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Understanding The Self: Module in
Understanding The Self: Module in
CHAPTER 3: Psychology 16
References 66
Course Guide
UNIT 1
DEFINING THE SELF: LOOKING THROUGH THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 1: PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
Whenever someone asks the question ―Who are you?‖ we automatically answer with
our name, where we came from, or who our parents are. We attribute this idea of who we
are to the most obvious labels like our name, our accent, and our physical characteristics.
But notice how the perspective shifts when the question is replaced with ―Who am I?‖ It
forces us to go in deep, to ask the question to ourselves and find the answers ourselves as
well. To answer the most essential questions (which are often the most difficult to answer),
we also need to have the courage to confront whatever daunting thoughts we have in our
mind.
Understanding the Self will ask you to do that. It is in the hope that by studying the
different fields of the social sciences you will get a grasp on how you can answer the
existential questions of your being: Who am I? What is the essence of my being? What
makes me, Me?
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
Discuss how the self is represented in the philosophical perspective;
Evaluate the applicability of the different philosopher‘s view of the self in your
own life; and
Create your own philosophy of the self.
1
philosophies, which tend to have more narrow methodologies and areas of focus (―Ancient
Philosophy,‖ n.d.).
of corrupting the minds of the youth and was forced to drink poison. It was
through his student Plato, who wrote most of Socrates‘ teachings that we are able Plato
to get to know his idea of the Self (Morzinski, 2002).
Socrates believed that the self exists in two parts: one that is tangible,
mortal and constantly changing and one that is believed to be immortal. He also
dons the idea that man is innately good and that evilness stems from not knowing
the Self. If you know that you are ―good‖, it will follow that you will do your best to
avoid ―evil deed‖ because this is not part of your nature. But you may ask, how do
we know ourselves? Socrates proposed the method of introspection as a way to
know who we really are. Through introspection, we examine our actions, our Source:
thoughts, our perceptions. Once we get a grasp of how we process things, this https://www.popularmechani
cs.com/science/a33372667/e
will eventually lead to the knowledge of our own strengths and weaknesses, our arth-cubes-plato-theory/
capabilities and areas of improvement, as well as our way of doing things. Simply put,
Socrates believes that a person who is ―self-aware‖ can maximize his/her potential and use
that potential to do things that are true to his nature – which is good (―Socrates,‖ n.d.;
―Socrates,‖ 2018; ―The Common Good,‖ 2018).
Known as Socrates‘ greatest student, Plato also believes in the dual nature of man,
that is, the self is composed of body and soul (mind). In relation to this, Plato‘s Theory of
Forms asserts that everything that we see in the world of senses (physical world) existed
because of their existence in the world of ideas, where every single matter in the physical
world has a perfect form. Have you asked yourself, how did we know that a square should
be called a square? Where did the ―idea‖ of a square come from? According to Plato, all
―ideas‖ or knowledge existed even before we got our physical form – in the world of ideas.
When we were born, however, and our soul entered our physical body, most of what we
know was forgotten. This is because our soul which is ―perfect, infinite, and eternal‖
inhabited a body that is ―limited, flawed, and corruptible.‖ It is our goal, therefore, is to
rediscover the things that we have ―forgotten‖ through the process of self-awareness (De
Landazuri, 2015).
Plato believed that our soul is
divided into three parts: appetite,
will/spirit, and reason (Meinwald,
2020). Appetite refers to physical
urges such as hunger, thirst, and
sexual desire while the will includes
passion, aggression, and emotions
that we feel. Reason gives us the
faculty to make sound judgments,
make wise choices and understand
Source: https://www.gamerevolution.com/guides/72007-persona-5-a-soul-is-composed-of-
appetite-spirit-and 2
eternal truths. These three parts interact with each other either in agreement or in conflict.
The will/spirit can either work with reason so we can arrive at self-knowledge or it can be
pulled by appetite making us slaves of the materialistic pleasures of the world. These three
parts clearly play different roles but Plato emphasized that reason should rule to restore the
harmony in our mind. Therefore, achieving harmony through reason is the only way to know
ourselves.
3
Lesson 3: Modern Philosophy
The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, refers to the time of
the guiding intellectual movement, called The Enlightenment. It advocated reason as a
means to establishing an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, government, and even
religion, which would allow human beings to obtain objective truth about the whole of reality.
Enlightenment thinkers argued that reason could free humankind from superstition and
religious authoritarianism that had brought suffering and death to millions in religious wars.
Also, the wide availability of knowledge was made possible through the production of
encyclopedias, serving the Enlightenment cause of educating the human race (―Age of
Enlightenment,‖ n.d.).
4
3.2. John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant: The British Empiricists
In the same time that the Rationalists in Europe were emerging, a separate school of
thought was also blooming in England – empiricism. Just like the rationalist, they also
condemned ideas that are baseless and simply handed by authority. However, the
empiricists were more skeptical on the validity of claiming truth by merely thinking and logic.
They believed that an idea can only be true if it can be experienced by our senses.
John Locke believed that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank slate John Locke
when we are born. He does not subscribe to Plato‘s or Descartes‘
belief of innate ideas. For him, the thoughts and ideas we acquire are
products of our experience in the environment. The self, therefore is
something that is shaped by our conscious experience of the world.
We can only know our identity when we learn from our experience.
Unlike the rationalists, Locke believes that the self is not embedded in
a single entity like the mind. Instead, the self exists in space and time.
Your identity, therefore is integrated in each part of your body. Source:
Particularly, your memory of the experiences that you have had is the https://www.laphamsquarterly.
org/contributors/locke
reason why your identity endures.
David Hume, an empiricist and nihilist took empiricism and the David Hume
idea of the self into the extreme. ―There is no self‖ according to Hume.
For him, the ―self‖ is nothing more than a bundle of different
perceptions in inconceivable rapid successions in perpetual flux and
movement. If reality or truth lies in sensations experienced by our
sense organs – ear, eyes, mouth, skin and nose – then there would be
an uncountable number of ―self‖ from the moment of birth until a
person‘s last breathe. This is because, a second of conscious
experience, there would be a different experience as second after the Source:
http://www.philosophypages.co
first experience. The previous sensations would no longer be part of m/ph/hume.htm
the conscious experience, but rather, only a part of our memory – which is not an authentic
source of information. If we are to consider the self as the one that exists because of
conscious experience, we would all end up having an infinite number of selves. David Hume
thus insists that there is no such thing as a self, just a collection of experiences. A one
minute video, for example is not really moving image but gives us the illusion of movement
because the images captured by the camera were arranged in very rapid successions that
we can no longer perceive the transitioning from one image to another but instead, perceive
movement.
The philosophy of the self presented by Locke and Hume were Immanuel Kant
not appealing to Immanuel Kant, another empiricist. He contests Hume‘s
idea as he believes that our experience with the world is not
disconnected (simple collection of experiences) but is actually continuous
like a flowing stream of consciousness. Unlike the two previous
empiricists, Kant believes that we have an innate mechanism that helps
organize our experiences that makes it intelligible. This mechanism is
called the a priori concepts, the fundamental organizing rules or
principles built into the architecture of the mind, which categorize,
Source:
organize and synthesize sense data into the familiar fabric of our lives, https://gohighbrow.com/philo
bounded by space and time (Vanzo, 2013) Through the a priori sophy-of-immanuel-kant/
concepts, we are able to organize our experience in the environment and make meaning out
of those experiences. Meaning, we are the ones who construct the self. The self actively
organizes all the sensations and thoughts into a picture that makes sense to each one of us.
Kant believes that the self is not an object located in the consciousness, but rather, it is a
subject, an organizing principle that makes a unified and intelligible experience possible. The
self is a transcendental unifying principle of consciousness.
5
3.3. Gilbert Ryle and Paul Churchland: The Physicalists
While the rationalists have been busy examining the duality of human nature, the
physicalists have moved on with the unobservable, the unmeasurable, and the subjective
experience. For the physicalists, there is nothing more to be known than the physical. If you
want to know what a banana is, you have to see the actual object to know what it is. In
short, there is nothing beyond the physical.
Gilbert Ryle asserts to deny all forms of dichotomy concerning Gilbert Ryle
the nature of man. He rejected altogether the notions about the
unconscious, consciousness, souls, and inner selves because these
things cannot be measured, cannot be directly observed. If we have to
explain a phenomenon, we need to acquire information from measurable
sources, for example, behavior. To know a person, we have to observe
his/her behavior. To know yourself, you have to observe your own
behavior. The self, for Gilbert Ryle, is known through a person‘s
behavior presented to the world. It is a pattern of behavior, the tendency Source:
or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain https://www.philosophybasics
.com/philosophers_ryle.html
circumstances.
Paul Churchland (1981) stands in the materialistic belief that Paul Churchland
nothing but matter exists, for example, the thing you are holding right
now, the thing right beside you or in front of you. Meaning, anything that
can be seen, felt, heard, tasted or smelled exists, nothing beyond what
our senses can experience. With this in mind, can we say that the soul
exists? In Churchland‘s view, it doesn‘t because our senses cannot
directly experience it. But how about the self? He believes that the self
is the brain itself. And our conception of the self is a product of the
chemical processes inside our brain. Our identity, therefore, is directly Source:
influenced by the how our brain works. http://www.integralworld.net/
lane210.html
6
our identity is created based on how we perceive our experience and how we interpret those
experiences.
Assessment
I. Read each item carefully and identify whether the statement is true or false. Write TRUE
if the statement is true. If false, replace the underlined word/s with the word/s which will
make the statement true. Write your answers in a ½ sheet of yellow paper.
1. Philosophy is a science that deals with the fundamental questions of life and
existence.
