Pi Sa Tap ‘hop, phéin tu cua tap hap Sé ty nhién. Cadch ghi.s8 la m&——___________- Coe phép todn vii sé ty nhiém——______ Tinh chat cda phép cong va phép nhGn——___... Loy thio. Thd ty thye hién phép tinh. Quan hé chia het__________________.. Tinh chat chia hat - Déu hiév chic hét. Ude. chung, béi. chung. $8 ngbyén_ $d Cdch tim UCLN, BCNN. | $8 nguyén Cd. phép tinh vdi 88 nguyén—__13 Quy tée. dé. ngedo¢———__________14 Phép nhan sé nguyén———________14 Phan sé. Rut. gon phan | sé. Quy déng mau sé So sdinh. hai phan sé. 1 Céng, tris, nhdn, chia phéin s@_i{__ Tinh chéit! phép ¢éng,.phép nhén jphan sd__20 Hén 86), 88 thép phan, phan trém——__24 Bai todn cd ban vé phén. s6____22 Hinh hoc trde quan ——_____23 Tinh dai xding—_—_—_—___________26 olém. Buéng théng.—_____2 Quan hé give diém va dung théng__28 Ba diém thang hang————_H—~——___28 Dutng thang trang nhav, song song, | cat nhav___29 Doan thdng. Trung diém doan thding__30 Th le leit cloacae Géc, $6 do goc. 32),ee PHAN TU QUA TAP HGP fd ¢ 4 . Khdi niém: Tap hop la.mét nhdm ede sy vat, Su viée cd chung mét tinh chat, edch biéu dién. Ki hiéu tap hap: cha edi.In hoa. { Cde phan td dude viét trong hat dau ngede nhen {}, ecieh Inhau bdi dau “5”, mdi phén. tu cht let ké A lan. poet te dude kif hiéu: | hk LEA‘. 4 thudeo A (4 Ia phan td.cda A) (a) SEA: |S khang thud A | po | (5. khdng 16 phan tu eda A) is 1 jets Cdch_vidt t4p- hep: | | ral Cdch 4: Liat ké \cde _phdin tu. cdch 2: Chitra tinh | chet ddc feng. vi.du: ‘Tap hep A gém) cdc, | ea” ty bisic, nhé han 5 cdeh 4: Als Loa, 2 1, 4} Cdch 2: Aste] een, x x4) takenotes. beta 1Be ee ww ia wo ww Ww we ee el ee es ee ~~ sé TU NHIEN (TIEP)— S& Lay May Quy. tdo Phdi_céng,.troi_ try. fa 36. viét_khéng qud_3Ian f $6b&€n_trdi nhd_hdn s& géc. tse La Ma bi@u dién cdc sé tt 4 d&p 30: $6) La Md takenotes. betaCAC (PHEP TOAN VGi “SO Aw nhién 4.Phép cing a +t, b m Cc. 7 wt L s6 hang — sé hang... .t6ng 3.Phép nhan | a} BL 4.Phép chia | $8!) chia. 96.chia —thugng Ta: a ao} bl Sl le fe poy 7) v L sé’ bichia s6chia —__ thuding sé du "| (Ogr chia hat | x . takenotes. beta 4PHEP CONG VA PHEP NHAN 1 Jit elf scaled Céng_ vi s6'O 44020+a=.a typ G24, | phén. phéi cda a.(btce)= abtac phep nhén déi 4 S@ takenotes. beta 5Loy thua bac n eva 86 ty nhién x 1d tich eda n tha sé bang nhau, méi tha sé bang x: . I Ao : rt ( x) [ IG = 9. De... DC, (NEN a fh ad’ be ne ran : ep | | | 5°: chu ys | 888 wx goi la oc biah, phudng kx} goi ld 2% I6p phueng #6} qud.cda 27 (2€N) [4 36 chinh phudng (VD: 0, 4)4, 9)... gQi Id etic sd’ chinh phyong wt os08; 4 42) 422", 923%)... Bi > Quy ude: a9 1° 4 (000) &, j takenotes. betefrit @. tie thea Nh&n hai. [Sy thita cng co 36: m a™.,a% zqMtn vo: 23,2? = 29*? 