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Descargas atmosféricas
Sobretensiones por maniobras
Resonancia subsíncrona
Estabilidad transitoria y de pequeña señal
Estabilidad a largo plazo
Oscilaciones entre áreas
Seguimiento de carga
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
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$\tau_{pb1}$
$\omega_{p1}$ $\omega_b$
$K_{pb}$
$J_{p1}$
$\tau_{v1}$ $J_{b}$
$D_{pb}$
$\tau_{pb2}$
$\omega_{p2}$ $\tau_{bg}$
$\omega_g$
$K_{pb}$ $K_{bg}$
$J_{p2}$
$\tau_{v2}$ $J_g$$\tau_{em}$
$D_{pb}$ $D_{bg}$ $D_g$

$\tau_{pb3}$
$\omega_{p3}$
$K_{pb}$
$J_{p3}$
$\tau_{v3}$
$D_{pb}$ $D_b$
2 A '# BP: H 8m. - H D7 # 2 71 - b7 2 47B #?!'#?!
$\omega_h$
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$\omega_g$
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2 A c# B: Pm. - C 7 # 2 7B - - $! #$! #$!

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0,6

0,5 Estratificación del viento

0,4
Par (p.u.)
0,3
0,2
0,1
Sombra de torre
0
0 1 2 3
2 A '# BP: 8<>#5Q#5% 2 71# - ^%]? 2 $/')!6$aP 7# - #^%# C#
Tiempo (s)

Par (p.u.)

-"! 0
2 A c# B: P<>#5#5% 2 71# - 3%4$ C#$!%# j#?!Q! ?aP =a R

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PN G N G C

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JA@ D-K E0 ) -4"/$" "?
0,99
0,98
Potencia eléctrica (p.u.)

0,97
0,96
0,95
0,94
0,93
0 1 2 3
2 A c# B: B8<p5/ 7 2 # D 79/ 2 71#bA '# - #

Tiempo (s)

1,0326
1,0324
Tensión (p.u.)
1,0322
1,032
1,0318
1,0316
0 1 2 3
2 A c# BP: 8{ ! 2 - - b7B B F 2

Tiempo (s)

Velocidad de giro (p.u.)

0 -! 0
2 A c# B: C 8 C87 2j- # -0- A 2 ' - C - - $! #$! #$!

D K E0-4!A/$&-4M0E+" N9P!


1

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1,1
Modelo de 2 masas
Modelo de 5 masas
1,08
1,06
1,04
1,02
1
0 1 2 3
2 A c# B: 7 47 2 # - 6R - a#WR6#U H87 2C- # -

Tiempo (s)

1,6
1,4
1,2
Potencia (p.u.)
0,8
0,6
0,4
Modelo de 2 masas
0,2 Modelo de 5 masas
0
0 1 2 3
2 A c# B: !H 8<p5/ 7 2 # D 79/ 2 71#bA '# - #

Tiempo (s)

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1,2
0,8
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0,6
0,4
Modelo de 2 masas
0,2 Modelo de 5 masas
0
0 1 2 3
2 A '# BP: 8{ ! 2 Va]? ! - =A '# - ?

Tiempo (s)

+

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400
1 2
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300
200
100
0
5 10 15 20 25
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0,5
0,4

0,3
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0,2
0,1
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0
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4 5 6
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0,4
0,3 2
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0,1
1
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-0,1
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tiempo (s)
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2
Tiempo crítico de despeje de falta (s)
1,8 Potencia constante

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1,6 Modelo de
disco actuador
1,4
1,2
1
0,8 1
0,6 2
0,4
0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1
Potencia mecánica inicial (p.u.)
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- D#$!6!w% 7B ! %4- #4 X @ #?.! 71 ?D 79/ /8 7 2 2 71'#?7 !iP2(/ # U)/ 7B2 #$ ! 2 7BP T# - j#3# BF - 2 A 2 Bwu# : j#?! 2 !6/'# C#$7 2 D! 2 71#?!i% 1 # D7 1w71 D79/c# - #$!
%- #?# - #o S5!6R6/'1##&/ '!+ $!71A 7 - 2 U-8'%2# ! - GD?PX ! $! - /c# - _ 2 D%-8!E#?/ '7k 7-8 2 2 =! :p2 !EZO/ 2 7B# 4: #W!6 o //'2#5=%71a 2 #?- 2C'- k # -*1 -79!6_/'/ #371 #!671$- aP#!6 71/ #$2j#/ !6PnD2j-!E(/c)#n#5a%]! 2 ?2C-2C- /'# -1DW!h/'# '/ # '# !a - 2 2/'# ?#? !2 # - -8- 2 # "W #5/ C8 2 7 "j#2 !
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E E E
2 8PS o 2- ]!/' # 2 H!6"/ ! #-812 # #'?" A/ 7B / n'2 #71/'- '?# !6/ !E! $-8Dk2 # P- 2 # WU- # ?7B&"# + / 2 - 0 $M! 7B/ @W R !v #?"# ! /1 ' ?`- A &% #?/ ''#'# a - 2 H?4#? N! /c!p#2j-7Bw7 B" / 2 7B7/'#?# !- 2 N" $71-8! 2 #71D# 79C#/'d# - S#?A -! 'V# - %#5%4: c?:O# / gh 4C# b7 - 2 +##

ko e D- 7 2 a - %4 ?/ ^ 42 ! 7 2 # 32 8 S 2 "2 //c4#3N - %P ! # "1/'c#U#\# k C#^ ! -0 -e7 / c"# /c! # %] ? / ?: 32 ! ^% "/ - 7 2 4# 32 "/ :
j#ZO_#n/ a H82 7 2j# - # - -~$!b- + 5/'2 "/ ! #W FC#_2H /'# D!1 : o j#!6./ / - 'Da ! 2 7 4 # ! - N - j#_!'7 2 H8-7 2CV- # #?- %P - ,F 2C 2# - "# /' "/%P ! "/'#

