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Ebclrie Flux Densilu ^ Gouss's Law. arl Diuerqencz
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Fl-. l^-r - El,, u o.. J F/n.J.;t E/,, ,t l) aa s;/q


\-/.-

l"l us Iolacz a les-l "horqe of onz ,2on1 in an


o la zJriz EnH nr"rl tl/L- ;/ Lo ,rrDve., % En.. .u.J
,, ', - /ho JesJ cA-rnae u/i// mat2 ;/ o /ona ,a *rto;rt- \
vq I
f no lt .'. ro //on/ /,vo
-- : - t? '--
e,*- A F 2/,. .
I - - a

Bl plaeuq lhe 4"tt aharye ,t aluu /oc.h*r- I,le ,L

et e 4c anntte,. I - of for* ,6"y'?,r" l/t/" --c/tt4-- ua


n< ntad );n-a< - e
. fE-.o /)c trl o n/a<;e .a J-,, f-)^A-
\J J r-
t/* ,e,{o r ss . Sc We st s} s&,
I

- - cL fl, rt,nnl^er oJf /; r of forre c tn . r,' rTe


)( e,t,,a,/ /,, Tto ,,tazt;4,,o.LQ ^/ /*' nlonon |. rnbtn

7; f-- /.J /;ror, an t?A /fon .o;J Jo rcnrex<#

)L hr d,rr iso/o /*/ oa<il'la ^^ inl ol"n,€ e ho o/only*


ooinlr *, o/;'/At )r, *,'tor./
atr

tr

(1 ;r
=/J\
&
For44

l' ,"---: ...

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z/-W e[eclrlc{tox a,/znei,

tl ivik-t 6
aI
n- , T-
I t,

_ /.:- t,
J
A {.l.l,an 2< tA,E- z
d''- - u): tvay r r qe -l nP I, 71
r,\ I - ^^-tttn 4tn ol o.Lrtr' 2,t a,'e€ls.a 4--.1
LlVY9l fr"t E ftrv47
/1
<--..^.,1-.n L^'nJnnJ Lu 4L. e- //
,J,--",
v
^l ??- -*

f/* egua/|otw
,
(L+VL+ z!
t,
<(
',ro'/ o'/ ,L- wL+t,tL- ZL rL
u-F-
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60, irt S6>/^uia.0 **l;n+{e 1- I tn-


. J, ,rz girl a aLA
",16 il
(?..arauoo z -

o I <ir'r D at} oA n-
G7) qr
c- lD - D-ls = 3Bo I t^a dD d6
s o/ 0'

= 7Zo 7f rnc
Exyt*t4on ?
n
lCgA,n<e n- t^ ,r-^-- r?-.jntQ
- wT t o4v
_-^^ ^I -l . t^Z e -'^A nl^
-t/
1/ (), , 'A
v-ru

We L*vn ff.& =l
Af. 69
=O
ctr'a{ =<)
3o-, f. frs - (,n rt - 86 sfnd akt ArN ;.
I

zAo ( -rnh AD dd
J
5 fa ?6ta -< a-f,
o "T/t
t
o
t,

h orol4 / /<L

ir,,^:' .--)
Q,,,

a^ 6
6,
irra lhn
r, I U
ittr^foro d ic

tl
' ./J
bDfr 4rr * R,

+.^ ;r lntonnl- ;,7 h hro ,tt J'*o quA'n m ,n(


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tJ- -^ t(l -^^lo ) rz . ,,L-l-u-lt -o/ t^, 1r+. o,.n4n'n
I

) I d t.OrU in L'ou,/,o o,ltltfQ


<Anusn
U'J
.a C,

'd -

ls
_aqtr- lt)z
f^ -ln - u rr flt^ ra lrzlat

-a/ = e-
j., \ U-- ) -D-ols (

L__ "
J ^ 1f <.,
" ?- zo A,Da e nrhrr) Jlnn ;rtlano/ ,'(

I , lna "Ll"r/ ,"m worak qt Ettn ,<


CO l)-(y'wtt- J _
-d-
((
T Loto-( elec/ric ft"x eiltarLdhn/ fiom q- c/osea
3u(foro i< rlunleriallrl grca/1" fh! Mt nos?+
J'
chatac ;rci"L 4h/ closel surf4*, rt

U
>f v-= @
1,1 )

;n{ ch"rne e al f"L orr}; rg " { aspherr

ions!
Cl >P l,\o/t

Dr. 4S : Dsds
zlr. lf
:Ds

t/ Trz 4T€> Yz
= Ds ?-Tf 3L

ollotft
oltarrSle c.nPbf q'{ ,3

o'
tvulL Dp = _JL
zlff
o
ta- JL ,c

5s = Tr'a c),uryqq Ais+i h^4rv, a

tt& inner
(;