2 95 Chia hai Idy thi acing co 36% Ly thoa cua IG, thita fort nahn Loy ‘thon cua. mét teh: — Cab)" 2 at octal vo: .3.2)4. 5.34.24 | THU TY THUG HIEN PHEP TINH +LOyY- Hua}! NHAN, CHIA |! céna, ret) ji vel biéu thie o6 dau ngode : EI) takenotes. beta 7HIA HET $8 a chia hét cho b. ki hidu la: aib a:b a la _béi eda of la _Ude_cda_a vi du: Ki higu = Ua) I Ia #€p ing. ig: daa BL) Id..tap |hap! cde, b6i_cda.b | N&U a, khéng! chia nif let b to kt hiéu : avb fap fd ff _ Gach, _tim, dai cia 460° = Léy sé dé nhén 1g nm lat vot O; 4; 2;. =Vv0: Tim béi eda 244 Lén uot. nhén @ vai 0,452; 3). .tadude cde béi cua 6 1d | QO; 6; p42; 18;..- Chich ‘tian ude edo, 4.86% = bay 36. dé chia, Ian luat . cho cde sO tahian tv 41> sd do, néu chia hét, thi, dé Id ude. = V0: Tim ude cua 20: Lan (udt chia 20 cho cdc sé ty nhién tc 4 > 20) far thay 20 chia hét cho 4,2,4,5, 40, 20 (20). = {452545 5; 40,20} Sdorwien Sat 8> Tinh Chat; Chia hét Releases donc -oeslanelanen aseeechenness 4 hiév bim Cua dtdng , ai "| > (a+b)im 2 (a-b) im Cua 4 fel aim _Tdo. bong Ia sé’ chan. AL, 284 5 4056, 7 i rang cde chit s8° chia hét cho 3. | 24),.96; AI4 , 3564). Tan cong Ia 0 hodc § vo: 400 i 985 ,; A#SO; Téng cde cho 86° c chia hat r 9 : vo: 84; 435; t344; Tan | cong la ry va, téng cde cht sd’ chia hat cho 9 vo! g0,; 270; 4690,... takenotes. beta 9n6U(a) n€ UC(a)b) néu né& Ub) VD: U(A2) = 4.45253; U(32)2 (452, UC(A2, 32) = me BC fab of | | feta LT a me Bb) vo: 446.384) ; 44€ (22) = 44.€ oc (4, 22) veugy ¥S6' In nhat trong 480 hgp UC (a;b) goi Id ude chung [dn nhdt eda avd b. kr higu ; UCLN(a, 5) v8 be nh&t trong tap hdp @C(a; 6) gai 1a bdi chung nhé nhét cla a va b, KI higu: BCNN (a, d) Ue (a,b) = UCUCLN (a,b?) VD: UCLN (24,36) = 42 | | Ue (24, 36) = UCA2) = {4y2535 4) 642} takenotes. beta 10SO nguyén té’ » $6 nguyén 6a 88 ty nhién Ién hdn4,chr eo hat wdc IG. 4 va chinh nd. 25 s6 nguyén. 1 ddu tién (tat ed ede sé nguyén t& nhé han A00)Id : 2, 3, 5, t, 14). 43, 14, 19, 23, 29, 34,33, 44, 43, 4%, 53, 59, 64, 62, 74, 73,79, 83, 89, 9? Hop 56’. Id| sd’ ty nhién} (dn han 4, ed:nhiéu hdn hai ude. | Bude 2: Chon. ede thita sé’ | nguyén ta chung va riéng voti 38” md dn nhdt 's6 yoda chon, tinh két quad. vit dy: ‘Tim BONN (48, 23) Bat, ABS 2. 2 : 23s 3? Bd: Ja. chon cdc thya, 's6” 82: Chon.cdo thiva s8: 2va 3 chung vdi 86 md nhé nhGt| s6'md.idn nhat eda 21a 4 la: 25,5) (8 md NN dé lad )} sd" md iin nhat edad Ia 3 Bs: PELAIC Hos} = 2.5 B3:BCNN(48,22)= 2. 