) ##' "2"!$& 4M0E+" N9P!
nudo 1
nudo 4 nudo 5 nudo 6

nudo 2 línea A
línea B
nudo 3
2 A '# 4: Pgh#$!63a#$! $:
/B%]?D 79a /'2 =%#V!6#57B/c k C# 79ER/c# '- 7 2# 2C7B- \ %4!Q $71 4- % # / !'P# a- 2N#^/'#U%# #?i7!6'$17 aP 2 # M 5/2 c$#b-8/ e2 ! 712 %4#/ $j## 3- S#\A #\#^ c!a#5#5/c/#,1: :]# $ZO/'- #)b%]7B5C /u : - o 7 42 #d!'# 2 - D"?#?/ 79/ !22 W7B#L7 2C-717B!/'! ?# PaP- 3 # 2j- j##

@

C# - - ea#WR6#U/ ! 2 - / c# 4!E$ # - ?D:

turbina 1 turbina 2 turbina 3
nudo 1 nudo 2 nudo 3
dirección
del viento
2 A '# : Ps 2 77 2 - O 2 "/':

-- ! Z=# "2j# !w- #%- #?1/ !61#/ # 3B2C2 ^/ 4'#$2 /'- ! # #V-- #& C#$H8!7 2 # 2j- 1"'# / ?-$A!i- # 3H/ "'#2!O - %]$??/' !i j#V( # %4d1? / /! 2C-4- \7 2 -#/ D$# 79/'- /''$ # 2 ! -71#V-# 7B\ 3 % 2 P-P TD2C- - #d #$C# !1UN -7B- 71 D1# c7 721# :c:#MZO$ZOk#d#bS%4A #? /'%4 # #54 7 / 2:2 #B
\- H"!6!/ c# # 1'C#V?A7 'W'#L# - %]?5 / !>717 2 #G x, 2 - " / j# b- -p# 1' ?79/'A 2 71#'N # D- !E/?# L 71- ? Aj# 2j-- "4! : o O #!65/ % - -P2 C7 $!M&:%#5 :"# ZO $B!/'% " !1"N/ /'"# ! $- /'
7 2 # 32 "/ 2 2 7 2 # ! - b7# - #3# $A 1c# - $v! \ D!E/''# j#U/'#5a C# 4: :

400
Potencia eléctrica (kW)
300
200
100
0
5 10 15 20 25
2 A c# : B4g 'W#^7#5c#?7B/1 @ !E/ 2 7#%]5/ 7 2 #"xW 2 $/':


K 7B? / 87 2 c7 P2 / 3/' 2 #? ! 2 7B D!M#5% 2 71# - - - $! 2 !6/'# $/ - N C# @ # 2 -P2 7# - #
"@? (! " M /;R&9 ) / $/40-9$&0 O" "R&9$O "

H<p8?7 2j/ - #4-V7 2 # - = 792 /' "2 /71 # %=: xW ! : { Pa N H 2 N# { 'a PN H2 N4GG # { '!a HN 2 N4HB # B

g # - ' 4: 4g -82 7 2 ! 2 2 7 2 # D!1:
j#ZO)#^S7BA '-8# 2 7 2 : ND+ !E/cD#5! a - D7 !62C% - E#\R6# %- #? '# - B / 12 3!62/'# #?"h/ ! 2- _71#?! D!h -8 2 # P" / !6C#/'#?a- !'7BD !h k B F $2 N -82 -T& !C#1A @ D- #L"! #W- D79! /c% # - D# ! :

- ZO- #U! S% AER c# - 4: # UH4 N !6/ c- # D! 2 T#ER 3 2 "% /C -- be7/'#? !- $! 2 C$!6!/'#?A a ?: '#o - ? ! 2 4- !E /cO%# "/#5 ck &! # 2 !8e 1%P 2 ? -8# 7 H L: # CN
+# j# - \2 ! 2 !6/'7B# '" / 2 ! 4NP % 1'B C C#3! / - D'!6a % 2 E4R6#3# - / :8!Zq! #?\!#$/ 7 'a 2 '# #?2! - P1S3 + 2j- - # $ ! "/7 ? : % o '! # 2 "/ 14 #\!'#" C/ G7 ?2C- a# ! - 1'%W#5? F k 2C ?# N

!6/ e71#$!6b%4#5 / 2 7 j#5DN ]# 1'?A '# - ? 2 !6/'#?a D! k & 7 2 a #U H87 2C- # -L- 2 "/' ?D:
1,07
Turbina 1
1,06
Turbina 2
Turbina 3
1,05
1,04
1,03
1,02
1,01
0 1 2
2 A c# : o R % H - b7#?! 2 D!E/c#5a ?:

Tiempo (s)