2. Introspection allows a person to examine one‘s self by looking outside of one‘s self.
3. Socrates emphasized the need to observe the cosmos to know the self.
4. Plato believed that the will should be the driving force of one‘s mind.
5. According to St. Augustine, it is only through philosophy that one can know the self.
6. Empiricism supports the idea that knowledge can be acquired through reason and
logic.
7. Locke, Hume and Kant believed that the self is known through reason and logic.
8. Physicalists give importance to the tangible phenomenon and concepts in
understanding the self.
9. Existentialism believes that essence precedes existence.
10. Private thoughts are requirements to the development of the self according to Ryle.
II. In matrix, choose two of your favorite philosophers, specify their most meaningful
philosophical thought about the self and make a personal reflection on how it would
guide you in becoming a better student in the university/ professional in the future. Write
your answer in ½ sheet yellow paper.
2.
7
CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
Introduction
Most people would know who Tarzan is – either as an animated series or a movie.
The fictional character is supposed to have lived in the jungle after his parents met an
unfortunate accident. With no parents to take care of him, the gorillas in the jungle sheltered
him and treated him as their own. Until a group of explorers found him, Tarzan didn‘t know
how to be a ―person.‖
Outside of the fictional world, Vietnam recently discovered a real-life Tarzan. Ho Van
Lang, 44 and his father Ho Van Than, 85 fled to the forests of a province in Vietnam after an
American bomb killed his mother and siblings during World War II. For 41 years, Ho Van
Lang had no contact with human civilization except for his ill father. He spoke very little of
the language and didn‘t know the ways of ―men.‖ He is likened to an innocent child who
does not have the moral awareness of what is considered right or wrong (Pavlou, 2018). Ho
Van Lang‘s case begs us the question: does being human automatically equate to being a
person?
Learning outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
Differentiate the sociological view of the self from the anthropological view of the
self;
Identify the SOGIE of an individual based on a given scenario; and
Apply the different concepts of Sikolohiyang Pilipino in your own life.
PREPARATORY STAGE
Source:
https://www.fatherly.com/news/babies-imitating-adult-
facial-expressions-might-be-a-coincidence/
PLAY STAGE
Source:
https://singlemomontherun.files.wordpress.com/2012/
10/preschlrs-pretend-1600x1200.jpg
GAME STAGE
Source:
https://eventinvalsi.it/en/event/i-dati-invalsi-uno-strumento-
per-la-ricerca-e-la-didattica/
First, the child learns to imitate others, usually the primary care givers. There is no
actual interaction since the child only mimics the doer. Important elements in this stage
include symbols such as language, gestures, and objects that form the basis of
communication.
This changes when the child transitions to the Play Stage. This goes beyond
imitation as the relationship between the child and others becomes more social which can be
observed when children start to pretend play as other people. For example you might recall
that when you were a child, you‘ve probably played Bahay-bahayan and you and your
playmates would assume the roles of Nanay, Tatay, Ate, Kuya, etc. During the play stage,
children can already assume the perspective of others making it possible for them to act like
any family member.
The last stage is characterized by the influence of the generalized other, or society
as a whole. Understanding how the society works is no longer just limited to the people who
are closest to them but also considers the people outside of one‘s immediate family. In the
Game Stage, children start to understand that Nanay is not only a mother but she can also
assume other roles. For example, Nanay is mother at home, but she is also Ma’am at work
and Madi when she‘s with her suki buyers. Children are now capable of understanding that
people have multiple roles.
9
As children understand the multiple
roles that people have, they also start to To explore more, you may also watch:
become aware that other people also have Mead: Stages of the Self =) by Amirul Hafiz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIrrvYCjiSs
opinions about them. And these opinions
are derived from how they behave around
them which in turn, influences their perception of their own self. However, not all
people‘s opinions matter – only those with whom they have important relationships or
significant others (not limited to romantic relations).
Undergoing through the three stages will lead to the development of the ―Me‖ and the
―I‖ self. The Me can be considered as the social self while the I is the response to the social
self. The Me is developed through the perception of the generalized others. The I then
interprets these perceptions and acts accordingly. The I is our individual responses to what
society thinks. For example, society may think that it is necessary for you to take the
program that your significant others chose for you but the evaluation whether you should
follow what they want for you and what you want for yourself is entirely up to you.
Although the I and the Me self may sometimes be conflicting, according to Mead, the
healthy self should be a balance between these two.
10
understood deeply. It is not merely a two-dimensional figure but is like a container that has
depth. The loob, as a container, can contain something. When you put something inside
the containe r, it becomes a vessel – no longer just an empty container. It is therefore
necessary to look at loob not only with labas but also has lalim which gives the loob its
profound meaning.
In the context of the person, one should not merely look into the exterior (labas) of
the individual as this is an incomplete concept of the person. Looking at the interior (loob) of
the person, his thoughts, his feelings and internal systems working inside the body is not
enough to capture the whole personhood. But if one will include depth, the person‘s
convictions, beliefs, and principles
To explore more, you may also watch:
(which are largely influenced by
Module 3 (The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood
culture), we get to perceive the Pagkatao) by Manuel, Jr. Tana
totality of the human person https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2bn7FkgO0U&t=189s
(Navarro, Petras, Ujano-Batangan,
2013).
11
includes whether
transgender individuals
are mentally ill and
whether there are legal
and ethics-related
justifications for gender-
inclusive restrooms.
The
Genderbread Person
shows how diverse
gender is and why we
should start looking at it
as a spectrum of colors
instead of a binary
construct.
12
Illustration source: https://twitter.com/kalikhaupd/status/1162337158545301504
13
Western Culture (for example, American Culture) and Eastern Culture (for example, Filipino
Culture) is the degree to which individual needs and goals are preferred over the needs and
goals of the group. In Individualistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
strong, self-reliant, assertive, and independent. This contrasts with Collectivist cultures
where characteristics like being self-sacrificing, dependable, generous, and helpful to others
are of greater importance. Individualistic cultures give importance to autonomy,
independence, self-sufficiency, and uniqueness while in Collectivist cultures, family takes the
central role in shaping the person as a social being. Early on, children in collectivist cultures
are taught that one is part of a greater whole – the society.
Can you see why American youth moves out of their parent‘s house when they reach
18 while the Filipino children stay with their parents even after they have their own family?
As a final note, Sikolohiyang Pilipino wants you to understand that the search for
your identity entails not only the journey towards understanding your thoughts and behavior.
You also have to know your beliefs, and values in relation to your own culture. It is only then
that you can have a full understanding of the self.
Assessment
I. Read the statements for each item. Identify their SOGIE-SC based on how they describe
themselves. Options are found in the table below. Write your answers on the ¼ yellow
paper.
Sexual Orientation Sexual Characteristics
Gender Identity (GI) Gender Expression (GE)
(SO) (SC)
Heterosexual Cisgender Feminine Male
Gay Transgender Masculine Female
Lesbian Non-binary trans identity Androgynous Intersex
Bisexual Queer
Asexual
14
Example:
―Hi! I‘m S. I have a vagina, I love men but I am more comfortable with men‘s clothes.
However, I still believe I‘m a woman.‖
Answer: SO – Heterosexual
GI – Cisfemale
GE – Masculine
SC – Female
Start here:
1. ―Hi! I‘m E. I am born with a penis, I am attracted to cisfemales, I like to wear
comfortable jeans and shirt for males. I am a man.‖
2. ―Hi, F here. I am born with a vagina, I don‘t feel sexual attraction to anyone, I prefer
jeans and shirt for females. I feel that I am a woman.‖
3. ―K, 23. I have a penis. I have been in a relationship with a gay man, a straight
woman, a bisexual, and another man. I prefer polo shirt and comfortable jeans. I feel
that I am a woman.‖
4. ―I‘m D. I look like a man. I have a vagina. I have a girlfriend. If I was born again, I‘d
like to be born with a penis.‖
5. ―Call me L. I was given a penis. I have a beard and dress according to may SC. I am
both attracted to male and female; I get emotionally attached to males but I find
sexual intercourse with female more satisfying. I know I can be both male and
female, but I see myself as a man.‖
II. In a 1 whole yellow paper, answer the following questions in not more than 10
sentences.
1. Is your self-concept affected by how others see you?
2. Do you contribute to the development of others‘ positive self-concept?
3. What are the influences of your family in your development as an individual?
4. What social pressures help shape yourself?
15
CHAPTER 3: PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
We may only have one physical body, but it may feel like having several selves all at
once. In our little corner, this might not be bothersome. Nevertheless, to be asked in public,
"Who are you?" could be stressful. This question seems to force us to come up with a
satisfying answer that we might begin to feel unsatisfied after saying it.
Questioning who we are or engaging in self-reflection to figure out and understand
why we behave in a certain way is normal (Weiten et al., 2014) and is beneficial in
increasing self-awareness. This chapter will let you think about you, your thoughts, feelings,
and behavior. The theories in Psychology will help you understand why you feel and behave
that way.
Psychology may focus on the individual and the cognitive functions, but it does not
discount the context and other possible factors that affect the individual. To help us
understand ourselves a bit clearer and somehow ease the pressure of coming up with a
definite answer to who we are, let us look into some of the theories and concepts in
psychology regarding the self.
Learning outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
Differentiate the different Psychological theories;
Discuss how different theories in Psychology represent the self; and
Identify one Psychological theory that has the most influence on you.
16
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Chemical-Structures-of-Neurotransmitters-Reproduced-from_fig1_323400992
However, this influence does not mean that they are the direct and sole cause of
such behavior. What needs to be understood in this section is that human behavior can also
be explained through the inner workings of the brain (Prasad, Kumar, & Ali, 2020).
