1) Submit a technical report on

i) Effect of solar insolation variation and temperature variation on I-V characteristics and
output power of PV system .
ii) Interconnection of PV panels mentioning challenges associated with series and parallel
connection of PV panels.

Ans:

I-V CHARACTERISTICS

The current-voltage curve of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is referred to as the PV system's I-V
characteristic. Incident light affects the amount of current generated by photon excitation in a PV cell
at a certain temperature in two separate ways: by the intensity of the light and by the wavelength of
the rays. In photovoltaic materials, the rate of photo-electron emission increases proportionally with
rising light intensity.

Solar Insolation and Irradiance

Solar insolation is the measure of solar energy that reaches Earth's surface. The unit of measurement
for solar insolation is kWh/m2/day, which expresses how much solar energy falls on a square metre
of Earth's surface each day. The quantity of insolation that enters a surface is greatest when it faces
the Sun directly. As solar insolation fluctuates during the day, I-V properties also change.

Solar irradiance is the amount of energy that the sun radiates as electromagnetic radiation to a
certain area (surface power density) within the wavelength range of a measuring equipment. Watts
per square metre (W/m2) are its SI units. The following I-V characteristics are obtained when the
temperature is maintained at 25°C and the solar irradiation is raised from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2.

I-V characteristic for different irradiation and constant temperature

 P-V characteristic for different irradiation and constant temperature

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

The temperature of a PV module has a significant impact on output voltage and output power. The
graphs below illustrate the linear expansion of the graph that is anticipated when the temperature
rises. As the temperature rises as a result of environmental changes or heat created by internal
power loss during energy generation, the open circuit voltage (Voc) decreases. As a result, the power
output is decreased. On the other hand, the voltage and power of the PV output rise when the
temperature falls in relation to the beginning point.

I-V characteristic for different temperature and constant irradiation

P-V characteristic for different temperature and constant irradiation