M02 - 1 - Reservoir Definition - v6

Operations and Wellsite Geology
Module 2 part 1 – Reservoir Definition

Chapter Objectives
1. Understand how to define the physical structure

of a reservoir (structural geology)
2. Naturally fractured reservoir
3. Subsurface Mapping
4. Creating a Cross-Section
5. Understanding Well Correlation
1 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Schlumberger-Private
Introduction to Sedimentary Basins
Divergent
Plate Boundary
Transform
Plate Boundary
after Le Pichon, et al. (1973) Convergent

Plate Boundary
Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

The Wilson Cycle
Passive Margin Basins
Rift Basins
Active Margin Basins
Foreland Basins
modified from Allen, P.A. & Allen, J.R. (2005)

How Rocks Respond to Stress
• Rocks behave elastically, plastically or brittlely depending on:
– amount and rate of stress application
– type of rock
– temperature and pressure
• If deformed materials return to original shape after stress removal, they
are behaving elastically
• However, once the stress exceeds

the elastic limit of a rock, it deforms
permanently
– ductile deformation involves
bending plastically
– brittle deformation involves
fracturing

Folds
• Folds are wavelike bends in

layered rock
– Represent rock strained in a
ductile manner, usually under
compression
• The axial plane divides a fold
into its two limbs
– The surface trace of an axial
plane is called the hinge line (or
axis) of the fold
• Anticlines are upward-arching
folds, and synclines are
downward-arching folds

Fault Types

Fault Terminology
Normal Fault Reverse Fault
Strike direction Strike direction

Fault scarp
Key bed F.W. Dip

F.W. angle
H.W. H.W.
Dip angle
Fault plane Fault plane

Extensional Regimes (large-scale)
• Forces result in large-scale

(km) structures such as horst
(upward) and graben
• Faults usually high angle

Naturally fractured reservoir
A fractured reservoir is one in

which natural fractures have or
are predicted to have significant
influence on reservoir flow
properties, including:
• Increased reservoir porosity

• Increased reservoir permeability
• Anisotropy
(modified from Nelson, 1992)
9

Jebel Madmar in Oman (T. Finkbeiner, G. Bertotti and S. Geiger)

Mapping Structure - Maps and Cross Sections

Contouring
A Contour is a line of equal value.

It can be used to map any geological
property.
Contour maps can be created manually or
by computer
Some Guidelines
1. A Contour line cannot cross itself or any other contour, or merge with lines of different values !
2. A map may contain more than one contour of any value
3. When drawing a map, use the easiest contour interval necessary to draw the map. You can
always add more later
4. Choose a sensible contour interval (ie a whole number like 100) and use the same interval for
the entire map
5. Remember it is not “join the dots”. Contours do not have to pass through control points.
13
Contouring
https://blog.gaiagps.com/how-to-read-topographic-maps/
14
Topographic Map
Topographic map of a simple hill
15
Topographic Map
Topographic map of a cliff
16
Map Symbols
USGS
17
Geological Map
18 Pennsylvania Geological Survey bedrock geologic map of the McCoysville quadrangle, PA

Cross-Sections
Cross-Sections are used to create a (2D) vertical representation of

a geological (contour) map or a 3D model
➢ Computer-Generated or Manual
➢ Always some uncertainty as to exact correlation
➢ Geological experience and judgment are critical
Two Basic Types of Cross – Section

➢ Structural
➢ Stratigraphic

Structural Cross-Section
NW A Ties B – B’
A’ SE
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 Well 5 Well 7
Well 6
Depth
m ft
Layer B
O/W Oil
XXXX ft Water
Structural cross sections should

always have proportional
0 1 mi spacing.
1 INCH = 500 ft Their purpose is to define the
0 1 km shape and height of the reservoir.
20

Stratigraphic Cross-Section
NW A Ties B – B’
A’ SE
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 Well 5 Well 7
Well 6
Depth
m ft
Layer A Datum – Top of Wilcox
Layer B
0 1 mi
Proportional Spacing 1 INCH = 500 ft
0 1 km
NW Equal Spacing SE
A A’
Ties B – B’
Stratigraphic cross
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 Well 5 Well 6 Well 7
Depth sections may have equal
m ft Datum – Top of Wilcox or proportional spacing.
Layer A
Layer B Their purpose is to

correlate strata as assess
facies characteristics.
No horizontal scale
Well Correlation
Correlation refers to the identification of certain intervals in one well that relate to
equivalent intervals in a second well, or other wells.
➢ Usually the same geological age
➢ Often, but not always, same lithology
Correlation is an essential skill

for both the Operations and the
Wellsite Geologist.
The well plan will normally

have expected depths for the
key geological horizons, often
based on nearby wells

Schlumberger-Private 22
Review – Key Elements
▪ Understand Contour Maps

▪ Can create simple contour map of a property
▪ Understand Cross-Sections
▪ Can create simple cross-sections
▪ Understand Well Correlation


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Operations and Wellsite Geology

Module 2 part 1 – Reservoir Definition

1. Understand how to define the physical structure

1 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

after Le Pichon, et al. (1973) Convergent

Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Passive Margin Basins

Active Margin Basins

modified from Allen, P.A. & Allen, J.R. (2005)

• However, once the stress exceeds

4 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

• Folds are wavelike bends in

5 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

6 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Normal Fault Reverse Fault

Strike direction Strike direction

Key bed F.W. Dip

7 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

• Forces result in large-scale

8 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

A fractured reservoir is one in

• Increased reservoir porosity

(modified from Nelson, 1992)

10 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Naturally fractured reservoir

11 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

12 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

A Contour is a line of equal value.

Topographic map of a simple hill

Topographic map of a cliff

18 Pennsylvania Geological Survey bedrock geologic map of the McCoysville quadrangle, PA

Cross-Sections are used to create a (2D) vertical representation of

Two Basic Types of Cross – Section

19 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Structural cross sections should

Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

Layer B Their purpose is to

Correlation is an essential skill

The well plan will normally

22 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

▪ Understand Contour Maps

23 Copyright ©2021 NExT. All rights reserved

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