Especially in the discussion regarding mental disorders, explaining an imbalance in brain
chemicals will help people understand that having a mental condition does not equate to
being weak or not having faith. In
some instances, vulnerability to To explore more, you may also watch:
The Chemical Mind: Crash Course Psychology #3
developing mental disorders can be
by CrashCourse
attributed to our genetic disposition https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4N-7AlzK7s
and the composition of these
chemicals in our brains.
Pleasure center is on the mouth – sucking, biting and Satisfaction focuses on the expulsion of bowel and
chewing. If oral needs are not met, the person may bladder elimination; coping with demands for control. If
develop thumb sucking, fingernail biting or pencil they are trained before they are ready or not trained on
chewing in childhood and overeating or smoking in time, it may result to extreme orderliness or messiness
later life. as part of the individual’s personality.
17
Pleasure zone is the genitals; dealing with incestuous Dormant sexual feelings. The child acquires new
sexual feelings towards opposite sex parent. To avoid social values and spends time with same sex peers.
punishment to the incest feelings, they adopt the same
sex parent’s characteristics or values.
Illustration source:
https://sproutsschools.com/psychosexual-
Maturation of sexual interest. Sexual impulses reappear. development-theory-freud/
If development in earlier stages is successful, it can lead
to marriage, mature sexuality and bearing of children.
If needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of trust. Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves or
they doubt their abilities.
Pre-schoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or Children learn the pleasure of doing tasks or they feel
they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent. inferior.
18
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to
and integrating them to form a single identity or they gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially
become confused of who they are. isolated.
The middle aged discover a sense of contributing to the When reflecting on his/her life, the older adult may feel a
world, usually through the work, or they may feel lack of sense of satisfaction or failure.
purpose.
19
further noted that the mind has three provinces and the interaction between these three is
what dictates human behavior. The three provinces of the mind are as follows:
the id which follows the pleasure principle
the superego follows the morality principle
the ego follows the reality principle.
The id, which is totally submerged in the unconscious mind, only considers what it
wants. Although partly aware, the superego is not exempted from the shadows of the
unconscious mind, prompting it to make unreasonable demands often in conflict with id. The
ego, aware of the situation, is the one that makes sense of the situation. It often acts
according to the balance of the id, supergo and reality (Feist & Feist, 2008).
Further, Carl Jung (1921) who was a former colleague of Sigmund Freud, just like
Freud, believed that the unconscious mind should be the center in the study of the self. In
fact, he thought that just as how genes are passed from one generation to another, the term
he called collective unconscious are the ideas or thoughts we have inherited from our
ancestors. In the collective unconscious, we can find the archetypes (Jung, 1921/ 1948).
20
Spiritual Self Collective Self
(Inner or psychological self, subjective being) (Social roles, social categories, and social group
- Self-perceived abilities, attitudes, membership)
emotions, interests, values, motives - Aspects of the social self
- Example: I am a Filipino
The ―ME‖ can be considered as a separate individual or object a person can refer to
when narrating his/personal experience. Meanwhile the ―I‖ is the one who knows who
he/she is and what he/she has done in his/her own life.
Congruence
Self-concept meshes well
with experience (some Experience
Self-concept
incongruence is probably
unavoidable)
Incongruence
Self-concept does not Self-concept Actual
overlap with experience. experience
When we feel good about ourselves, it is said that there is congruence or alignment
or there is a small gap between our real self and ideal self. When there is congruence, we
feel more confident, satisfied and become self-actualized, leading to a high self-esteem.
There is incongruence if there is misalignment or a big gap between the real and
ideal self. In effect, we become distressed and anxious, leading to a low self-esteem or self-
worth and be defensive in our actions.
Experiencing incongruence could happen from time to time. In situations like this, we
need to reflect, evaluate our behavior, and be reminded of our ideal self to put us back on
21
track. We have to learn to separate behaviors from the totality of one's being. We may have
misbehaved but it does not mean that we are automatically an entirely bad person.
Assessment
I. Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write it your answers in a ¼ yellow paper.
1. Baby Lily likes to defecate and present her feces to her parents. According to
Sigmund Freud, she is in what stage of development?
a. Oral c. Phallic
b. Anal d. Latency
2. Jude engages in Taekwondo. At first he did not win in competitions so he trained
very hard every day. Later on, he was already winning gold medals in different
competitions. This can be explained by what stage of psychosocial development?
a. Industry vs. Inferiority
b. Intimacy vs. Isolation
c. Ego identity vs. Role Confusion
d. Generativity vs. Stagnation
3. This is one of Carl Jung‘s archetypes that help us understand feminine behavior.
a. Persona c. Animus
b. Shadow d. Anima
4. Chris is hungry however he forgot to bring his wallet in the market. He saw a fruit stall
with no one looking after it. Chris rapidly grabbed an apple and run swiftly in order to
escape the scene. According to Freud‘s Theory, Chris followed his ____________.
a. Id c. Ego
b. Superego d. Reality
5. It refers to how much we value ourselves and perceive our worth as a person.
a. Self-confidence c. Self-esteem
b. Self-efficacy d. Selfishness
6. This is the stage in the psychosexual development where the sexual drives reawaken
but this time is directed towards other individual.
a. Genital c. Phallic
b. Latency d. Anal
7. Mila who is 15 years old attended the Organizations‘ Fair held in their school in order
for her to figure out which clubs or organizations she can join and have fun with
during her stay in the school. This is Erikson‘s _______________ stage of
psychosocial development.
a. Industry vs. Inferiority
b. Intimacy vs. Isolation
c. Ego identity vs. Role Confusion
d. Generativity vs. Stagnation
22
8. This psychologist theorizes that incongruence between ideal self and real self can
lead to self-hatred.
a. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson
b. Karen Horney d. William James
9. Refer to item #2. In Freud‘s psychosexual stages, what stage is Jude in?
a. Oral c. Latency
b. Anal d. Phallic
10. Gerald Santos is an accomplished businessman. He likes to conduct outreach
programs in far flung barangays as well as mentor young entrepreneurs. According
to Erikson, Mr. Santos is in the ___________ stage of development.
a. Industry vs. Inferiority
b. Intimacy vs. Isolation
c. Ego identity vs. Role Confusion
d. Generativity vs. Stagnation
11. This psychologist proposed that can be categorized in ―I‖ self and ―Me‖ self.
a. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson
b. Karen Horney d. William James
12. At the age of 4, Ben unconsciously gets attracted to his mother and fears that
because of this, his penis might be cut-off. Ben is in what stage of Freud‘s
Psychosexual Development?
a. Phallic c. Latency
b. Genital d. Anal
13. These are chemicals in our body that influence our behabvior.
a. Neurons c. Vitamins
b. Neurotransmitters d. Minerals
14. In the psychosocial development, trust and mistrust is learned through what activity?
a. Defecating c. Learning
b. Masturbating d. Feeding
15. When there is a small gap between your ideal self and real self, you experience
________.
a. Congruence c. Incongruence
b. Self-esteem d. Self-efficacy
II. Make a Tiktok video with maximum 3-minute duration depicting how you personally
experienced ONE of the Psychosocial Stages of Development of Erik Erikson. Make
your presentation a one-man show so you are not allowed to recruit other individuals
to be featured in the video but they can help in the behind the scenes (video
recording and editing).
23
CHAPTER 4: THE SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT
Introduction
Different cultures and varying environment tend to create different perceptions of the
―self‖ and one of the most common distinctions between cultures and people is the Eastern-
vs-Western dichotomy wherein Eastern represents Asia and Western represents Europe and
Northern America. It must be understood that this distinction and the countries included was
politically colored at the time aforementioned concepts were accepted and used in the social
sciences. Furthermore, it must be reiterated that while countries who are geographically
closer to each other may share commonalities, there are also a lot of factors that create
differences. In the Philippines alone, each region may have a similar or varying perception
regarding the ―self‖.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
Differentiate the concept of self according to western thought against
Eastern/oriental perspectives;
Explain the concept of self as found in Asian thoughts; and
Create a representation of the Filipino self.
2.1. HINDUISM
The best place to begin in examining the classical Eastern thoughts is by looking at
Hinduism. Hinduism is a religion, a way of life, a philosophy as well as a social system.
Hinduism centers on the Vedic notion of Atman or soul. The Atman is the true self that lies
at the inner core of man‘s human identity, and it is only this inner core that is identical with
Brahman. The Brahman is essentially the sacred, the Self-God who is the God of the
Cosmos – the Universe. Within each individual there is the Self-God, Brahman.
The Hindu philosophy conceives of three (3) states of existence – 1) Waking (Jagrta)
2) Dream (Swapna), and 3) Deep Dreamless Sleep (Sushupti). These states are based on
another state that forms the unobservable framework – the Turiya. The Turiya has been
variously described as the self that is identical with the larger self. Further, the three states of
existence – Deep Sleep, Dream, and Waking are linked to the three forms of bodies the
Hindus believe in – Causal body (Kaarana), Subtle body (Sukshma), and Gross body
(Sthula) respectively.
2.2. BUDDHISM
Buddhism was founded in India by Gautama Siddharta (563 -483 BCE) better
known as Buddha, a term which means the “Enlightened One”. Buddhism in essence, is
not a religion nor is it a philosophy. It is rather a way of salvation, a way of life. It enables a
person to achieve a sense of detachment from the inherent problems of existence.
The foundation of all Buddhist teaching is the four (4) Noble Truths – 1) Life is
suffering, 2) the cause of suffering is desire, 3) The end of suffering is achieved by
extinguishing the desire. This is the state of Nirvana, meaning ―to extinguish‖, and 4)
Nirvana is achieved by adopting a series of moral attitudes, beliefs, and actions which
Buddha collectively calls the Noble eightfold paths.
