0.

1
0.09 Laminar Transitional Turbulent
flow flow flow
0.08 Fully rough turbulent flow ( f levels off)
0.07 0.05
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.02

Lam
0.015

inar
0.04
0.01

flow
0.008

,f=
0.006
0.03

64/R
e
0.004
0.025

Darcy friction factor, f

0.002
Relative roughness, ε/D

0.02
0.001
Roughness, ε 0.0008
0.0006
Material ft mm
0.0004
0.015 Glass, plastic 0 0
Concrete 0.003–0.03 0.9–9
Wood stave 0.0016 0.5 Smooth pipes 0.0002
Rubber, smoothed 0.000033 0.01 ε/D = 0
Copper or brass tubing 0.000005 0.0015 0.0001
Cast iron 0.00085 0.26
Galvanized iron 0.0005 0.15 0.00005
0.01
Wrought iron 0.00015 0.046 ε/D = 0.000005
0.009 Stainless steel 0.000007 0.002
Commercial steel 0.00015 0.045 ε/D = 0.000001
0.008 0.00001
103 2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104 2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105 2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6 8 107 2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108
Reynolds number, Re

FIGURE A–27
893

L ρV 2
The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head loss relation ΔPL = f __ ___. Friction factors
APPENDIX 1

D 2
1 ε/D 2.51
in the turbulent flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation __ = − 2 log10 _ + __ .
√f ( 3.7 Re √f )
 894
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS

(a) Low pressures, 0 < PR < 1.0

TRR = 5.00
3.00
1.0
8.00 .00 2.00
6 5.00
4.00 3.50
0.60

3.00
0.
0.6

1.60
75 .0

2.60 2.40 .20

5

2
2.00
70

0.9 0. 1.40
80
1.80 1.30
1.60 .50
1
0.8
5 1.40
1.30 1.20
0.8 0.9 1.20 1.15
0 1.10
1.00
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–

1.10
Pv
RT

NOTE TR = 2.5 Z = 1.00 0.90

0.7 0.9
TR = 15 TR = 3.00 5
0.80
---DEVIATION > 1.0% 1.0
5
0. 7
NELSON — OBERT v RR =
0.6 GENERALIZED 1.00 2.00 T
1.60
1.40
COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS

RR
=
1.20

1.0
1.10
30 1.05
P 1.00
REDUCED PRESSURE, P = —– 20 0.95
0.5 R Pcr CHART Z 0.95 0.90
T
0.60

No. 0.6
REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T = —– 15
60

Tcr
5 0.85
R 1
v 12 10
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, v = ––—––– 0.80
0.7
R
RTcr / Pcr vrR
0.4 0.90 0 0.75
0.00 0.05 0.10

1953 PR

0.3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R

(b) Intermediate pressures, 0 < PR < 7

1.10 3.50
TR = 5.00
2.50

1.00 0 2.00
35.0

00
00 60 1.40 1.80
3.

1. 0
2.

0.90 20 1.0
1. 0 80 70 1.60
.9 0. 0. 0
0.6 0.5
0
0

= 1.50
0.80 v R 0.45
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–
Pv
RT

0
0.4 1.40
5
0.3
0
0.70 0.3
1.30 0.25
.2 0
0.60 =0
vR
1.20
NELSON — OBERT
0.50 GENERALIZED
NELSON — OBERT
1.15 GENERALIZEDCHARTS
COMPRESSIBILITY
COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
P
0.40 1.10 REDUCED PRESSURE,PP =
PRESSURE,
REDUCED
RR P
P
=—–
—–
Pcr
cr
TT CHART
CHART
REDUCED
REDUCED TEMPERATURE,T
TEMPERATURE, =—–
TR = —–
T No.No.
R Tcrcr 2 2
1.05 PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, v = —–
vv
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, vR =RT ––—–––
0.30 R cr / Pcr
RTcr / Pcr

TR = 1.00 1953

1953
0.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R

FIGURE A–28
Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart.
Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.