Values of (Vd) for water at 60°F (velocity, ft/s × diameter, in)

8000
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000 4000 6000 10,000
Values of (Vd) for atmospheric air at 60°F
8000 80,000
2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000 4000 6000 10,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 100,000
0.10
0.09 Laminar Critical
flow zone Transition
0.08 zone Complete turbulence, rough pipes
0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03
Lam

0.05 0.02
inar
f

0.015
=
64

0.04
flow
Re
(

0.01

d
L V2

Relative roughness ε
d 2g

0.008
h

0.006
(

0.03 Recr
Friction factor f =

0.004
0.025
0.002

0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0006
Sm 0.0004
0.015 oo
th
p ip 0.0002
es
0.0001
0.000,05
0.01
0.009
0.008 0.000,01
103 2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104 2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105 2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6 8 107 2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108

Vd ε ε
Reynolds number Re = = 0.000,001 = 0.000,005
ν d d
Fig. 6.13 The Moody chart for pipe
friction with smooth and rough
walls. This chart is identical to Eq.

(6.64) for turbulent flow. (From
Material Condition ft mm Uncertainty, %
Ref. 8, by permission of the ASME.)
Steel Sheet metal, new 0.00016 0.05  60
Stainless, new 0.000007 0.002  50
Commercial, new 0.00015 0.046  30
Riveted 0.01 3.0  70
Rusted 0.007 2.0  50
Iron Cast, new 0.00085 0.26  50
Wrought, new 0.00015 0.046  20
Galvanized, new 0.0005 0.15  40
Asphalted cast 0.0004 0.12  50
Brass Drawn, new 0.000007 0.002  50
Plastic Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0015  60
Glass — Smooth Smooth
Concrete Smoothed 0.00013 0.04  60
Rough 0.007 2.0  50
Table 6.1 Recommended Rubber Smoothed 0.000033 0.01  60
Roughness Values for Commercial Wood Stave 0.0016 0.5  40
Ducts
349