Briefly, these are the eight (8) paths:
1. Adopt right views that are free from superstition or delusion.
2. Have right aims that are high and worthy of the intelligent person.
3. Practice right speech which is kind, open, and truthful.
4. Perform right conduct that is peaceful, honest, and pure.
5. Adopt a right livelihood that brings no harm or danger to living things.
6. Put forth the right effort in self-training and self-control.
7. Have right mindfulness insofar as you are fully aware of the present moment
and not preoccupied with hopes or worries.
8. Engage in right concentration which involves proper meditation that leads to
Nirvana.
The Eightfold path endorses many of the values that since childhood a person been
taught to adopt. They are recommendations for one to conduct a normal desire-filled life in a
civilized manner.
2.3. CONFUCIANISM
Confucius (551 – 479 BCE) was born in China‘s Shandong province. His family name
was ―Kung‖ and the name ―Confucius‖ is a Latinized version of ―Kung Fu Tzu‖ which means
Master King.
Confucianism, the teachings of Confucius, has played an important role in forming
Chinese character, behavior, and way of living (Eliot, 2001; Guo, 1995). Its purpose is to
achieve harmony, the most important social value. Confucianism strongly emphasizes
25
mercy, social order, and fulfilment of responsibilities. This is achieved by everyone having
well defined roles and acting towards others in a proper way. ―Ren‖ is the central ethical
principle, and is equivalent to the concepts of love, mercy, and humanity. It is best explicated
by Confucius in the Golden Rule: ―Do not do to others what you do not want done to
yourself.‖
Confucianism is humanistic in seeking goodness and happiness not in nature or
beyond nature but in humanity itself. It is pragmatic which believes in the unity of thought
and action. Confucian ideals were brought more ―down to earth‖, made more concrete and
practical, more utility-based and oriented at the welfare of others. A central value in
Confucianism is filial piety wherein the family is the center/core and comes before the
individual. There are five (5) cardinal relations – 1) Ruler and Minister, 2) Father and Son, 3)
Elder and Younger Brother, 4) husband and Wife, and 5) between Friends. With regard to
filial piety, sons, especially the oldest son, have specific obligations toward the family and
are expected to respect and care for parents.
2.4. TAOISM/DAOISM
The founding of Taoism/Daoism is credited to two Chines philosophers, Lao-tzu and
Chuang-tzu. The path of understanding Taoism is accepting oneself. Live life and discern
who you are. The Taoists concept of self is like a deconstructed Western self. Taoism
represents the Chinese counter culture. To them, the good life is the simple life,
spontaneous, in harmony with nature, and unaffected by societal regulations. The Taoist‘s
self is without a center and is not hierarchically organized. It does not seek sovereignty. He
is a selfless person whose mind is likened to a mirror according to Chuang-tzu. By seeing
through the self and others, the person is able ―to mirror things as they are.‖
Taoism teaches a person to live in his heart, to accept life as it is, and following his
breath to find peace. Taoism also teaches a person to drop expectations. The expectations a
person has in his life, the less he will become.
The Tao has three (3) jewels (virtues) that they endear – 1) compassion, kindness,
love (ci), 2) moderation, simplicity, frugality (jian), and 3) humility, and modesty (Bugan wei
tian xia xian).
What Is Hinduism??
by Cogito
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlBEEuYIWwY
What Is Buddhism?
by Cogito
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNdgT6VCuu0
Intro to Confucianism
by ReligionForBreakfast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PG-XUE0CyQk
What Is Taoism?
by Cogito
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6hslRjGaww
26
Assessment
I. Identification
Column A Column B
1. This philosophy in essence is not a religion nor a. Hinduism
is it a philosophy but rather a way of salvation, a b. Buddhism
way of life. c. Confucianism
2. It is defined as a situation in which people are d. Taoism/Daoism
concerned with themselves and close family e. Individualism
members only. f. Collectivism
3. ______ strongly emphasizes mercy, social
order, and fulfilment of responsibilities.
4. It is considered a religion, a way of life, a
philosophy as well as a social system.
5. It is a philosophy that states that Nirvana is
achieved by adopting a series of moral
attitudes, beliefs, and actions which Buddha
collectively calls the Noble eightfold paths.
6. This philosophy believes in the Golden Rule:
―Do not do to others what you do not want done
to yourself.‖
7. The path of understanding this philosophy is
accepting oneself.
8. According to _____, the Tao has three virtues
that they endear – 1) compassion, kindness,
love; 2) moderation, simplicity, frugality; and 3)
humility, and modesty.
9. It is defined as a situation in which people feel
they belong to larger in-groups or collectives
which care for them in exchange for loyalty and
vice versa.
10. This philosophy believes that within each
individual there is the Self-God, Brahman.
II. Using a Venn diagram, how would you describe the differences and similarities of
Eastern Thought and Western Philosophy?
Similarities
Eastern Western
Thought Thought
(differences) (differences)
27
UNIT 2
UNPACKING THE SELF: DISCOVERING THE COMPONENTS OF THE SELF
Learning Outcomes
28
NUTRITION – Growth is directly related to nutrition. The human body requires an adequate
supply of calories for its normal growth and this need of requirements varies with the phase
of development.
ENVIRONMENT – Fresh air, sunlight, and hygienic surroundings help in the proper
development of the body. Pollution is part of the environment. According to studies, air
pollution not only affects the respiratory organs but also has harmful effects on human
growth. Other forms of pollution that can affect growth and development include water
pollution, sound pollution, soil pollution, and mind pollution.
SOCIOECONOMIC – Socioeconomic influence on human growth is also a well-known
factor. Children from different socioeconomic levels vary in average body size at all ages.
The upper level families are always more advanced. The most important reasons behind this
are better nutrition, better facilities, regular meals, and home conditions. Home conditions
reflect the intelligence and personality of parents. Family size also influence growth rate as
in big families with limited income sometimes have children that do not get the proper
nutrition. Hence, the growth is affected.
HEALTH HABITS – Keeping clean through daily bath, washing of hands as often as
needed, brushing the teeth, cleaning nose and ears are commendable health habits. By
keeping the body clean, diseases and body illnesses are minimized. Exercise makes
muscles strong, improves body flexibility, heart, lungs, and other body parts to function
efficiently. Sleep and rest are very helpful health habits. Recreation helps one develop
physically, socially, and mentally.
CULTURAL – Physical growth and development of human beings is definitely affected by
cultural factors. Cultures differ from one ethnic group to another. Racial factors also
influence height, weight, color, features, and body constitution.
LOVE – Love is a very vital factor influencing a person‘s all-around development without
which he develops into a person with criminal tendencies. Children who are loved grow up
with a feeling of security and are more confident of their selves. They also have better self-
esteem and higher self-worth.
1.2. Theories of Physical Self
PHYSIOGNOMY – Physiognomy is a practice of assessing a person‘s character or
personality from his outer appearance especially the face. It can also refer to the general
appearance of a person, object, or terrain. Notions of the relationship between a person‘s
outward appearance and inner character are historically ancient. Chinese physiognomy
shows a person how to live his life in alignment with his own natural flow. It can help him find
the life path that gives him joy, attracts relationships that can nurture him and most of all
enables him to feel compassion from himself and others.
Every feature of a person has a message about him. For example, a rounded
forehead, and the intuitive, strong eyebrows, is the warrior. Crow‘s feet, the diagonal lines at
the sides of the eyes, sometimes called the ―joy lines‖ reveal warm and affectionate
personality with an open heart. An angular face may mean having criminal tendency.
Lavater, the principal promoter of physiognomy confirms the ideas of Browne (1605 –
1682) and Della Porta (1535 – 1615) on the possibility of the discernment of inner qualities
from the outer appearance of the face.
Physiognomy also became of use in the field of Criminology. Cesare Lombroso
championed the notion that ―criminality‖ was inherited and that criminals could be identified
by physical attributes such as hawk-like noses, bloodshot eyes, large jaws, forward
projection of jaws, low sloping forehead, and high cheekbones.
Lombroso used the term ―atavism‖ to describe these primitive, ape-like behaviors that
he found in many of those whom he deemed prone to criminality. Lombroso‘s ideologies are
now recognized as pseudo-science. Modern criminology finds many of his teachings
incorrect but he had a great influence over criminology and physiognomy.
MORPHOPSYCHOLOGY – In France, the concept of Morphopsychology was
developed by Louis Corman (1901 – 1995). He argued that the workings of vital forces within
the human body resulted in different facial shapes and body forms. For example, full and
29
round body shapes are considered the expression of the instinct of expansion while the
hollow or flat shapes are an expression of self-preservation.
William Herbert Sheldon Jr., an American psychologist created the field of
somatotype and constitutional psychology that tried to correlate body types with behavior,
intelligence, an social hierarchy. In somatotypology, he classified people according to three
(3) body types. These are the endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs.
Endomorphs are rounded and soft, said to have a tendency toward a ―viscerotonic‖
personality – one who is relaxed, comfortable and extroverted. Mesomorphs are square
and muscular, said to have a tendency toward ―somotonic‖ personality – active, dynamic,
assertive, and aggressive. Ectomorphs are thin and fine-boned, said to have a tendency
toward ―cerebrotonic‖ personality – introvert, thoughtful inhibited, and sensitive.
Sheldon, later used this classification system to explain delinquent behavior, finding
the deliquents were likely to be high in mesomorphy and low in ectomorphy. He argued that
mesomorphy‘s temperaments as active and aggressive but lacking in sensitivity and
inhibition tended to cause delinquency and criminal bahavior.
30
1.4. The Importance of Beauty
A common English saying goes, ―Beauty lies on the eyes of the beholder.‖ This
statement is accurate in the sense that what one person considers beautiful is not
necessarily what another may consider beautiful. Confucius made the same observation
about beauty in his statement that ―Everything has beauty, but not everyone can see it.‖ Real
beauty is rarely seen by people. Each person has a different view and perspective of beauty.