## "C/ #_&o W! #?2HBU 2D#579j#a /'? 7^2 - + e - 71!h1# /-! 1 # 7 3W#5! 2 42 W2 # #?#$ a!1- :_gh! #%?- #?aP#U' #_ ! 2Hj#7U# - j##!6?/'7#? 2 a P 2 d2j- %P- # -$%4($C#U$'!7 ! 2 2j - >/ # -2 1 /%] 3^27B2 / #@ / - 22 87B^ 1#?-! 22 $A- #) ! ! %- E % R -812 -!E2 $/ 32 "-/ # " /c!h/# ,2 # H $ -8%]D2 !
7B4@ / D2 7B! /c- # - - DP!6% EDR ! - 3e/ 2# H/'#%4N ! - A B / 3=2 D# ! - /cN$# ! - 2 PL ! # 2 !6$/'/ #?1a'W# C 2- QD@!E/ /c2 #5 a %]?$N! N$D!671% 7B/ 2 ,% # - "/ ?$a4:! <p?W#5/cc#! "/ 4 N
j#W?# !C.! D! 71 7 S]2 7 2 "!h/ ! 2 A 2" / $3/ ! :"-8Zq #7 2C-6R 4N7 +n 7 %2 1 ^- 2 / 3 $a8 / 1b 71 17 W# -! 2 - De!&! ! 2H?Ua C# $7 C#02 Dj#!v?%7 2 $ %4$ '"7 /'2 C## 0 W #5 2 "2 #5/ a 1
!6/ 4-82 # - #^+ j# !6/'#5a 2 2C- # -0- =%4#5ck 2 71:
E E<DFE >J # M H ! H
%7B#? #Bo F !62 /'1#f/ '!$- D! 71%7 2 #57Bc/ k \2 71 ?$DN!!E:hC#/''Zq# 7B#?!_C# W% #52 2#5!'a #? 742 !7 2 # !6- /! 4?daP-8%]2 # 5-/ #?/!_7 2! 2 # %4C##? 7B/ %]7B2 W 5#@ / / 2 7B 7 2 #- % - 4*- #5Dc7B!6k %$ 6Ed/'R 8 + 7 2- 'C# 7 P-82 # /'2 H!E/'/c# # - - 7 b% 2 # -P 2 ""!6//'/ 2 " / - $ !
%#?'k e+ # H4:
+-2+/E + !
-j#? ! h%ZO4# #579cP/ k $ #? 7 2 #5 / 2 ,2 71!# - D2b!6A %/#] # PX4h# ! j#2 = :!6/'2 o "#?/ a 01D 7 D7B7/ D! - #ej# n%]C#5%]3/ 5%]/ 5 7 /2 7# 2 #-7 2# P7B - ?^\ / 2 7B8$7# 62 c/'7G- P7 22 Q%/c7 #52 c/'@k3 2H! ?a# B+B j#N> 7BP%!6 /' #?" a /'S2 2j-- # -- 7B( #L1B F ! 2 22j/'- #?
1W# ZO #\# - S A '# -842 # : C "/ j#^D!E,/''#?# 2 C#?$7 !2 ! - H/'j## $2H ! % - C## $!Q7 ! 2 # - C#$j#7?! @ D !1:P#$rG! $JaP +: ER b#?a! 7 !'#?!! e %P D! "/'#
j#n%]5/ 7 2 # - .7B$\6/' G7 2 c7 2 /' % - "/'- - 071 2C \1F 2 2 - Q%#?'k 2 7B`- %#5 / 2j- #n2 %4$ j# %4?/ 47 2 #
) ##' "2"!$& 4M0E+" N9P!
P2C ^% 2 -## 7- 2 # %- #5cC#k$! ?: o #$!2 7B + N "/'k P- 2 W # C#eM%]# 5/ & 7 & 2 $# - D7B 79?/ / 2 8717# 2 c7 P$2 // 4N5 #&%4/ c#5#,ck ! - # C#j#b-8 2-)! 3- Q2 / c7 # 2 4 !6 %]-? /j#$N
+)- \/ 2 71 1F 2 1\7B/ 3+ a - @ a B2 S]7 ! 2 $C#! ^2 ! ?aP 7C#2 # -!6/' #?aj#32 2j%4- ?# / - 4:r7 2 2 #- \71a?#5 '/ A?847 N 2 cD7 !EP/ 2 / 1 D79! /'\P7c(P ! 2 #,D+?#?:D: o d % -8"2C/ - $# !
k7 W#_%%P $!/' "/'- # b 7B~ 71B F - 2 k D ! d 7B #? 2!h47 2j-6L/ ?#5N%Pj#',F 2 2H # - # 7 2 # "- / 3j#71U %] 5j#/ _ 7 2 C## $7 - 2 71? / 8 7 2 '7 P 2 / ! !6/'#5Pa $D7 :P2jZq- ##
%]7B? Bj#F 2 V1A / 2 2! C#$7 2 1!%79#]/'X ) j#P -8: 7 2C%4- #5) !/ ?2 aP- C#D!E/Dd!E/c#57Ba -2 42j- N # j#-_/' ' # -8 ! 712 7/ $2 2 # - - %j# #?2H'k % $- : # 7 2 # - C# @ # -

0,25
0,2
!#"$

0,15 !#"&
%
0,1
0,05
0
0 50

100 150
2 A c# 4: C8t 7 2 # - j#U%]5/ 7 2 # - e71? / 87 2 c7 P2 / 4:
' '

R="! + ) "R=1!"-/ +M

7B7 #W/!Z='P" !&:]LAZO #L! S11cA # - 79c$/# D4# ! : G - 1 %2 q7 -8D#?! ! 7$)7 /c2 a# *#? ! b7BB#^D!/ 79Pc/'#, - ! - !C#d2 C#%4)?%P/a4 3#W4/7%42 ?#L@ /# 4- #?7b7B2 #V/712 W #)-#$A 79/ 2 !'W#1#Pc- :# $Zq- #LD#0!Q%4717B$ j#% L79 /ca# !'#5- #?/# 712 # - - ^ 7BD !E- /
- ! # - ? !! ?aP / 2 %]L7B @ / 2 7B - - D!6% ER - &# /c#P: @
0,18
Inestable
0,16 Estable
0,14
0,12
0,1
0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6
2 A c# : G 8t 7 2 # - j#^%4?/ 47 2 #3 D#?79/ 2 W#UA 1c# - # %#5ck ?:
Potencia reactiva generada en el nudo 4 (p.u.)

/-82 c #g " / V 1% #7B/ H3- 3a H"71!h B A S] %P7 '2 1$?c!a# 3#?- '!$!??aDN !C# 0- C# 7B2 D !E-8/c% #57a 7 2 2! 2j#$ - _7 # 2 !- / -c- # 4! ! C#2V/#5$A%4 ?2 B# // -2 TD 7# %2 =#d:8#? K 'k4#$79#\/$2: W1o#0Te!E7Bk/ 4 B! P 37B/2j# - H#L ! %]- ?! 1a- 2jD- >%!6)% E#5#3R6c# kk - N
C- $ !pCA #) 1-c# N4- %]?? ! H0- 1k a j# B#5FA 2 !EB/ / 2TD7 #52 c# ! - - #L? 7B" / ! - PU3 2 D #? 79- / 2 W #L7 #e1cA$71'## ^# 7#ER"/ '2j7- # -^ - Q1%]57B/ / da7 2 #e BS4#$7 792 "/ 2 !6W4# :
"@? (! " M /; R&9 ) / $/40-9$&0 O" "R&9$O "
F
/{i2 # ZO%]a #2L S*7BA %@ / ' 2 # 7B - V- : $aU- ! 1! '% ,!6E/#?R c' # !L- j#&nk # H/'j#?j## 7 D2 !Q #5C#$%P 7 '"2 ,/' F 2H "# h/'- ##? 7B/ $/" '/ # - _2 #] %]PXD5# / : - 7 2 C## n- a #W%/ 1 #?@ #'k - V071+ h/- 2 !' # - %]$*D7B!b +/ 2 7B
-/ c # 4- !E! $% E R #?7 - 2 V # H/'#W#P/: o !E#W /c/ #.2 71#S:A g ' #n % U % - V- $ea87B/ 1%Pc !$Va##5c%!?#5N / 2 2 4- 7B j# S4"A / c-# 4: G #$79 /'? -8-2 # e"/%4 ?/ 4#`7 2 # ! 2C- @ % j#