3° | = AO = 54 takenotes. beta i‘350 NGUYENS) wCde sé ty nhién 4, 2,3,4,...cdn dude goi la cde 3d’ nguyén dudng (hay t&p 8’ N* Id tap cde SS nguyén dudng) wede so -4, -2;-3;-4;...ggi Id ede 36’ nguyén am. wldp hdp_s6nguyénigdm: ps6’ nguyén Am Qs fant fet tt | { ee S6, nguyén dudng ki hiéu tap hgp, 6 nguyén: . 4 v B1éu dién. trén_ true. pope 8k ot fou} f+ 14-4 2 | | $6 nguyén|ém | pop tt tb fot} sd bén trdi nhd han 96 bén phdi (vo: + 3< +2) 80 sdnh hal sé’ngyyén: : +86 nguyén dm .<0 7? sé'nguyén Gm < 36 nguyén dudng +N@U_.a b Id hai séinguyén dudng ya.a >b thi -a<-b VO: 23, =p -27 73 5 624-6 8) -Giaa. hodata +b +G5)= (5)? = t-552 + két hdp +5)t2=-3+(Stt)= 9 *C6ng vot sé’ tO=O+a = VD: -3 +[-(-3)]=-3t3=0 2 =C5)+ (-2)2-(St2)2-%. “so” takenotes. beta 13hd Quy tac oldu ngode Khi bd d@u ngode cd déu +" ddng trudo, ta 9% squye déu eda. ccc. 6° hang trong ngodc. ss vo: a+ (b+c-d) = o+tbtc-d Se kKhi bd dau ngotic co dau "-" dang trudo,ta phdi dé dau. t&t cd ede sé hang trong déu ngode: déu “+" déi thanh "=" vd ddu "+" idéi thanh “+”. = Vo: a= (ib+e-d).z a-b -c +d Sa €@® Phép phén so nguyén aiff bm sfovsen ect — Név. a) bEN*, ItHi: a, Cb). = i | Ga).Cb 8 3 a < e 5 & s a z 3 4 q 2 2 5 wn 6 2 cing der. -» f° phi |s8 ty ahién | ldy dé. theo so sé tu cd phan STN Idn ban vo: (2) +45 Fatt ; (2) va| 3, hott lakh ak phept” : Lay 3-2 =4 3> 2» Léy dau theod +)» Cat adeeact ‘Meo php tae, pret Nhan 2.36 | etng a ket qua Id 88° dudng (+) Nhén. 2. s y trl 3 két qud Id 86° dm (-) eee Con's iy, BGs AB; CSI F AS ee stinainenntetmibihstcaesan tense takenotes. beta 14MBPHAN SO Khdi niém: © Phan 46’ co dang 2 vdi abe Z vd b#0 did tu 36°; b Id mau 8 ose’ nguyén a dude go pee ‘5 Rag | C6)= 3.(-2) =-6 1h 1 bt ott Le ap chat bén eda phan sé: a takenotes. beta“ Muén rut gon phan s8, ta chia cd tU vd mau cua phan sd’ cho mét ude chung (# 4 vi -1) vo: 4. 4:2 _ 2 $2 62 3 © Phdn |sé’ t8/ gin (hay phan 80 khéng rut gon dude nda ) I phén, s6 ma .ca td va mau chi co ude chung la 4 va. -4. vee eds gen duad phan | \s8 tét gidn ta chia cd tv va ,mau cho ay eva ching. vo: 26. 26:5 5. *CUCLN (25,459 = 5) 45.7 45125. 3) 4 takenotes. betaTAaw diag méiu sé Cdo bude quy.déng méu sé nhiéu phan 3d: FP Bude 4: Tim béi chung eda ede mau (thudng f la BCNN) —> méu sé’ chung. ¢ Bude 2: Tim thita, s8 phy cba tisng phn 36 2 dng icdch I6y mau. 86 chung chia cho. mau sé.cda, tng phan sd. Bude 3: Nhén od td va mau vdi thiva sé phy .tudng. dng. VD: Guy déng méu $6 hai. phan 36° 4 va 2 | Bai, tap dp dyng: Quy déng mau so cde phan sé’ 5. va} eh. if 14 5 takenotes. beta 17» 8 So sinh & hai phiuy sé ‘ 6 VTrong hai phan 98° 6d 00h ig mét mau dudng, phé 386’ nao co te tin han thi phén sé do i¢n hdn. ae ve! 3 abet (wi dea) + | VTrong hai phn sé 88. 