The Greek during pre-historic times considered beauty as the quality of being
youthful. According to Plato, beauty is something that cannot be fully defines through the
senses. That is because different objects are observed in different ways by different people.
The modern idea of beauty usually clings to the concept that it involves the shape of a
person‘s physique.
Media affect people‘s perspective of beauty. Advertisements of pills and cosmetics
for ―beauty enhancement‖ flood the market either through television, internet or newspapers.
The media‘s act of brainwashing is similar to a test of contentment on what the Creator had
blessed each person with. Those who are not satisfied with their God-given beauty/looks
inside out, spend an extravagant amount of money to be beautiful. They cannot see
themselves as unique individuals created in the image and likeness of God.
The words of Kahlil Gibran, ―Beauty is not in the face; beauty is a light in the heart,‖
are so true and inspirational to convey great meaning.
Internal and external beauty is both important in society. To be beautiful internally
means to have a kind heart and be understanding. To be beautiful externally is to be
beautiful on the outside such as having a nice body figure and an attractive smile. Internal
beauty is important because beyond looks it is one‘s personality that is noticed. External
beauty is likewise important because it is one‘s attractive figure, beautiful eyes and face that
bring notice to others.
Beauty builds confidence, and confidence amplifies beauty. Beauty might land you
on a job since people tend to hire someone attractive over one who is not, all other factors
being equal. In today‘s world, physical beauty gives the first impression just like the cover of
a book. Definitely one will appreciate the book only after reading it. Inner beauty can never
be underrated. There are many beautiful faces carrying ugly hearts. Looks can attract but
personality will make one fall in love.
31
o formation of the placenta; preservation of the unborn child during the entire
period of gestation; birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta;
o suckling and taking care of the child and with an eventual return of the
maternal organs to virtually going back to its original state
Source: https://www.brainkart.com/article/Human-reproductive-system_38014/
Development of Male Reproductive System: Embryonic testes – testosterone –
development of the duct system – external genitalia
Development of Female Reproductive System: No testosterone – ovaries – female
ducts – external genitalia
Any interference with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo
results in bizarre abnormalities.
Male sex chromosome: XY; Female sex chromosome: XX
Abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital defects
of the reproductive system.
• Pseudohermaphrodites - individuals having accessory reproductive
structures that do not ―match‖ their gonads
• Hermaphrodites – rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular
tissues
• Cryptorchidism - failure of the testes to make their normal descent; usually
results in sterility in males or puts him at risk for cancer of the testes; 1 sex
chromosome, XO female appears normal but lacks ovaries
• Phimosis – narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive organ and
misplaced urethral openings
Puberty – period of life (10-15 y/o) when the reproductive organs grow to their adult
size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones
(testosterone – males, estrogen - females). This is until old age (males) and
menopause (females). It represents the earliest period of reproductive system
activity.
• Males - enlargement of the testes and scrotum (13 y/o); appearance of pubic,
axillary, and facial hair; growth of male reproductive organ in the next 2 years;
sexual maturation (mature sperm in the semen); embarrassing erections and
frequent nocturnal emissions (―wet dreams‖)
• Females – budding breasts (11 y/o), 1st menstrual period (menarche) usually
occurs 2 years later; dependable ovulation and fertility – 2 more years
33
Excitement Phase
o increase in pulse, blood pressure and blood supply to the surface of the body
o increased skin temperature, flushing, swelling of all distensible body parts (in
the male reproductive organ and female breasts)
o more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of the female
reproductive organ, general increase in muscle tension
Plateau Phase
o brief duration
o Sexual Climax (stimulation is continued; feeling of sudden intense pleasure,
an abrupt increase in pulse rate and blood pressure & spasms of the pelvic
muscles causing contractions in the female and emission of semen by the
male; involuntary vocalization; lasts for a few seconds)
Resolution Phase
o return to a normal or subnormal physiological state
o males and females have the same response sequence
o continued stimulation – additional sexual climax in females
o Females are physically capable of repeated sexual climax w/o the intervening
―rest period‖ required by males.
34
3. Ejaculatory impotence is caused by ideas of contamination or traumatic
experiences
4. Vaginismus is a powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the
female reproductive organ; can be treated by psychotherapy.
5. Dyspareunia pertains to painful coitus, fear of not accommodating a male
reproductive organ w/o being painfully stretched.
35
It has over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through
sexual contact and can affect your genitals, mouth, or throat.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus or Genital herpes
most prevalent
It is more commonly known as herpes -- is categorized into two types: herpes
type 1 (HSV-1, or oral herpes) and herpes type 2 (HSV-2, or genital herpes)
Most commonly, herpes type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips
(sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes,
but most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 1.
In HSV-2, the infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.
Although HSV-2 sores may occur in other locations, these sores usually are
found below the waist.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis (Vaginitis)
a parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of both women and men
worldwide.
Trichomoniasis, which is caused by T vaginalis, is the most common sexually
transmitted infection (STI) today, with an annual incidence of more than 170
million cases worldwide.
38
Assessment
I. Reflective Activity.
1. What part of your body are you most proud of?
2. Explain why it is your favorite body part.
3. Flex/post a picture of that body part on Facebook with your explanation as caption.
II. Essay. Answer the questions below. Limit your answers to 10 sentences for each
question.
a. How is the sexual self connected to the physical self? How are they different?
b. What family planning method do you think is the most appropriate to use for
people of your age? Please elaborate your answer.
c. How would you explain sexuality to a young person without malice and
indecency?
III. Find the correct answer that is described in the statements below by encircling it in the
following grid. Write the corresponding number of the correct answer in the space
provided as illustrated in the example. (Note: Do not write your answer on this module.
Photocopy the grid, write your answer and attach it to your yellow paper)
A H S L C S A V O
S P T M H O B A P
D V I N A L S G S
1 V A G I N I T I S
F Q Y B C T I N D
P E U V R A N I G
G U I C O R E S N
H W B L I Y N M I
J T L E D H C U T
K I O X R J E S T
P U P Z K T C F E
R H Y T H M Y G P
Example:
1. A parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of both men and
women
Start here:
1. The most effective way to avoid STDs.
2. The period of life when reproductive organs grow to their adult size.
3. A type of sexual behavior that involves self-gratification.
4. A sociosexual behavior that varies from hugging, kissing and generalized
caresses.
5. A common sexual dysfunction.
6. An STD caused by infection with Haemophilus Ducreyi.
7. A method of contraception that is based on the ovulation cycle.
8. An artificial method of contraception.
9. An STD passed through skin to skin contact.
10. Another term for STD
39
CHAPTER 2: THE MATERIAL SELF
Introduction
We are living in a world of sale and shopping spree. We are given a wide array of
products to purchase, from a simple set of spoon and fork to owning a restaurant. Almost
everywhere, including the digital space, we can find promotions of product purchase.
Product advertisements are suggestive of making us feel better or look good. Part of us
wants to have that product. What makes us want to have those products are connected with
who we are. What we want to have and already possess is related to our self.
Belk (1988) stated that ―we regard our possessions as parts of ourselves. We are
what we have and what we possess.‖ There is a direct link between self-identity with what
we have and possess. Our wanting to have and possess has a connection with another
aspect of the Self, the Material Self.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the association of self and possessions;
Identify the role of consumer culture to self and identity;
Determine the causes of materialism;
Identify the impact of materialism and consumerism on the ―self‘; and
Appraise one‘s self based on the description of material self.
Self
Body
Clothes
Immediate Family
Home
Body. The inner most part of our material self. We are directly attached to this
commodity that we cannot live without. We strive hard to make sure that this body
functions well and good.
Clothes. Clothing is an essential part of the material self. Any time we bring an object
into the surface of our body, the fabric and the style of the clothes we wear bring
sensations to the body, to which directly affect our attitudes and behaviour.
Immediate family. What our families do or become affects us. We place huge
investment to our immediate family when we see them as the nearest replica of our
self.
Home. Home is the earliest nest of our Selfhood. Our experiences inside the home
were recorded and marked on particular parts and things in our home. It is an
extension of self because in it, we can directly connect our self.
The more investment of self is given to the particular thing, the more we identify
ourselves to it. We also had the tendency to collect and possess properties. The collections
in different degree of investment of self become part of the Self. As James (1890) described
40
self: ―a man‘s self is the sum total of all what he CAN call his.‖ Possessions then become a
part or an extension of self. The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who
we are, our self-concept, our past, and even our future.
41
4. Materialism and self-concept prove how insecurity motivates people to work so
hard for material possessions as the same wealth becomes their source of
security. Hence the absence of these objects means a great degree of emptiness
and the feeling of deficiency. Celebrity worship, materialism, and compulsive
buying were significantly related to lower self‐concept clarity and to lower levels
of well‐being (Teng et al., 2016; Noguti & Bokeyar, 2014; Reeves et al., 2012;).
5. Materialism and lack of engagement mean a losing one‘s ability to empathize
with others as they become callous to other people‘s needs. Their ability to
accumulate possessions separates them from others who they consider as
inferior. (Kiang et al, 2016)
So the ultimate question is how To explore more, you may also watch:
do we really experience happiness about The High Price of Materialism
by New Dream
who we are and what we have in its
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGab38pKscw
genuine sense?
Assessment
I. Identify the concept being described in each item. Write your answers in a ¼ sheet
yellow paper.