2 !E/cj##?j#!?%P7 2' , F 2H23 2j- # + - )! a - BS4#$7 279"/'!?# - "%]/ 35/ !6 $aP7 2 3# ! 2j- !6# /'-#5a: 2 2C- # - / c# ! 2 /'? 2 #: o !E/ B 7B/ D! #$ !#?7 ! # -
0,18
Inestable
Estable
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,85 0,9 0,95 1
2 A c# 4: 8t 7 2 # - #$79/'? - %]5/ 7 2 #:

Factor de potencia del parque eólico

+- 0 00

(\#0 !o !62j-/ c 1# 1CW79$#/'!. D!6# $! - aP0H/' !# 2H-U $p/ ! j#2 - - %]V!6./W 7B#5 @!62 / "/ 2 4!7B-8712 ?4- :]/ 8rG- 7$2 aP'! 7% P6R2 / $-!6R U - # -8b/c2 ##5!6/a2- !'" 7 / 2 "!'j#!#?!Q% -8!2 !6"/'/#$!%P7 2 - #D ! j#""/'/ # @ C# p%# -P2&:!6#5/'c# k ZO #d7 ^2 #S+ A P ?'i # # # C: H
27 T2 # -71# NW /c"# /'47 1 p%!#5 ck - b!'7B+ 2 a 2O # C :7ZO1##$!6-8e2 a!E/c#$# ! $7 :?2 ZO#V# 7 -P1'2 !6 /'# Dk 72 2 # W# PU # Dk .2 W# # CM# ^j# # @C # fRj# $ /'D0# #.R "- /'
# - 3! 2 !: @
0,4
Inestable
0,35
Estable
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
2 A '# 4: H 8t 7 2 # - C# -82 !6/'# 47 2 # - # C)# =%#?'k $:
Distancia entre el parque y el fallo (p.u.)

-!6 /'%#?ga #? 'k De ! V% =!! L-2 !E%/ $ a-8!#P :7 W#? 'v! # j#eC N j# ?7 #,2 +$ ? D!v! #5%P v/',F 2 2H #%]- # 71 @ / "2 71/ -2 D#- ND!6- % ER # - d1c#e# Hk/'#P Nq+ 7 %4# $$b/' /'# "#?/ ! E RE$$# !!
) ##' "2"!$& 4M0E+" N9P!
E E FE >J # M H ! M
%+ #?j#^#o !6/'D1#f7 / '!$ D!717 7 2 2 # 7- # e\2 7BD"!6D!!E/'- '# # 4H7 C#"2 !Q# 2# - 1 'O#??A 714 ? 7 % 2# j#'# 3! - ??2 aP " /! :? Zq/#?!2 7 W# #5 %42 27B#? 4a N 7B ! @ / 2 7B!6/ --P2 # - - #?D!Q!6% ! E R C#- 2 # 'H7/'#2 # - - j#-P?2 !!6/ %2 "# / C#$$!!

* / 40-"!$&
/'- # D !6% o #4Ei%PXR 3- + ! & -# /c#3#WC#$/ (!M#3%42 # !# 2jj#- ?- ! e1DW!#?# aP 2 7# #?- #$7 792 / $O : -8o- 2 # "B-8/ 2D ! 79Gj#/ PUX W- #?2C 2 j#%4#?7$22 6 /c1# c"-7 / 2 # j# - 2 j#? !'7 #%42 #1# 'j#-??A! !6 E$R1aP c # - - ?/DaN8#52 +0R6 # W- #?%] L@ #L 7B ! C@18/ A 72 712j - # - - :
o7B !6/'/' # - "$/ !?: C$!d71#?! $!N j#` D7 7 2 # - ! # 7 2 # - &#?71?% j# 32 "/ 7 # 2 7B*(#*! 2j- # "/ 2C- #
j# j#?2 ZO7 12#\c 7^S2 A# #5 %P- ''# ,pF '2H:5/ # U$- # 6 R !61/ cc"7 # / H" 2! DB# ! : 57BHZO/ /'0##- a'$#? ! T -B S] 7 2 !>!6$/!k 0 ! !6?/ aP4P# -8 P2 4j#:4g" !6/'/' #?^-a 2 % 2jj#- # 2- - &1- c$7 ap%2 #!1-8'#?,2'! #?k ^' !2 ? N+ 2 2 7Bj#4e7BN] #?! 7 1 A $' #$/'7 2 4- #

- q7B/''5 /'? #5-8A '1 #/ 2$7B/ : q# H4NP#,$? 7 2 - C#dD7 % 1c#?7 2 - C#L C87 2j- # - 7 # - d!bD7 % 1c# i%#?
Tiempo crítico de despeje de falta (p.u.)
0,25
0,2
0,15
Inestable
0,1
Estable
0,05
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 A '# : 8t 47 2 # - C# 2 1c7 2 # - C#U/ a 2 #:

Inercia del rotor (p.u.)