66. cing mét ty sé dudng, phan 36 | ndo cd mau, Ini hon hen thi phan 86 dé phd hon. HCA: dna rh Ps Pe a in. sO cUng Gm hode cung dudng) ra big - v.Muén. so. re ai phan sé khéng cing mou, ta quy déng mé ode. tt sé réi so sdnh. wp: So sdnh bal han s6 sau : 2% ya ib | | | AS a 5) = 4S aén 3.33.2 18 takenotes. betaCONG - TRU - NHAN -cHiA Phréuv S& Trude khi céng, tru: hai phdn sd khdce mau sé, ta can quy déng mau sd’ réi, thyc hién. nhu trén. VO: 3 y 22 SA, 8.2 242, 40 - 22 2 5." 47720 "201 "Zo. "20 ~ 207 40 Nhan: o. © a6 d ~ b.d vo: 2 $, 2:8. 40-8 | 3° 6° 3.67 48° 9 | Chia: ao,er.ga ds. (4 area co” bitty | vo: 3.2 228,343,783 - I 6°38: G 2 62 takenotes. betaTinh chat phép cng, phép nhan Mle sé fuang ty. hep céng, phép nhén 9 "4p hap $6 nguyén. 1 |Hon 36, s6 thép phan, ho; * phan tram *3° a? Hon so: ab (abc €Z ; c+0) b 2. ace+b - b b 2 OC+b = gy 2 Or. VO: 3 -2.4 +3 44 & 4 4 4 $4 thap phan: + Phan sé thdp phan la phan sé cd méu. sé’ Id iy thita cua 40. a MO: 4! ..-5 40). fa phan sé thap phan. = ol 7 ate P phar apt ag =Cde phan sd, “hap phan viét dudi dang 86 thap phan: ] - + Phan nguyén, viét_bén trdi dau phdy. == + Phén thép. phan -vié} bén_ phdi dau phdy . I ig + So ch sé” ea | phdin thap phan ding béing sa { I ” cho s6°.0!6. méu sé’ cua phdn_ sé thap. phan. 685 ima vO: 25. ASL j t aa =0)25 > ~0_ 4455 —* | . ze aay. id Phan tram: anni a +NhGng. phan 58 co m6v 14 400 duge, wa viét dudi dang poe tram. (7a) . Y MO:. 43. 2 ig, O. = 50% 54230. 39%, ta “Joo Fi? ® si 140" 400~ *° +4 takenotes. beta 21a y a = ii a | # = if 4 t a a a a a a x x | | | BAI ‘Ob fon oan, Bai todin 4: Muéh tim © eda sé b cho trude, ta) tinh : a, b. (m,n €Z,n #0) w: = eda Gla: $-6sthag Bdi 14 : 4 eda 2018; Bai todn 2:.Muén _mét 80 biét D eda nd bdng a, ta. fiah | a. | (Un ne nH) VD: Tim 4 $6’ biét 5 ota ns la 46. Gil goas Io dG 4 Ei 24g. 3 = 24 bai ps im 4 Hae +. = ight no la 49 Bai todn 3: Muén ‘tim tt 3d phan tram cua hai 36 avd b ta nhén a vdi 400, chia cho b va thém ki hiéu %,:, a * 400 % vo: Tim. WR Py phdn. tram eda 25 va 1215 Gidi: Ti sé’ phe tram ca 26 va A2$ Id: | 5 x/400 Piyasi%@ = 20% takenotes. beta 22Hinh hac true quan: Hinh tam gide déu + So Hinh luc gidc déu | aT Hinh tam gide déu AR © Ba canh bdng nhau: AB = BC =CA .@ Ba géc. bing nhau va i bang. 60° — Reb =€ = 60° ' ° séu ‘conh bang nhau + |) AB =BO=>CD= DE=EF=FA a + « Sdu gdéc bang nhau va bdng 420° Az6-€-B-E =F = 120° Ba duding cheo chinh bdng thau: AO= BE = CF takenotes, beta 23gy er hee ‘ ~, A Hinh cho nhat *Bén gdc_bdng nhgu vd bing 9° A R=6 = 20 = 90° *Cde canh déi bang nhau 4 AB=DC ; AD = BC S< dudng chéo béng nhau | AC.