_______ 1. This is often associated with self-centeredness.
_______ 2. This is something that cannot buy happiness as it is.
_______ 3. The innermost part of our material self.
_______ 4. This reflect power, influence and social status.
_______ 5. This can be a source of intense happiness among materialists
_______ 6. This explains when possessions cease to be a mere non-living thing
________7. This result to happiness when correlated to buying.
________8. This is increased by materialism according to Wang et. al
________9. This is compensated by high materialism tendencies.
________10. This factor, other than materialism, means losing your ability to emphatize.
II. In a long sized bondpaper, create a collage of your treasured possessions that best
represent your material self. You may use symbols or pictures. Then, in a ½ sheet
yellow paper, explain why you treasure each item.
42
CHAPTER 3: THE SPIRITUAL SELF
Introduction
Most spiritual people realize we are more than our physical bodies. Many believe we
are a soul that is only abiding in this particular body for a time, but has resided in other
bodies in the past. There are those who believe that we originally came from the spiritual
realm and that we have the potential to return there. Many also believe that what sent us into
this world was a higher part of our beings. We might call this part of our beings the spiritual
self or higher self (Micheals, 2012).
Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of the self-according to William James in
his book The Principles of Psychology (1980). The spiritual self is the inner subjective part of
self. It is the most intimate version of the self because of the satisfaction experience when
one think of one‘s ability to argue and discriminate, of one‘s sensibility and conscience, of
our unconquerable will is more pure than all other sentiments of satisfaction (Frame et al.,
1999).
The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs and practices. On the same manner, cultural rituals and
ceremonies are some manifestations what people believe in. Moreover, seeking the
meaning of life is a journey that the Spiritual Self is on.
Learning Outcomes
1.2. Spirituality
It is very tempting to think that religion is the same as spirituality. This misconception
is very common that most people would actually use these two words interchangeably.
Spirituality, while also involves the search for inner peace, it is not centered on any
kind of belief system. In fact, one can be spiritual without having any spiritual values (―What
is Spirituality?‖ n.d.) Unlike religion, spirituality can be an individual journey. It starts with
self-healing and the recognition of one‘s strengths and weakness, coming into terms with
one‘s disturbing thoughts, accepting the self as it is, and eventually transcending beyond
what the physical and the material world requires. With this acceptance, the self becomes
secure and need not to develop defense mechanism. A spiritual journey, Spencer (2012)
stressed, will require a certain level of
commitment to reach progress. It is for To explore more, you may also watch:
this reason that meditation and a Spirituality Vs. Religion: A Deep Analysis
by The Curious Minds
prayerful practice is often needed to
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTUIZck6Ucw
improve in their spiritual journey.
44
believe in mythical spirits and monstrous creatures because they are said to be present only
in the country side where there are forests and other uninhabited areas. Most if not all of
these perceptions came from the stories told us by our ancestors which have been passed
on from generation to generation. Although believing in superstition and supernatural beings
conflicts with Catholicism, Filipinos simply cannot ignore the stories because there is always
that curious and freakish view of the unknown (Salazar, 1999).
45
3. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. The third emphasizes that even
in suffering, one can find meaning in life where one can turn one‘s predicament into
triumph. Suffering ceases to be suffering at the moment it finds a meaning, such as
the meaning of a sacrifice.
The existential aspect of Frankl‘s psychotherapy maintains that man always has the
ability to choose; no matter the biological or environment forces. An important aspect of
this therapy is known as the ―tragic triad‖, pain, guilt and death.
Assumption of Franklian Psychology (Logotheraphy):
The human being is an entity consisting of body, mind and spirit.
Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable.
People have a will to meaning.
People have freedom under all circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning.
Life has a demand quality to which people must respond if decisions are to be
meaningful.
The individual is unique.
In essence, all humans are unique with an entity of body, mind and spirit. We all go
through unique situations and are constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to do
these at all times in response to certain demands.
46
Assessment
I. In not more than 10 sentences, answer each question as briefly as possible. Write
your answer in ½ sheet yellow paper.
1. How does the belief and practice of religion and spirituality affect the
development of the self?
2. How would you find meaning in life despite of what is currently happening now?
II. Write a reflection paper after watching the YouTube video entitled, ―What is the Point
of Spirituality,‖ in the following link: https://youtu.be/xum35-XplNY . Make use of the
following guide questions but do not limit your reflections to these. Write it in 1 whole
yellow paper.
a. Do you agree that spirituality only appeals to adolescent dreamers, the
underemployed and the weak-minded? Why or why not?
b. Was there ever a time when a spiritual moment descended on you? If yes,
at what particular time of the day did this happen? If no, what may be the
reason that you have not experienced a spiritual moment?
c. Would you allow yourself to be sensitive to the joys and pains of others?
d. Can the care and concern for anything at all be called love? Why or why
not?
e. What is the point of spirituality?
47
CHAPTER 4: THE POLITICAL SELF
Introduction
“Patriotism means to stand by the country. It does not mean to stand by the president or any
other public official.” -Theodore Roosevelt
As Filipinos, our loyalty must be first and foremost to the Philippines. Everything that
we do, may directly or indirectly affect our respective communities. Politics is an unseen
force in all of our affairs. It may be considered an infamous term for many, but everyone has
a political self because everyone has a nationality and a country to belong to. We are not
created for isolation and we are called to live productive lives that will benefit the greater
good. Mainly, the discussion will center on the significance of political engagement, the
Philippine democratic and political culture, and the role of your political self in affecting the
change that you wish to see in your community.
Learning Outcomes
49
structure-embedded such that political cultures may differ among those who hold power and
those who are marginalized in society (Montiel, 2002).
50
All these imply the need for us to help the anonymous stranger, that is—more than
our individual families—we should also be involved in caring for our nation. Going beyond
ourselves to serve the public good should be a major part of our Political Identity, an identity
closely tied to being a Filipino citizen in heart and mind.
Assessment
I. Answer the following questions briefly. Limit your answers to 10 sentences per
question. Write you answers in ½ sheet yellow paper.
1. As a Filipino, what is the biggest, most important political issue for you? How will
you attempt to address this issue as an undergraduate student?
2. What is your stand on the current democratic system here in the Philippines? Are
we experiencing too little or too much democracy?
II. Create a 2 to 3-minute TEDtalk style video reflecting your views on the upcoming
2022 elections specifically answering the question: how can you influence others to
remain vigilant and critical during the campaign period, and not sell their votes? Post
your video in your personal Facebook account and use the hashtags
#UnderstandingTheSelf #PoliticalSelf #Halalan2022
51
CHAPTER 5: THE DIGITAL SELF
“There is too much negativity in the world. Do your best to make sure you aren't contributing
to it.” -Germany Kent
Introduction
Filipinos continue to reign supreme in terms of social media use globally. A report by
a social media management platform Hootsuite showed Filipinos spend the most time on the
internet and on social media sites. The ―Digital 2019: Global Digital Overview‖ showed
Filipinos spend an average of ten (10) hours, two (2) minutes on the internet via any device,
and spend over four (4) hours on social media daily. The report also said that as of January
2019, there are now 4.39 billion internet users and 3.48 billion social media users worldwide.
Facebook continues to dominate the internet as the top social media platform with
over 2.71 billion users, followed by YouTube with 1.9 billion users, and messaging services
Whatsapp (1.5 billion) and Facebook Messenger with 1.3 billion users.
Kenneth Gergen (1994) writes of the postmodern ―saturated self.‖ We are beset by
many images of self via advertisement, film, TV, celebrity and life-style magazines, and even
Internet chat rooms. We suffer, declares Gergen, from ―multiphrenia‖ (a confusing
multiplicity of selves), hence put on many different masks-of-self when ―performing‖ online.
For example, we can put up different Facebook accounts for different social groups and
purposes, we have a Facebook group for family (usually the most decent), for friends (where
we post whatever we want), for school (curated to please our friends from the academe).
May you find this lesson helpful in finding yourself online, in forming you own digital
self—one that is authentic as you are offline. Also, may it guide you in the smart use of
technologies and applications especially as we enter the ―New Normal‖. Even if people
nowadays rely heavily on technology to survive with their work and studies, we do not need
to succumb to the culture of negativity and toxicity.
Learning Outcomes
52
What is a good digital citizen? A good digital citizen has a variety of knowledge,
skills, and values that help them be responsible users of ICT, particularly the internet and
mobile technologies.
Source: https://safesitter.org/digital-citizenship/
53
spend most of your time doing, the sites you visit, the way you interact with others, and the
things you choose to highlight about yourself. It‘s part of your personal brand.
While a post can be made in a matter of seconds, it can leave a footprint for the
future. The damage caused in the moment can repeat itself many times over, even when
you might have thought the issue had already died. A good digital citizen knows how to
manage their online identity in a way that does not damage their reputation, endanger
themselves. If they don‘t brand themselves wisely, others may view them in a negative light
that could affect their relationships, education, and career options.
54
individuals tend to act more intensely and openly in virtual interactions. This phenomenon is
what he calls the online disinhibition effect, or the removal of social inhibitions and/or
restrictions imposed upon people‘s behavior when engaging in the web. He further explains
that there are two main categories of behavior that fall under the abovementioned effect:
benign disinhibition and toxic disinhibition.
Benign disinhibition describes behavior in which people might self-disclose more on
the internet than they would in real life, or go out of their way to help someone or show
kindness. Toxic disinhibition describes behavior that includes rude language, threats, and
visiting places of pornography, crime, and violence on the internet-places the person might
not go to in real life.
One example of Toxic disinhibition is Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is the use of
electronic communication to bully a person. Examples of cyberbullying include calling
someone mean names online, writing improper, abusive, or hurtful messages, or posting
inappropriate photos of someone that might cause their shame, sadness, embarrassment or
anger. Online behaviors of flaming (deliberately aggressive exchange), impersonation
(usurping an identity to damage someone‘s reputation), trolling (baiting others with
immature, mean comments), cyber stalking (repetitive, unwanted contact), and outing
(revealing someone‘s personal/private information) can be forms of cyberbullying.
