratio; TLH = total laparoscopic hysterectomy; TVH = total vaginal hysterectomy.
vaginal hysterectomy.

Table 4
AUROC, optimal cutoff, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting complications based on uterine weight, stratified by approach

Approach N AUROC (95% CI) Optimal uterine Sensitivity Specificity

weight cutoff (g)
TLH 47 296 0.53 (0.52−0.54) 163 45% 60%
LAVH 9309 0.55 (0.52−0.57) 191 37% 72%
TVH 7684 0.56 (0.54−0.59) 113 59% 50%

AUROC = area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; CI = confidence interval; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy; TLH = total laparo-
scopic hysterectomy; TVH = total vaginal hysterectomy.

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6 Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. Vol 00, No 00, 00 2023
Table 6
AUROC, optimal cutoff, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting complications based on uterine weight, stratified by predicted risk tertile
Predicted risk tertile N AUROC (95% CI)
Low risk 21 430 0.50 (0.48−0.52)
Moderate risk 21 430 0.52 (0.50−0.53)
High risk 21 429 0.52 (0.51−0.54)
AUROC = area under the receiver operating characteristics curve; CI = confidence interval; LAVH = laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy; TLH = total laparo-
scopic hysterectomy; TVH = total vaginal hysterectomy.
Many studies have noted that surgical expertise and peri-
operative planning directly affect the outcome of hysterec-
tomies, particularly in the setting of large uteri [4,13,18].
Studies have examined both single surgeons at single hospi-
tals and larger patient populations across different hospital
systems and surgeons [13]. The lack of association between
increased risk of complications and larger uterine weight
identified in some studies may reflect a higher degree of
surgical expertise reflected in those study samples [4,18].
This has been demonstrated in studies where documented
intraoperative complications were negatively correlated
with increasing expertise of the surgeon [4,13,18]. The
NSQIP dataset does not provide a way to quantify surgeon
expertise, presenting a limitation to this study, nor does not
include information on specific institutional practices that
may influence preoperative decision making.
The strengths of our study include the quality and detail
of the NSQIP data, facilitating the generalizability of our
study findings. In addition, the NSQIP measurement of 30-
day complications was standardized across participating
institutions, providing a clinically relevant measure of oper-
ative complications. Limitations of our study include the
potential for uterine weight measurement error or other
potential errors in the source data, including complications
and reoperations not included in the dataset. In addition,
estimated uterine volume was not available within this data-
set, which would likely have been used as part of preopera-
tive counseling. The large sample size can identify
statistically significant differences in risk that are not clini-
cally significant. We suspect this was the case for our logis-
tic regression analysis, where a dichotomized measure of
uterine weight was associated with a slight increase in com-
plication risk, despite bivariate ROC analysis showing vir-
tually no predictive utility when regressing risk of
complications on uterine weight alone. Finally, the NSQIP
database does not include information on use of the surgical
robot, so TLH cases in this study included a combination of
robotic and nonrobotic procedures.
In conclusion, our study demonstrates that uterine
weight is generally irrelevant for predicting complications
after minimally invasive hysterectomy. Our conclusions
bolster existing literature documenting the absence of a
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Optimal uterine Sensitivity Specificity
weight cutoff (g)
86 72% 30%
208 29% 74%
131 63% 41%
correlation between uterine weight and hysterectomy com-
plications. Surgeon-level factors are known to primarily
drive the cost variance across hysterectomy approach [19],
and surgical approach is also most strongly determined by
the surgeon [20]. Although some data point to surgeon-level
factors correlating with complications in the context of this
procedure, additional research is needed to specifically
characterize how increased surgeon expertise with perform-
ing minimally invasive hysterectomy with large uteri can
translate to reducing the operative risk in these cases.
Acknowledgments
The ACS NSQIP and the hospitals participating in the
ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein; they
have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical
validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by
the authors.
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