REVIEWER STS

S&T in the ANCIENT TIMES (through 599 BCE) is divided into 3 periods:
1. Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, & Neolithic)
2. Bronze Age
3. Iron Age
Paleolithic-early human lived in caves or hunts or tepees and where hunters
gather.they use stone and bone tools.
Mesolithic-human used small stone tools,now also polish and sometimes crafted with
point and attach antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrow.
Neolithic period-ancient human switched from hunter/gather mode to agriculture and
food production.
During the Stone Age-all humans were hunter-gatherers, a lifestyle which involved
limited use of tools. Stone tools have been the first recognized technology.
Modern Age- the idea of progress was closely linked with technological.
Middle Ages (530 through 1452), there was a decline of science in Europe
development, and that linkage intensified in the following decades.
Science and technology go hand in hand in almost all instances. A hormone called
insulin for instance;
Nicolaus Copernicus(1473–1543)- was a mathematician and astronomer who
proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth
revolved around it.
Charles Darwin-Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book is
considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.
Copernican Revolution-COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM-(Nicolaus Copernicus)
Darwinian Revolution-ORIGIN OF SPECIES-(Charles Darwin)
was the first explicit presentation of the (2) heliocentric model in Renaissance
scholarship. The Copernican Revolution changed the way the world viewed its place in
the universe. It introduced the concept of the heliocentric model of the solar system that
predicted the Earth revolved around the
(3).Sun Previous models stated that the (4) Earth was the center of the universe.
Darwin's theory of 5.Evolution Darwin had arrived at the hypothesis of (6)
Natural selection long before the works of other scientists, but his slowness in
publishing his conclusions must be explained by an awareness of the dramatic effect
that would likely to be produced by a serious presentation of "transmutation" implying a
scientific endorsement of man's animal descent.
Sigmund Freud- was an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis.
Psychic energy: Freud postulated that the id was the basic source of psychic energy or
the force that drives all mental processes.
Oedipus complex: Between the ages of three and five, Freud suggested that as a
normal part of the development process all kids are sexually attracted to the parent.
Dream analysis: In his book The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud believed that people
dreamed for a reason: to cope with problems the mind is struggling.
Id-is the primitive, impulsive and irrational unconscious.
Ego- is the “I” people perceive that evaluates the outside physical and social world and
makes plans accordingly.
Superego-is the moral voice and conscience that guides the ego; violating it results in
feelings of guilt and anxiety.
Freudian Revolution-PSYCHOANALYSIS-(Sigmund Freud)
Meso-American Revolution-AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION-(Olmec, Maya, Toltec,
Aztec).
Oral Stage (Birth to 18 Months): Child becomes focused on oral pleasures such as
sucking.
2. Anal Stage (18 months to 3 Years): Focus of pleasure here is on eliminating and
retaining feces and learning to control this due to societal norms.
Phallic Stage (Ages 3 to 6 Years): During the phallic stage the child’s pleasure move
to the genitals and Freud argued that during this stage, boys develop an unconscious
sexual desire mother.
Latency Stage (Ages 6 to puberty): Sexual urges remain largely repressed at this
stage.
Genital Stage (Puberty Onwards): This final stage leads to the individual switching
their interest to members of the opposite sex.
Neolithic Revolution and Agricultural revolution-These are the other terms used for
the Mesoamerican Revolution.
Mesoamerican Revolution-It is the most important era in the human history:
 Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico-Two bodies of water that have a close proximity to
the Mesoamerican region:
potatoes and Corn-Staple foods that originated in the Mesoamerican region.
cultural-personal factors and thought-styles-All activities of science are influenced
by.
personal opinion-The following factors influenced scientists in theory evaluation,
except:
WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD-The logical process adopted by scientists to
develop knowledge of nature and present it as acceptable fact.

2) Activity 3: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Direction: Identify what is asked for:
1. All activities of science are influenced by ____________.
A. cultural-personal factors B. thought-styles C. both A & B
2. The following factors influenced scientists in theory evaluation, except:
A. intellectual curiosity B. financial security C. personal opinion
3. Science and culture are mutually interactive. It means that:
A. science affects culture B. culture affects science C. both A & B
4. The following are characteristics of scientific culture, except
A. dissent B. provocative C. originality
5. Science had a strong influence on cultural values all over the world.
A. True B. False
A. Five (5) Cultural-personal factors that influenced scientists
1. psychological motives 4. ideological principles
2. practical concerns 5. opinions of authorities
3. metaphysical worldviews
B. Characteristics of scientific culture
1. originality
2. independence of thought
3. dissent
C. Ways by which science affects culture
1. effect on health care
2. effect on lifestyle