= BD | t | inh binh hanh | #Cde leanh dei bding nhou: , AB zCD ; AD= aC “Coc gdo di. pang. aha: “ede eanh ddi song song ABCD 5 AD MBC ‘| dién, tich : Seah C= 2(arb) Chu. vi + takenotes. beta 24bey hoc ** Hinh i 9 9 *Bén canh bang nhau * Hai duéng cheo vusng gée voi nhau bb *Cdc gdce déi bdng nhau *DIEN tich: S= + a.b *chu wis C= 4.m Hinh vu6ng: *86n . canh bang nhau *Bén géc.bding nhav va = 90° “Hai dudng cheo bdng. nhau Hai dung cheo. vuéng gée. vdi nhau. *OiEn. teh; S=at *Chu. vi: C= 4a Hinh thang can: 2e@ *Hai canh bén bang nhav a * Hai dudng chéo bdng nhau $.. *Hai canh ddy song song vai nhav / \ / ln *Hai gdc ke mét ddy bding nhau \ ff *Dién tich: ¢ -. (a.+b).h ——— } 2 takenotes. beta 258) TINH DOI XUNG ee Co dudng thding d chia hinh thanh hai phéin md néu “gdp” hinh theo dudng théing J > hai phéin “ehding khit" én nhaw > Nhding hin nhu thé’ goi Iq hinh c6 true ddi «ung va dudéng thdng d id truc déi xing eda hinh dé. vi'dy vé hinh ed truc déi xung: | | | | | 1 Be id ly 'd Co mét diém O sao cho khi quay hinh xung quanh diéim O dung mét nda vong thi hinh thu dude “chéing hk voi chin | nd ¢ vi fri ban du (trude khi quay ) > Nhding hinh nhu thé’ goi la hinh cé tam déi xung va. diém 9 dude goi la tam dai xdng cua hink do. Vidy tam dé xing ¢da hinh : on aN. . < > | a“ = Nhén xi: +Tam \d8i .xuing cda hinh binh hdnh, hinh thoi, hinh vudeq, hinh ghd nhét, Id giao diém cua hai dudng cheo -Tém | didi xuing cdo hinh luc gide déu & giao cid cla. ede duéng chéo chinh. takenotes. beta 262aeeseUuuNNWeneee ee ee eee *Diém Id mét khdi_ niém co ban eda hinh hoo , fa khong dinh nghia diém mé chr hinh dung nd, chang ban bang mét hat bui rat nhd, mét chdm mue trén mat glidy 4... * Hai diém khang trong nhau Id. hai diém phan biét. *Bat cd hinh hoc ndo cang d&u Id mét tGp hop cde dién. Ngudi ta goi. tén digm bding_.cde_.cht.cdi_in. hoa. vd: ciém A, diém B,, diém_C,.. ee Duvng tog “pee? thding {a cst khdi niém cd ban, to_Khéng.dinh aghia’ ma chi hinh dung nd, chding. ban nhy. méat sgi chi cdng thang, vet, but. chi yach trén canh thude,.. *pudng .thdng eUng Id tap hdp cdc dig. +Dudng thang Khong bj gidi han vé hai phia. Nui |ta dat tén dudgng thang bdng mét chi edi thuding, hode hai cho? thudng, hode hai, aiém at ki thude duéng thdng ree 5 a ving théng d) dudng thang AB, takenotes. beta 27@ Guan hé gia diém va duvéng thdng * piém A thuge cluding théing d va dude kf hiéu Ia: A6d * Diém B Khéng thudée