55
Assessment
I. Identification.
______ 1. This is summed up by the way you behave online.
______ 2. The process of controlling how one is perceived by others.
______ 3. The perception that others are living better lives than you.
______ 4. The removal of social restrictions while in the internet
______ 5. This includes rude language and threats online
______ 6. An interesting and new topic in consumer behavior research
______ 7. When a stranger asked about anything private online
______ 8. It is left by post that is made in a matter of seconds
______ 9. Activity to control information to steer opinion of others
______ 10. Behavior when people disclose more in the internet than in real life
II. Make a slogan or poster about the responsible use of the internet. Use coloring materials
or digital apps to work on your output. Share it on your Facebook account and use the
hashtags #UnderstandingTheSelf #DigitalSelf #DigitalCitizenship.
56
UNIT 3
MANAGINGAND CARING FOR THE SELF
Learning Outcomes
57
1.1. Metacognition
Go-Monilla and Ramirez (2018) stated that metacognition is the awareness of one‘s
thinking and the strategies one uses to learn or simply defined as cognition about cognition
or thinking about thinking. According to Villafuerte, et al (2018), one of the amazing wonders
the brain is capable of is learning to learn. Metacognition gives students the ability to control
and direct their learning experience to develop powerful skills that can directly relate to their
academic and career success. It has two aspects (Alata, 2018):
1. Self-appraisal is how well you know your strengths and weaknesses. How vast your
current knowledge is and how well developed your skills are.
2. Self-management is a cognitive process where you plan on how to finish a task
based on what you have or possess in terms of knowledge, skills, abilities and other
characteristics.
Waterloo Student Success office (n.d.) introduced the following skills that can help you in
exercising your metacognition:
1. Knowing your limits – you have to have an honest evaluation of what you know and
what you do not know. Doing this will also look at the limitations in terms of resources
so that you can work with what you have and look for other ways to cope with the
lacking necessities.
2. Modifying your approach – it starts with recognizing the way you are solving a
problem or finishing a task is not working. Example is recognizing the you do not
understand what you are reading so you assess what needs to be done. It can be
having a five-minute break every 20 minutes of reading instead of finishing the
material in one sitting.
3. Skimming – this is browsing a material and looking for keywords, phrases or
sentences. For example, you might want to browse the table of contents first or the
introduction of the chapter to get an idea about the content of the material. This is
done when you are trying to read several materials in limited time frame or if you
want to focus on a certain topic to read about.
4. Rehearsing – this is making a personal interpretation of the things you have learned
and not merely repeatedly talking, writing and/or doing what you have learned. One
way to do it is to imagine yourself being interviewed about your task and as you try to
express what you have learned, you insert personal take on the matter. Just be sure
that the key concepts are still in-line with the source material.
5. Self-test – self-test should not only focus on what you have learned but also how you
learned it. You can create
To explore more, you may also watch:
your own self-test in
index cards whether is an Metacognition: The Skill That Promotes Advanced Learning
by Peterson's
objective type of test or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elZFL4FLVLE
essay questions.
Assessment
Create maximum of 5 minute vlog on your study habits. How you get
your school work done? Send the video to your instructor.
59
CHAPTER 2: SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
Introduction
What do you want to be in the future? 5 years from now, how do you see yourself?
What is your ultimate goal in life? These questions are not unfamiliar to us but have you
really thought about the answers to these questions?
A goal is the object toward which the behavior is directed, usually within a specific
period of time (Go-Monilla & Ramirez, 2018). Goals can be related to one‘s career, health,
relationships, and more. Corpuz et al. (2019) clearly stated that goals serve as impetus in
order for us to work hard and maximize our abilities. Accordingly, our existence is anchored
on the goals we set to achieve. Whenever one goal is achieved, there comes another.
Achieving our goals provides us fulfillment and satisfaction. It empowers us and increases
our self-esteem. It is important, therefore, for us to clearly set our goals based on our skills
and abilities.
This chapter hopes to add to your understanding about setting goals, guide you to
set clear goals and inspire you to gain confidence that you can reach your goals.
Learning outcomes
60
Therefore the whole idea of goal setting is to facilitate a person‘s success. It has to
be made sure that the surrounding conditions inspire and allow people to accomplish their
objectives.
Locke (2002) identified four mechanisms that explain how goals affect performance.
1. Goals serve a directive function for they direct attention and effort toward goal-
relevant activities and away from goal-irrelevant activities.
2. Goals have an energized function. High goals lead to great effort than low goals.
3. Goals affect persistence.
4. Goals affect action indirectly by leading to the arousal, discovery, and/or use of task-
relevant knowledge and strategies. This lesson lays down the theories that have
been useful in helping people understand their goals and motivations as well as the
needs and challenges that they face in their life journey to success.
Source: https://thinkmarketingmagazine.com/how-to-create-smart-goals/
Assessment
In a long bondpaper, make your dream board. 20 years from now, what do
you want to achieve or have in possession? On a separate sheet of yellow
paper, specify how you will achieve that goal.
61
CHAPTER 3: STRESS AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE
Introduction
Before moving on to the last lesson for this module, you are encouraged to answer
the questionnaire below. Remember that you are not to write anything on the pages of this
module. Grab a separate sheet of paper and write down your answers. The questions in this
scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts DURING THE LAST MONTH. In each case,
you will be asked to indicate how often you felt or thought a certain way based on the scale
below:
0 = Never 2 = Sometimes 4 = Very Often
1 = Almost Never 3 = Fairly Often
0-4
1. How often have you been upset because of something that happened
unexpectedly?
2. How often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things
in your life?
3. How often have you felt nervous and ―stressed‖?
4. How often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal
problems?
5. How often have you felt that things were going your way?
6. How often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you
had to do?
7. How often have you been able to control irritations in your life?
8. How often have you felt that you were on top of things?
9. How often have you been angered because of things that were outside of
your control?
10. How often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not
overcome them?
TOTAL
Note: Before adding your total score, reverse score items 4, 5, 8, and 10 where an answer
of 4 is equal to 0, 3=1, 2=2, 1=3, and 0=4. Then, find the average. Any score higher than the
scores below indicates higher level of stress
Scoring:
Based on Sex Based on Age group
Male: 12.1 18-29: 14.2 45-54: 12.6 65 and older: 12.0
Female: 13.7 30-44: 13.0 55-64: 11.9
The questionnaire you just answered is the Perceived Stress Scale developed by
Sheldon Cohen (1994). From the name itself, it measures your vulnerability to stressful
situations. Not only that, the scale can also be used to know your ability to quit smoking, to
control sugar intake (for people with diabetes), and having more colds (yup, this scale can
do just that).
If you scored low, CONGRATULATIONS! You have managed your daily
inconveniences in the past month very well. If your score was on the average level, you
might need to take it slow and pause for a minute. If you scored high, STOP what you‘re
doing right now. Drop this module and take a breather.
Remember this: SELF-CARE IS A PRIORITY, NOT A LUXURY.
Learning outcomes
62
Lesson 1: What is stress?
In the Philippines, any talk about mental health is discouraged. When someone says
that he/she has been having negative thoughts, people would often respond with,
63
For this reason, most people would try to avoid any stressful situation. But can we
really avoid stress? Unfortunately, we can‘t. However, changing how you view stress can
help you manage your stressors, or anything that can cause stress.
The study conducted by Keller, et al. (2012) revealed the surprising relationship
between our perception of stress and general health. The 8-year study showed that 43% of
those who reported to have experienced high levels of stress and at the same time have
negative perceptions of stress died prematurely than those who have experienced high
levels of stress but have a positive view of stress. The study concluded that the negative
perception of stress is what‘s causing the negative effects on people – not stress.
64
Take a quick mental survey of your body. While breathing deeply, scan your
whole body, releasing tension as you find it. Check your posture and adjust as
necessary. It only takes a few seconds to do but can provide an immediate
change.
Practice healthy sleep habits and listen to your body’s needs. Going to bed
at an earlier time, ensuring that your bedroom is comfortable and quiet, and
practicing good screen-time habits before bed can help you enjoy a more restful
sleep.
Take care of your health needs. Schedule appointments with your doctor for
regular checkups, stay on top of your medications, or any other care you require
to maintain your physical health.
Exercise in some form. It‘s recommended that you get 30 minutes of moderate
exercise daily, but it may not be possible if you are struggling with a mental or
physical illness. Instead, focus on getting the exercise you can get, since even a
short walk to the mailbox is better than doing nothing.
Practice healthy eating habits. Eating regularly can help you to feel better,
even if you can‘t manage a nutrition-packed, home-cooked meal. Eating healthily
is obviously a great form of self-care, but so is simply making sure you eat
something each day.
If a beauty or skincare routine helps you, set aside time to pamper yourself
regularly. You might be surprised at the difference even a little bit of time to
focus on yourself can help.
Set aside time to talk with someone or to engage with your thoughts. Self-
awareness is an important part of self-care, so don‘t neglect your emotions!
Assessment
In a long bond paper, draw
your top 10 stressors that
you constantly encounter
and the things you do to
cope up or deal with those
stressors.
65
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COURSE GUIDE
Course: Understanding the Self Semester: First Semester School Year: 2021-2022
Class schedule: Instructor:
Course Description
The course deals with the nature of identity, as well as the factors and forces that affect the
development and maintenance of personal identity. More so, this course is intended to facilitate the
exploration of the issues and concerns regarding self and identity to arrive at a better understanding of
one‟s self. It strives to meet this goal by stressing the integration of the personal with the academic –
contextualizing matters discussed in the classroom and in the everyday experiences of the students --
for better learning, generating a new appreciation for the learning process, and developing a more
critical and reflective attitude while enabling them to manage and improve their selves to attain a
better quality of life. This course also includes the mandatory topics on Family Planning and
Population Education.