3E +" /! +- ) "+

!#??71aP?%o j# j#312 D7B"!E/ /c/ #5 a - 2 "2C- j#/ V# `-f# D- 7 !a] $2 ! 7!6/2 E# R D- !1#n): (o D# #!6 ! 2j - # 4$76D/2 #!E2 A/ -8# 237# #-2 "2 71/ # - -8$ 2 /'#S] 71 ?# 71 ?- % E j#R j#3`- 2 L7B" #/ 4 !E/c/c#0# "+ / (- #- _)! 2Ca2 - A #W2jR6- #01 T # "CG/7 2C- 2C- -# -
7B!6g/'# "/ % d /'- 0- #??! a4j#! ?!Q W! #52C\c! j#? 7 2 j#nS! A 2 cA # #4=#: PNN bf D#?7 71D?! % j# O#32 "$/6/ 2 A B FP# 7 3D! 22 W"# / ^ 7B" / @ / 2 7B #?: !6/ 2 7B % R -P2 7#

#ZO#U!C# c#5#T !6/' #?7 a2 #P- 2 N 2j-j#3# !6-/ e2 A / 7B2jc- # T ! %]2 -/'?? i#/'2 #?# 37B-$2 % >!$j# /'32 !6/2D !h" /k )#P := #5r % 2 0 #?#$ 7B! $2a% #?j# 3A$+2 bN4 "#V!6/$%aP#?16 FP/ 7 2 =/! - 2 ,2 # %4 #d"/ -71 1@// 12 #?71 !63 / 2 2- 7B4U# --% #L! %3ED2R 7/ - b 7 792 ##/ H/'- #5#P :

# H8 7 2C6- R # - ! #,% $D?79 /'U7 # ?j# / '2 N - !6/' #5a 2 # 2C - 1# c-0#\- k O! C#2 $!E/ !v " ! #P7 2 : j#?7 2 ! "/ ER - &# /c#b CG7 2C- # - + - a#5R6#
E E E H
%]O%5/o #5c!67k/'2#d # ! D 71D 7792/'2 7B 32 71#+ # !'- ## 22 j#T3"# / j# H- 82 7 4%2C-4 # #5 -Vck 7 - 2 #dQ=+! ?2 a P/" / 2 j# 2 %]D7 !EU2j/c- #571 a $2 // 2C2?-71: # Zq- - #^ / Sc- #A D4 !6!'% 2# /E$R : 2 -# Q- \ # j#/cL#P!6: %]/ co 5# /!6/'j#3#&7 S 2 #dA j# ?A '7 #b2 1c # "- j#/'#L%4- $"j# !
@

"@? (! " M /;R&9 ) / $/40-9$&0 O" "R&9$O "
Q

0,14
0,13
Inestable
0,12 Estable
0,11
0,1
0,09
0 5 10 15
2 A c# : "t 47 2 # - C#U 7 7 2 # - ! # 7 2 # D7 # 2 7#P:
Frecuencia de resonancia mecánica (Hz)

%P ' W ? 871 # P" ! -82- !6/ 2!'"7 / "!1!6: o - U %P/ 2H2 1 %]~ A$7B#? /N 2 71 2 - 71 - ! %"/6R - - _j#%4# H?/'/#P N>4+f7 2 # %4$3D 79/'/'# "2 71/'#M A 2 1 c+ # - #M 1%4A"$#W / 2 WG%# #5c k $ /
!% ? aP - )j#7B$ !6/'!#5%4a 2 2C- - #-# - - Q%$!&#? ' k H87$2j: - o # -l@! ! - A > - 2 "/ A$#?-82 !EN / 2 "4/'# #$!1%]N 5 / 4 #d7 %]2 # ? A 4 712Cc # - #V# +.! 5S4/''7 #V2 %]$/? - 1"a/ #5_RE # - /c#
j# 32 " / C387 7B2j?- '# -_! -%4 -BM# 07 2 #P% NP 71" / )- &% - 7 b2 1#c!32 " / ^j#3+)S%PA '?'%]# ?4c:7 B2 :]gh# # - # d 4/ 2# - %4)j#?7B! - / "2 7B!Q - H 87- 2C- ! # % - 6R ! --
# H/'# -82 !6/ 2 $/': @
0,2 Inestable
Estable
0,15
0,1
0,05
0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95 1
2 A '# : Gt 7 2 # - C#^%]5/ 7 2 #3A '# - #P:

Potencia de salida (p.u.)

%P"'W/''?ZO# 8# $71/ #2 Q #4 C##M &#?/ 7 7 2 # a 1 c2 1#?A"#e7 #W2 % / 21W -# - #" ?DC#\/ 7 ?%4 #?? %P/#,,+$F 7?22CD#\N C!# M?- aP7 # # j#"-P/2 DS4!E7 7B/c #5 Ha4/'2!E# /c2j#- $"# /- !6-8/'! #? -a '1# a $7 2j/ 2C- 3#U 2 P#b"k#/ C- :$j#bK C#M%]#e5/ %]C857/ 7 2j 2 - ## 7 - 2 # D7 7 # # #, +?2 - 7$#
=# H ! - ! % 6R6# - 4:
ZO# #bH/'S#ZOA: #^ o '!6 # /'j#?#d47 : S2 A c1#d"%P/' / 2 ! " /'# 2 C#\"#?/ !3 % C#+$D797 C#/'2 d %!6 #?/'"#? /'Da 7 2 2j2j- -C#0\# -# j#CL8! 7 S2j- A # P-dc$# !Q- 47 ]C#: ?BV'2 71#U #5$+ a /'\1 TD+ #V1 #?]/a7 #W2 RE 4 0:%]ZO# 3#V7B# ' #?2@ !/ T 22 !71 - #? !e! -k - 1! ?/'% #N=671Rj# - - 4 :

2#? k -8 2 71#5j#?a4!# C#nj#A?? !Q#W kS47# /: 2 N j#?%]!bL 7B C8/ 27 712j- # - - D! - - ! V% 6 R 2 $- /'e ## H/'j## ?!UD! k Pj#?D%]: 5/ 7 2 #nA 1c# - # D! #,+?$\!
@ /' - q 2 "/ 2 - % -82 "/ "/ - j#L%]5/ 7 2 #PN4(# ! 2j- ER D7

g =S -
6
! / 4
8
- 2 ?
# 1

9
7
/' # 2 - "#?/ ! $-! "-8!2 !6! / 2H2U"/ "j#?!1:7 2Zq #U S!wA %4 #5c# / 2 : -B^ 1- %P j#! 3"/c2 !# C$#\! %4- ?$/ !Q 4% 7 2 #$/' $ ! - ]%e #5 ck 7 2 4 # 32 712 "N$/ % 2 U2 7A 2 # D1c!1#: - o # %] ?O7 -#?"! !
-- O= 22 $"/'/ #, +$??DDNN O!i! 2 2 !6!E/ / # # DD! ! 2 !6/'!6#?/'a #5a be%#5%c#?# '# . 0/ 2 / 2 %]%] - - - - ! % ! E% R E R - b- e# H# /'# /c# - - !:!1:o q7#?!

