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Buffersolution2019 2020
Buffersolution2019 2020
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Buffer solutions
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Physical Pharmacy
2nd stage – 1st semester
2019-2020
Hassanien S. Taghi
Phd , pharmaceutics
Buffers are compounds or mixtures of compounds that, by
their presence in solution, resist changes in pH upon the
addition of small quantities of acid or alkali. The resistance
to a change in pH is known as buffer action
Biological Uses
In biological systems (saliva, stomach, and blood) it is essential
that the pH stays ‘constant’ in order for any processes to work
properly. Most enzymes work best at particular pH values.
[1] A weak acid together with a salt of the same acid with a strong base.
These are called
Acid buffers e.g., CH3COOH + CH3COONa.
[2] A weak base and its salt with a strong acid. These are called Basic
buffers.
e.g., NH4OH + NH4Cl.
Buffers usually contain mixtures of a weak acid and one of its salts, although
mixtures of a weak base and one of its salts may be used.
The latter suffer from the disadvantage that arises from the volatility of
many bases.
A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or
hydroxide ions that you might add to it - otherwise the pH will change. Acidic
and alkaline buffer solutions achieve this in different ways.
Adding sodium acetate to this solution, it mean we add a lots of extra acetate
ions. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, that will tip the position of the
equilibrium even further to the left.
The solution will therefore contain these important things:
1. lots of un-ionized acetic acid ;
2. lots of acetate ions from the sodium acetate ;
3. enough hydrogen ions to make the solution acidic.
Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't
change very much - but because of the equilibria involved, it will fall a
little bit.
Adding an alkali to this buffer solution
Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions and the buffer
solution removes most of these.
For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the
same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions.
Sodium acetate is a strong electrolyte so it dissociates completely in
solution. Acetic acid is a weak acid so it only ionizes slightly.
Therefore, the mole ratio of salt to acid is 1.74/1. Mole percent is mole fraction multiplied by
100. The mole fraction of salt in the salt–acid mixture is 1.74/(1 + 1.74) = 0.635, and in mole
percent, the result is 63.5%.
Question
One desires to adjust a solution to pH 8.8 by the use of a boric acid–sodium borate
buffer. What approximate ratio of acid and salt is required?
Example
When selecting a suitable buffer the pKa value of the acid should be
close to the required pH and the compatibility of its components
with other ingredients in the system should be considered. The
toxicity of buffer components must also be taken into account if the
solution is to be used for medicinal purposes.
buffer capacity, β. It is also known as buffer efficiency, buffer index,
and buffer value.
the concept of buffer capacity and defined it as the ratio of the
increment of strong base (or acid) to the small change in pH brought
about by this addition. For the present discussion, the approximate
formula
Equation ……..1
can be used, in which delta, Δ, has its usual meaning, a finite change,
and ΔB is the small increment in gram equivalents (g Eq)/liter of
strong base added to the buffer solution to produce a pH change of Δ
pH.
A More Exact Equation for Buffer Capacity
The buffer capacity calculated from previous equation 1 is only approximate. It gives
the average buffer capacity over the increment of base added. Koppel and Spiro1
and Van Slyke2 developed a more exact equation,
Equation ……..2
where C is the total buffer concentration, that is, the sum of the molar concentrations of the
acid and the salt. Equation (2) permits one to compute the buffer capacity at any hydrogen ion
concentration—for example, at the point where no acid or base has been added to the buffer
Maximum Buffer Capacity
An equation expressing the maximum buffer capacity can be derived from the buffer
capacity formula of Koppel and Spiro1 and Van Slyke,2 equation (2). The maximum
buffer capacity occurs where pH = pKa, or, in equivalent terms, where [H3O+] = Ka.
Substituting [H3O+] for Ka in both the numerator and the denominator of equation (2)
gives
Equation ……..3
Example
Maximum Buffer Capacity
What is the maximum buffer capacity of an acetate buffer with a total concentration
of 0.020 mole/liter? We have
Key Concept
Buffer Capacity
(a) the value of the ratio [Salt]/[Acid], increasing as the ratio approaches unity, and
(b) the magnitude of the individual concentrations of the buffer components, the buffer
becoming more efficient as the salt and acid concentrations are increased.