Course Outline
TOPIC REFERENCES
Unit 1 DEFINING THE SELF: LOOKING THROUGH THE Age of Enlightenment.” (n.d.), “Ancient
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Philosophy.” (n.d.), Churchland, (1981), De
CHAPTER 1: What is Philosophy? Landazuri, (2015), “Descartes, Rene |
Lesson 1: The Global Economy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.” (n.d.),
Gaarder & Møller, (2007), Meinwald, (2020),
Lesson 2: Ancient Philosophy
Morzinski (2002), “Socrates.” (2018),
Lesson 3: Modern Philosophy “Socrates.” (n.d.), “The Common Good.”
Lesson 4: Contemporary Philosophy (2018), Vanzo, (2013)
CHAPTER 2: Sociology and Anthropology Barnett, et al (2018), Covar, P., (2015),
Lesson 1: What is Sociology and Anthropology? KALikha (2019), Navarro, et al (2013),
Lesson 2: Development of the Self Parsons, V., (2019), Pavlou, G. (2018), Pe-
Lesson 3: The Self in Different Context Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000),
Sökefeld, M. (1999)
CHAPTER 3: Psychology Frank, et al (2010); Freud, S. (1905);
Lesson 1: Theories and Concepts in Psychology Horney, K. (1950); James, W. (1890); Jung,
Lesson 2: : Me-Self and I-Self: William James C. G. (1921); Jung, C. G. (1948); Knight, Z.
Lesson 3: Real and Ideal Selves G. (2017); Mcleod, S. (2014); Orth, et al
(2012); Oyserman, et al (2012); Passer &
Lesson 4: Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy
Smith, (2007); Prasad, et al (2020); Rogers,
C. R. (1959); Stangor, et al (2014) Weiten,
et al (2014); Woźniak, M. (2018)
CHAPTER 4: The Self in Eastern Thought Alata, et al (2018); Arslan, F. (2014);
Lesson 1: The Self in the Eastern Thought Bharati, S. J. (n.d.). Caslib, et al (2018);
Lesson 2: Notions of the Self in Classical Eastern Fadiman, J. & Frager, R. (1999); Ho, D.
Thoughts (1995); Khalil, A. & Sheikh, S. (2016); Kohn,
L., & LaFargue, M. (1998); Mainali, M. K.
(2020); Nizamie, et al (2013); Saksena, S.
K. (1939
Unit 2 UNPACKING THE SELF: DISCOVERING THE Alata, et al (2018); Caslib, et al (2018);
COMPONENTS OF THE SELF Contraception Methods - Family Planning.
CHAPTER 1: The Physical and Sexual Self (n.d.). Cruickshank, H. (n.d.); DiLonardo,
Lesson 1: Physical Self (2019); Frothingham, S. (n.d.); Gebhard, P.
H. (2019); Harrison, R. J. (2020); Rees, P.
Lesson 2: Sexual Self
(2001); Sexual Dysfunction & Disorders:
Lesson 3: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment, Symptoms & Diagnosis. (n.d.);
Lesson 4: Natural and Artificial Methods of The State of Queensland - Queensland
Contraception Health. (2019); World Health Organization:
WHO. (2020); Your Guide to the Sexual
ESSU-ACAD-501|Version 4 Page 1 of 4
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Response Cycle. (2002); Zimmermann, K.
A. (2018)
CHAPTER 2: The Material Self Alata et al., 2016; Belk, 1988; Caprariello&
Lesson 1: Components of the Material Self Reis, 2012
Lesson 2: What is Materialism?
Lesson 3: The pursuit of Happiness
MIDTERM
CHAPTER 3: The Spiritual Self Alata et al., 2016; Frankl, 1992; Frankl&
Lesson 1: Religion and Spirituality Stein, 2005
Lesson 2: Filipino beliefs in the Supernatural
Lesson 3: Finding the Creating Meaning
CHAPTER 4: The Political Self Alata et al., 2016; McCrone&Kiely, 2000
Lesson 1: The Role of Politics
Lesson 2: Seeking the Filipino Identity
Lesson 3: Democracy – From Theirs to Ours
Lesson 4: Political culture
Lesson 5: Developing a Democratic Culture
CHAPTER 5: The Digital Self Alata et al., 2016; Belk, 2013; Caspi, 2010;
Lesson 1: The Development of the Digital Self Gibbs, Ellison &Heino, 2006; Gonzales &
Lesson 2: Understanding your Online Identity Hancock, 2011
Lesson 3: Setting Boundaries Online: Smart Sharing
Unit 3 MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF Alata et al., 2016
CHAPTER 1: Learning to be a Better Student
Lesson 1: How Learning Happens in the Human Brain
CHAPTER 2: Setting Goals for Success Alata et al., 2016
Lesson 1: Locke‟s Goal Setting Theory
CHAPTER 3: Stress and Mental Health Care Alata et al., 2016
Lesson 1: What is stress?
Lesson 2: What Do Studies Say About Self-Care and
Mental Health?
FINALS
Course Requirements
1. Major examinations, quizzes, projects, reaction/reflection papers and other activities that shall
be submitted on the set deadline. Late submission would mean a deduction of points in the
grade for that requirement.
Course Learning Outcomes Required Output
At the end of the course, the students are
expected:
ESSU-ACAD-501|Version 4 Page 2 of 4
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identity;
CLO 6. Understand the theoreticalunderpinnings
on how to manage and care for the
different aspects of the self;
CLO 7. Acquire and hone new skills and
learning for better managing of one‟s self
and behaviors; and
CLO 8. Apply these new skills to one‟s self and
functioning for a better quality of life.
Course Policies Grading System
1. There will be two rating periods: Mid-term and
Conduct of Major Examinations/Removal Finals
Examination/Completion/Special 2. The grade for each rating period shall be
Examination computed as:
Major Examinations will be conducted as 50%- Assessments/Activities
scheduled in the Academic Calendar of the 50%- Major Examinations
University. 3. Final Average Grade =
As stipulated in the Student Handbook, (Mid-term Grade + Finals Grade)/2
conditional and incomplete grades obtained
during the 1st semester must be removed/
complied within one month after the
submission of the Report of Grades.
Students who are to take a removal
examination or have incomplete grades will
be notified through a text message or
personal message in Facebook messenger.
A special examination may be given only for
meritorious cases like illness/hospitalization
supported by a medical certificate from the
attending physician or University physician
or fortuitous events like earthquake,
typhoons, fire or death in the immediate
family. A written request has to be submitted
and approved by the Dean before the
instructor concerned gives such special
examination. (Source: Student Handbook)
Class Discipline
Everyone should maintain respect with
one another.
All students are expected to behave with
academic honesty. Any form of cheating
will be dealt with accordingly.
Students should participate actively or
get involved in class discussions and
other assignments/activities.
Respect the privacy of one another.
Avoid spreading personal information of
your teacher or your classmate without
their permission.
References
Books
Alata, E., Caslib B., Serafica, J., &Pawilen, R. (2016). Understanding the self. Quezon City, Manila: Rex
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Bookstore, Inc.
Ebooks
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. New York: Guilford Publications. PDF File.
Caspi, A. (2010). Self presentation and its perception in online dating websites. Open University of
Israel. PDF file.
Chaffee, J. (2016). The philosopher’s way (5th edition). New York: Pearson. PDF File.
Demitrio (1995). Creation Myths among early Filipinos. PDF File.
Fisher, H. (1994). The nature of romantic love. The Journal of NH Research, 6, 59-64. PDF File.
Frankl, V. E. (1992). Man’s search for meaning.An introduction to logotherapy (4th edition). Boston,
Massachusetts: Beacon Press 25. PDF File.
Frankle, R.S. & Stein P.L. (2005). Anthropology of religion, magic and witchcraft. Boston,
Massachusetts: Pearson. PDF File.
Hornedo, F.H. (1980). Myths and symbols Philippines. Philippine Studies, 28(2), 228-231. PDF File.
Marsella, A.J., Devos, G. & Hsu, F. (1985). Culture and self (asian and western perspectives). New
York: Tavistock Publications Ltd. PDF File.
McCrone, D. &Keily, R. (2000). Nationalism and citizenship. Sociology, 4(1), 19-34. UK: BSA
Publications Limited. PDF File.
Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. PDF file.
Toren, C. (2011). „Anthropology and Psychology‟. Handbook of the Association of Social
Anthropologists. London, New York: Sage Publications. PDF File.
Triandis, H.C. (1989). The self and social behaviour in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review,
96(3) 506-520. PDF File
Articles
Belk, R.W. (2013). Extended self in a digital world. The Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 477-500.
DOI 75.26.233.69
Belk, R.W. (1988). Possessions and extended self. The Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139-168.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489522
Caprariello, P.A. &Heis, H.T. (2012). Todo, to have, or to share? Valuing experiences over material
possessions depends on the involvement of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. DOI:
10.1037/a0030953
Gibbs, J.L., Ellison, N.B. &Heino, R.D. (2006). Self-presentation in online personals: the role of
anticipated future interaction, self-disclosure, and perceived success in internet dating. Communication
Research, 33(2), 152-177. DOI 10.1177/0093650205285368
Gonzales, A. L. & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: effects of exposure to
Facebook on self-esteem.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83. DOI:
10.1089/cyber.2009.0411
Hasse, C. (2012). Psychological anthropology: a reader on self culture. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 19,
385-387. DOI: 10.1080/10749039.2011.606588
Consultation Schedule:
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