) ##' "2"!$& 4M0E+" N9P!

0,4
Inestable
0,3 Estable
0,2
0,1
0
10 15 20 25
2 A c# 4: 8t 7 2 # - j#^ H87 2j- # -V- = 2 "/ :


400
320 kW
Potencia eléctrica (kW)
300
12,7 m/s 20,1 m/s

200
100
0
5 10 15 20 25
2 A '# : B '#$7 2 - C# 32 ! #^%4?/ 47 2 #)7B -82 !E/ 2 "/') 2 "/':

!/"71! 7 o -2 !634/'# BP-8: 27 : 2 : Zq##^37 2 S#2 A "% / c # -D!0: !6! ) 111%/FG2j% - D.! 2 71$## /c- -# #n$!&! !62 /'A#)# P2%]C$5 ! / - 2j -7 $2 #f/ 2 71c$#5D!T7 :O # g # 2 7^ #)2 _ 7 " % /'# -!- 2C L3 7B2 j#i! 5 ^2 !6%P# /' ? - a4# #5!'c#5 ! '$ N # j#0j# a4%4- "?!Q/ % 4 7 j#2 #

s&#-7#b k 2 71 # "/ c2# ""/ / 71D !vD77B ! ! 2C- ! 2 a'# - 7B$ / !E/c # #$" !/ $ N j# P77 #? ! #? 7 2 - P :2 G "N?/k e # H / 1%Pk ! " /'# P7j#e#?%4! ? / - 7 82 # 2 $/'7e# a #W2 71RE4#:N
% - BF8%P !'#5c! - j#3! 2 A P2 "/ $ #
4:
-k # - D 7 j# n]7S571#?RE "!! !6/'-8- # $4c/ # "2 / " / Uj# _PaA ! #WC2C?RE\4a N$#nC#% $# 7 2 C#!6 =/ U: ok C 8 7 2j- v7# 1-*!#$M!6- h- #5 v2 79"/c2 /' # n"- /'#\#_h7%4# $/' a] n]7C#_+* 7Ba]#.?!6- //''# $"C#!\/ % #? H 8# D7 2j! - B\# / '-L $7c-!\(P k L2 #,%"+?/ $4 :

o 2 71 "/ - j#U%]5/ 7 2 # 7 # 2 71#^% - 1FG% D! #?'! 71
4:
%Pas&'#5# WRE- ?b8: 71k # 2 D!7B #,+$ ?$ /' - 7j#1d#$!6%] 5/- P7 2 #2 " / b#,+?# $H/ 4 N >731#$2 ! !6 - 2 4>7B 2 "/ 0"/ # H/ - _ k -8 c# "p7/ #?j#! ! - 2C\ > C#$2 7 $2 /'

\%]5 / o !6/ 7 c2 2 ## 71j# 7?# " /2 717 # 2 1/ - -% p7 B$ /'B S4"- 7/ M2 " - / 4 7 -2 # bC%]# 5^/ ! 2 j#"7 /'2 U^# !2 ! ? aP# !M j#%U#5C7 $ ! '7 ,2C- - # " !Q 71 #$ !6 C"$!1! NGV- %]"# ?! 71aC3#$#$!6!k "!!12C:4\ZOj#3#3j#?#?S77 A 2 c'##$!47 :"2 : Zq #C
-~ /'# ?/ a ?2 ! U! \+d !+`2H3%2#?C#?D7:P2jg- : 32 7B# 4 ! D 7 " /$N 7 - 2 #P# -N nk 2 7B j#? ! /$c/'#, + -7B /=7$B 2 #?1!S47 2 "C#/ _ S4- Ae c # H87 : 2C- C_# - ! 2 DA !6 % 7 @ S]471##
% -82 "/ b! 2C32 j#5DN 2 71 "/ - !%4#5 7 2j- .# a4"!Q71#$!6"!1:
"@ D 1!+ ) 2 <) "."! ) O+O !9 " A?
1,02
Potencia mecánica (p.u.)

1 v=20,1 m/s
0,98
0,96 v=12,7 m/s
0,94
0,92
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
2 A c# 4: 8<p5/ 7 2 # 7# 2 71# "/''# $/ # j#U/ 'a 2 #P:
Tiempo (s)

!# $! ! $

"$#%

!# $! $

'&)(+*-,$. 0/ C
-1 ,2.43 6587:9 ,2&;.=< 9?> , .+< 5 *-,2@4.?< A/
( 7
% #&231% !')+41 !) , #& ! &31% !2%3!2#&,0')% B

<
C D59+EGFH9 , 7 . E & "7:9I7 ,$. <J& 7:9 ,:& 9LK
O5 * "7 ,$. < 7 , 65$Q . E "7
)9 <M(
&)(?. KN9 . . @ 9 * 5 & 9 RK
,2. KN9 , < K
. 7
& OK * 6
<J& 9
5 5 & 9 PK < F * < K * . F , 7 *-, > . 5 & 9
3 . TS *U 9VK WF09+7 O5 &;.X, . 5Y7 & @.
R

<:&)< 7 6E . 5Y7 ,2& 589O/"Z9 , < 7 .=,$. [ 9 A\ * <:&;< 7 E . 5Y7 ,:& 58959 * XFH9 , 5 "7 .U <:&)( & ] 5 . 7 &)@ 9K < 7
7 & FH9RK ( ,$. K-9 , < .?< F , 9 7 55 & 9 < K E ^ & E . 7 <:& 9 U , 5 * 8_ 5Y7:9RK 87 , E & . "7 < 9+> , .