O' Js

lIJ- LA ob o^ c( b,,/iL L of th" i,,,ner

= ))5"'-
- 1=0 e3o

4 Ys @(f<b) 6forr,
.'. 3 Ds =
bo.a, ='J$d""
%, resnl/ ntqli( be exnrnssen( in br^t a
n*4 sur ,u^s{ be

L€c.:

c[,*ie o/t lt" onl+ qi l,',"g/or B

roe! b.i

o= Ds LTSL ( f>t)
fa) t ,^I^. I t

I f v1/t) ,

W e luqle a*uluz'l<tr 4
t "'rh;elul ' an.4 llc-" rc n^ fr-elrl w;f,,,,x lfu-
lt, .l .l
"jJLr rt -)r-/ vfrL ,e,ntft -7-
nt m oF
ir'tn
^-f L :n
. ....- -
n,^ ..tl
t4f Y
nyl ^,rJ^otn -noL'U.< n P"
5f aee beluteert c-tdqsJ"r
- -
- J^ Lo 2.il ^ol t,tr:-/t air - -T;J*+tt! cLat ct< ,an 1L- inn a*
7

- .^ r'l*.c'Jor is th ,r ( l) eLtni yr-o- 4ka d.o,n a tbu lh


-
U\-
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: € _, @h*rql sx62
-> nnercJt -e.ss
zTrq L z7T(,o-r) b.D ,Acr 2_

(2 R,-2
l:loufuc4t -3o/tO _o ?q ,tr
-s on+-r c1l zTi- bL ztr ( q x r6i) /" .s)

t -a^ 7'ru
A
iJf s aKr'r lo-(9-ss xtD ) nclwr
=
Jy

F^
r-
DJ. = )'SSX to c lq2 Ml,*t
€. g-gsv { rf= f f
A,+L ,, P t'toso e I ot esS itsM o no Id J" tt Yogt )dn

'\'\J
l- n-/l t lrtrrl
,.^,a, v' P \ ulArrl , F nnno| .D ntve ?4t
-rcflv 1-\ ^l^ O
cqlta

1,,r4 + l)a- Qz

cla*l 34
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+rctft Ton L
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* [J^ AqAT
u FU
lortT

2 Dx i.ot Ll Az
P t P - > vL-.tt ,il)rl2a-/t /' -p Ax/n
ll.'tt .t{Ow7 Tu {4 , J
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?, , H -Du'v.,,- AZ .,(.o1, o!
n- /fYdrc ,-Lnwte ,rf! t)
2 -\ r.rr,. -, a-
\ ttli fh- x
L Oxo + AX bDx
1- bx
rtr l,ara l) x^ )s Jk va lut u 4 I)- j P

Vl/ e fvuvo

f 4 (Dr,
\
++ +1)
o^/ bz
^9
tfon u

5inilorh 1., tt* L"'k foE ,

J Oac,<
= (-oxo**+) n.yl=.

ooo t )Dx Axav,.z


) frrol ' /o.Z bx

t / [ f dl<q AX A) AZ
SiniWj ) riat^* + ( ,.fL
Ut) =#
o^r4l ,, \N=-
3bKDJ/6
+ 1 \z
)

i{ n tu ( )Qr ' bl).v )


)s I zx zb bz /'-

b 11 -otsru (#*o#+ffi) xu

aF ,o,t,.r/?9s)'DfL ,.. rzvl -z nora xirtu-Lbtt- trl /,tSrL

F". +tc, ^n*o,r1 , u)e )'w,te oop)'d fl,,ussS L a',,s h


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U
n.,r,l haUe /r< o rceu # /tz 4 rtDro Xirl,"'hort a bave-

o
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\ ax >u az ./ \ol
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Clrtqa glzbroz{ in
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tDx >D >D2


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bDx . )Dg )De a


0 Z bV--> o A

AV+o AV

iD^. * l?p.* >-D:1 = sv

\techr I,ut'l 1*+-0 A , e+,^$ru @) C-q^ b<

Ci,, olA=divAo
f,,) t) bDz
flf >6

Tl)r-z
Yz bv vsinE be
>D/
tsfnO
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r4
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U
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^ _/ JJ

6olu honq
=--
o4i/ D = *ax + )DD *
>a >2
)rDa
-
-x n)(
-e+iny!+e+h\+2_=L C,/ra

( il ec'{noshh'cs)
'

Rt n =a
J!
Qer u'vri+ {oltar4
b [-{t a
AU Av
As ffu VolunQ sLw;nks +" kro

L;rre { r''lt : li,,n- q


Av+O Aw /]V.+o /]V

) fi ha.a
vJ- -
1 -uhfL, oe

div D=frt
(

W rlr th firt( . * ltAatulcll's {*r 1ue*llhs


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a

y= }r '' - -' ' -:-rsin.A tA" -"


\t/ |) ' 'Z /.-e f)-\ L - .
--
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"fsjn}

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l; zecl (7 ic .Lf;n.J i

>() F r();- >() :


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bx )y b?