duéng thding d, ki hiéu Id: BE d *khi ba. diém cong thudc. mat duéng Co thdng, ta ndi_chdng. thdng hdng, CYP AL. Bo Le » Vii ba diém thdng hang Ay Bc Abu hinh trén, cd th adi: - piém_8.ndm_gida..hai diém Ava C Hai diém._ A va & cong ndm vé mat, phia déi vei diém C hai digi Bvac ndm ¢ung. phia déi. vdi diém A. Har er c ndim skid phia déi vi diam B. +khi ba digm khéng cing thudc bat ike dudng théng ndo , ta ndl chung Khéng thang nang. SOE | +d k 8 }_}—}| ; Ba diém A) B,D khéng thang hang. er mét va. chi mat iduang thang, - sb ai _di qua 2 diém phan biét. takenotes. beta 28st BWR MN ee oe ee Oe ee eek Shane Si ha VHai dung thdng a,b bat ki cd thé: Tring nhaqu: cd vé sé’ diém chung. VO: Budng thdng AB va CB trong nhau A Be Cat nhau: chi © y 4 diém chung (giao diém) VD: Dudng thdng avdb cat. nhau tai O t e 4 4 Song song. khéng_.cé diém. chung ndo. VO: @ va. b.song song vei nhau. Kr hiéu : ot Mo Vv. Chd Y: 7 Hal duang thang khéng trong nhau duse by Qi" Id. hai duéng| thang phn biét. i pod | khi co nhiéu duging thdng cdt nhau tai 4 > diém tandi ching ddng, quy tai diém dé. —~ ikti cd ohi@u duang théing hung trong dé khéng cé hai duing thdng ndo song song va enn khéng cé ba dudng thdng nado déng quy, ta ndi cdc. dugng thang nay déi mdt cdt nhau ~ hole cat! nhau ting dai mét. . takenotes.beta 29' ae a a ee ee an tote a aw a a — Doan thang. or Trung dig doan thdng—— ’ ; Doan thdng AB Boan thang AB, hay doan thang BA, Ia hinh gém diém A, cng vdi cdc AX 72 diém nam. gida A va B. | piu eiuit A,B Id hai du mut (mut) eda doan thdng AB. (mit) Trung diém cda dogn thang (4 diém ném gida va cdch déu hai mdt eda doan thang (cén goi Ia diém chinh gida eda dagn thang) _ 88s vd: Mla frung diém. cda, AB M nam gida. Ava MA =MB= + Ae Cdch A: (" MA.+ MB = AB MA =M a. 2M a trong ¢ gem. cua AB. Cdch 2: cd: AM = MB=- z AB | >M la frbnk lass 2 cua AB. takenotes, beta 30-Hinn gém diém O vd mét phéin dung théing, bi ,chia ra bdi | diém Oo duge gdi 1 mét tia gde 0. 2 én. duting ithéing a 1G tia déi_nhau. i| nhau. Néu lida [nay led cung, 98 St | i ching khde, géc. z te thane ran nhau, con jude. oi \hai | tia | phéin biét. takenotes. beta 31WUE Hae ea eee aaa wn a @ 55 do gdc Codec: \ A | «6d Id Kink gm 2 tia chung dc. Goo ¢hung eda. hal ta gai 16 dinh cia, gde. Hai! tia Id hal canh icda. gdée. VO: ABE fp bdi tla BA va tla 8c. ¢ “ode, ibe 16 b6e oo hal canh Id hai tia déi nhau. so do. | géc : “Moi igéo. leg. 5 mét s6ido icp. dinh, In, hen 0° va, | kb6hg atta que. 480°. | _Gde nhon _ Id gée. cd 36 do Idn_ ban O° va nhd .hdn 90°. x O@ TON queH ONT takenotes. beta 32