< 7 . > & & K . KX7 ,$. <J& 7:9 ,:&;. /
` . F , 9+7 55 & 9 !K E ^ & E . 7 <J& 9 XK aF .+,2b"* < 9 & 589 < < 7 . > 65 & K . F09 , . (?&)< . 5 & 9 < F .H-
c 9 . d+d
K 7 , E & . . K < 589 8e & 9 & < 7 . "7 . . K 9 < F .+,2b"* < 5 *0. OKN9 . 7 <J& 9 fK < 5 & OK gF09 , K > . U 9XK

h?iDj K <J*W@. )9 , -9?E & . k/ C < 7 lE 5 . &)< EG9F , 9 @ 9N5 .
5 , 5 . -9 < .M, Km\ 3 F * 6K n9N5 .+<:& 9 . , . F , K & K . K
. K < 589 8e & 9 gK )9 < F +
(+,$. WF .+, 7 oK .M(
. ,2b"* < 9 & 589 <. ?7 l_ . 9 <
,2. 5 & 9 9 & 5 .M<J&H< pF , 9NK * 5

* V589 , 729N5 &), 5 *-& 729 .W, 6KLK M7 ,$. < FH9 , 7 +/
q . K .+< F , 9?F * < 7 .?< E .+<%& "7 , <:. ?7 < K !F , 9 7 55 & 9 rK !E ^ & E . 7 <:& 9 sK !F .+,2b"* < 9 & 589 <
589 <:&)< 7 g59+Eg> & . , * E> ,$. K t7 <J& 9 W589 * , 87 . , KN9O/ ` .o]O(+*O,2.nu / vwoE * < 7 ,$. ?_ * O5 & 9 . E & ?729

7
K . F , 9+7 55 & 9 /yx *O. OKN9 . 7
<:& 9 -9+E & . z\ . F , 9 7 55 & 9 M59+EGF .+,2. . 7
<:& 9 fK < 5 & OK gF09 , K 6> .U 9IK
<:& 9 {E K & K . 589 *
* @. )9 , \ < 7 G5 .+< 9
* Eg> ,2. b"* & & 5 &;. )E "7
h"iDj K
< | iDj
.

K @. )9 , -9?E & . k\ 3Lb?*
h?i~j K @. )9 , -9+E & . z/H & . 7
"7 , 9 < v6}?}E <n3 9 <pu }+}gE < 5 , 65

& . E ?7 %Q .+< 7 .G. )5 . [. , K
<J& 9 fE K & K . 5 . =FH9 , K > . U 9XK K & 5$Q-9 * E> ,$. z\ TF .+,2b"*
* @ 9
9 & 59

< K < 589 6587 . KN9O\ X5 .+< 9=589 "7 ,2.+,:& 9 0F . ,$b"* oF , E . 65 a589 6587 . KN9O/ C . E &)< E .M]O(?*-,2. \ * XF . ,$b"*
5 *O3?. 7 <J& 9 K < F * < K * . F , 7 *-, > . 5 & 9 <:& (?*-& < . 7 ,$.43 6587:9 ,:&;.R* O9F , E . 5 , ^ . 59 5Y7 . KN90\
3V* F . ,$b"*
F , 9+F 9 <J& 7:9MK
b"* <J&)(+*-& <

< 7 . 7 65 & 5 . < 589 < ,:@.+,.?b"*
. 7 ,2.43 6587:9 ,2&;. KN9 <{< , ^ . K < 589 65Y7 . KN9 . . ;5 . [6.+, . 7 <:& 9 RE ^ & E . / C
.?< 7 *-, > & .+< E O9 <~. _ 5Y7 . K .?< FH9 ,~* _ . )9 3 K < 59 5Y7 .+,
! "$#&%')(*',+.-

7
.+b"*
<:& 9
.+<ab?* +\0K > & KN9 .
<:&)< 7 6E . /
. F , K &K . K AS * U 9!E . ( 87 & 59O\NF * K R59+EGF , 9+E 87 ,
.G, 65 * F ,2. 5 & 9 K .
1,2
Trayectoria 1
1
Trayectoria 2
/ 10
10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
0,8 1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
Tensión (p.u.)
1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
0,6 1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/ Desconexión
0,4 1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
/0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 /0
0
/ 0
/ 0
/ 0
/ 0
/ 0
/ 0
/ 1 /1
0,2 1/010 / 10 / 10 / Zona / 10
10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
1/010 / 10 / 10 / prohibida / 10
10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
1/010 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 1/
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

Tiempo (s)
2 &)(+*-,$.Wu /)v6w3NZ , 9+7 6565 & 9 LK %E ^ & E . 7 <J& 9 589 , 87 . , KN9O/
K
C < 7 . < 6565 & 9 F , < "7 .L*
* 59 , 7:9N5 )& , 5 *-& :7 9 *
< 7 * K & 9VE ?
:< &;< 7 E . 589
. < K 87 . . KN9VK
* F09 , 5 "7 . U
< 7 . F , 9+7 6565 & 9
@. K-f9 K (
. 7 ,$.4@ < K
,$. 5 & 9
.V<J& E * . 5 & 9
9 &5 . \ P3 . . & [ . .
, F , 5 *O<:& 9 IK . F , 9 7 55 & 9 < 9+> , 9 < F . $, b"* < X_ * 05 & 9 VK <:* <:& 7 *O. 5 & 9 .W, 6Km/
54'67498:4 <;>=? @&ACBAEDGF=IHKJMN L FO= Q N P =SRT=UJ5=)F N ?WVUATL JX=YATL Z[V9? N

C
EG9NK . K . E K
<:&;< 7
E . K .]O(?*-,$.u / v\ , F , < ?7 .f*
&;. "7 *
.+, . K VF , 9NK * 55 & 9
* KN9K !FH9 7 O5 &;.R& ] & 7 . / ` 9 <g. , 9 (
K

,2( ^ . 9 & 5 . / ` ., 6K
,$. KN9 , < 59 5Y7 . KN9 < )9 <
<
* KN9 & .?<< 9 fK @ 9N5 & K . K ] UJ. \H59 ( ,2. KN9 , < K
& OK * 565 & 9
@. ,2&).?< > . 7 , ^ .?<
3 59
K =589 OK <:. KN9 , < 589?EWF