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lirwl

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but -f- v'D

Veohr
1" fifr. i *l "I

tttl c(ns?o( sur ))


tz 1
I

-'w
n-.1 J$a reolan n,'lor ,nnellel o;oed f^-,^ ,)
JI' q
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.21)lu t tvvl5

ntf^o hrtf n ,s oara ilzl L fEa \n ?-oo c


t/'/a
J
o1 z^a ,rol z--? Sa 6.fr =o tLove
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-
7-c
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VX4
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U
i- ( D){21 , Gltl*za)
)) o/ o/
q, l .tl
. [ [ (D)..-^' (-drd7"i) + lfDr=r. (dr o+zy)
/! iJ
n3 t^L ^3.2
' (D^\-,fudt
z J (e)^=o4d, +
C,() d'ro
,il ,

fD) akolz r f ( 'r,>"t olxd?,


alJ /o--
L,"t (n-t
x.-.t / x=o =
o n,.J (D"\,-^-(D,)
uu v'-A
aO
/ea
,\, nJe 4 'l-ro,r. .,]vtolz . (l 41 audt

= l', at -- lL
DJ

eite !.D --#(rx}+ftU) -LE ?

- r\f--nloL,- f,g
lvo'l7
| ,Ytr|L.4dtc>9d,+= a"i'I"s $az
tJ
,'
^tL(
?-
el?
a- E f<. 2a.-- P ,i ( 2

< ^luJ'r'onz Fu. a l)nt z\4aru" i,'t rt,r/;"rtlrt o/


- ^- t;nz#2<, ,
t,,

Ir-vtv-.-.--.

--/".7
F fz-E
z/r4_f r
41.,r
.v-E : | _) (a fr \ ,
<'r ---. '\ J_/
tu7?r \l - n

2x r -si,t,c) r- )J =r,n u

r-&n09i
t-- |
2-'.,-,^ ll - epc.ir
-
a ,E |, -, ^ weY
--. 7 ^-- J -lD
-- -^z--
.
J -J TISTVZ
A-t
1-ttlvt \t, rl
i

f W -v 't''f Af " J -r'/

az.be\
+-b-

= zs;n/ - 2_sin6+rtz
-42
) tl n t a
- I --' s

cLo-ao L^< ) -,lz'rt2e.n/tt z^ ^2 I ,Le.a


o 6
9qluJrW ,: e .; r<.n;, /anr.)
-rtIT
-r \-r-'
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6^€^E - ztA va
fr
F*

lD^ fr, r)a


)
V= yzlr\-/ (,"o\

Y; br\- qTrfz)

+ zt d'= 4 , fr,"ol o.F


a+ (vztQ.to)
IL

I. (zotsz\
r- 6Z
=2-stvtd -?sincA -/o eesz
. vT

v.4/ -+
'(t t [,9 L
jF>f,
to tq

i +L (s 3) =D

+z
\z 6,
t.e-v-v/

-<
t/, t
ff -oI-t - c)
C Zrr 2^d

e Vn: I L^ 52.- - ()Ja)zE , f( -.-,-

: lzq. q
)ry'Y

f, 4a ,,'o/n{- tr'oh

\7-A=_ lI l<oetft*J L.rz_1


f os' € a2

3o ;3 , o-- )S o
+
-t r off -)

\Y "/'-\- - J
J J oJ cf JF
I

loq- tt

l.lut t , Cnru^ lttl 6 = (r r"/o1 rf- (ctnz) in <nra,i


,
ra-7
?n,,>))^.Ls /ao
Drrnloale Lj* <.', ^t-, ^ P Jl- -!,1rau^
It,
'fFz' ron- f - +rt {nlznue €.ncb<--ol b-r v - /t
\t) /
I
a"eL O- 1li

I-/ al Zt 5lrn,-t 4t/ +1* o'l;p2'rglota-?J- o i E ir -ze'-'\


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