"7 , 9 HK {F09+7 05 &;. FH9 , "7 ,2. K . IF , K & K .?< / C
<:. IF .+, 5 &). E ?7
)9 < * KN9 < K {59 e & 9 IK )9 < F .+,2b"* <

. FH9 7 O5 &;.G, . 587 &)@. 59 <:* E & K . FH9 , 9 <

. , 9 ( ,$. KN9 , < / ` 9 < F . , . E 87 , 9 < K )9 <n. , 9 ( ,2. KN9 , < < 7 . , 6589 (+& KN9 < .G< 55 & 9 {/ |-/

9?> , < 7 <:&)< 7 6E . Q . <J& KN9 <J& E * . KN9 < KN9 < 5 .+< 9 < K &;< 7 & ?729 < \-589 ,:, < F09 OK & "7 <t.W* V59 , 7:9N5 &), 5 *-& 7:9
7 ,2& _ .+<:& 59 "5 ?7 , 9oK * . K .?< KN9 < ^ .+< %F . ,$. )9 3 * %F * "7:95 , 5 . -9 . .+, . K DF , 9NK * 565 & 9
9 &5 . /
] O^ )(* ^(_ &`&%Ta! b(*&%7%'c% d

C 0F ,2& E , 5 .?< 9g589 <J&;< 7 * I59 , 7:9N5 &), 5 *-& 7:9 m5 ?7 , 9gK * . K .?< ^ .?< \7 . y589?EW9 & OK & 5 . .

]O(?*-,2.{u / v\ / C O59 , 7:9N5 &), 5 *-& 7:9 < . F & 5 . & < 7 . "7 7e:f }gv u E <D3< oK < F UJ.%. 9 < v6}+}E < E 6K &;. "7

. K < 589 8e & 9 LK . ^ .W. _ 6587 . K . /

` .]O(?*-,$.ru /)v h, 6F , < "7 . . 7
589 < (+*O& , E .43 9 , 5 . ,2& K . K
<J& 9 )9 < * K-9 < K 589 8e & 9
.P(?, . ] 5 . \ < 9 9 < , F , < "7 . . 7 <:& 9
K 9 < F .+,2b"* < 9 & 589 < /DZ . ,$.
5 . K . F . ,$b?* VE & "7 ,2.?<

)9 < * K-9 <iW3 \N\ b"*
F , E . 65 g59 5Y7 . KN9O/mxt9+EG9!F * 6K W9+> < ,2@. ,$< ?\ . F , 9 7 655 & 9
< 9 )9 < E .?<a. UJ. KN9 < K
. 587 *O. )9 < F . ,$b"* < 589 6587 . K-9 <
., 6KVK 7 ,$. < F09 , 7 +/ ` . K < 59 e & 9 VK 9 < F .+,2b"* <

F , 9 @ 9N5 .G* .X<:* > & K .!& -E 6K &). 7 . K

. 7 <:& 9 9 < * KN9 <a@ 65 & -9 < \ 9 b"* @ & 7 . . K < 59 e & 9 RK

)9 < F .+,2b"* < 9 < * KN9 <puG3 wO/

C < 7 I5 .+< 9 .V. 5Y7 *0. 5 & 9 rK . F , 9 7 655 & 9 F , 9 @ 9 5 . K-9 < 8_ 5Y729 < >
C LF ,2& E , *-(". , \NF , E & 7 =59 < ,2@. , . E & 7 . KLK . F , 9NK * 55 & 9
] 5 & 9 < 9 <%< 9+> ,
9 & 5 . \-5 *O. OKN9 . F , 9+7 6565 & 9
<J&;< 7 E . /
. 587 *O.
K
. 7 <J& 9
Q . > , ^ . F , 9 @ 9N5 . KN9 . K < 589 8e & 9 LK %7:9NKN9 < )9 < F .+,2b"* < / C
)9 < * KN9 < 5 , 5 . -9 <p. )9 < F .+,2b"* < K < 589 65Y7 . KN9 < /
< (+* OKN9 *-(?.+, \ _ . 5 & & 7 . ., 65 * F ,2. 5 & 9
O (_(* ` d'
' & (* _ .
(*)+

&
,
& 0 3 ) 0 3 )
!#"%$ - 3 )+4 - 3 ):4
!#"%$ 5 ) 5 )
1
0 . ) 21
- . ) '%
/ &'
03 ) 083 )
- 3 )+4 , - 3 )94 ,
5 ) 5 )
76

2 &)(+*-,$.u / v\&3 < ; , =. = (=?>@=6,2. 5 & 9 ;
K { >A= 9C; B & 5 . /
0,9
G FD HG
DF HE
0,8
FDEFD Desconexión nudo 7
Desconexión nudo 5
Tensión (p.u.)
0,7
0,6
Nudo 4
0,5 Nudo 5
Nudo 6
0,4
Nudo 7
0,3 Protección de
mínima tensión
0,2
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Tiempo (s)
2 3 1
& (?*-,$.gu / v h N =?>O<:& 9 ; >A=I> B 9 = , 9 (=?>@=6,2. KN9 ,'=6< 7 ,$.+<p*@>
<n. 589 , 729N5 &), 5 *-& 729 . B =JUJ. KN9K = BAF .+,2b"*@= /
` .X]O(?*-,2.Xu /)vIJ , = F ,'=6<=?> 7 . B .A=@ C

9 B * 5 & 9 ; > K = B . 7 =I>O<J& 9 ; >K=?>= B > * KN9L7 , =< \mKN9 > K =L=6< 7 . ; 589 >@= 85 7 . K . B .
5 .+,:(". \+59 >3<:&M> B . F , 9+7 = 565 & 9 ; > K = E ^ ; >-& E . 7 =I>O<:& 9 ; > 85 9 >!,= 7 .+, KN90/ ` 9 < KN9 < F =6b"*@= > c 9 N
< =6< 5 . B 9 >@=6< 5 =, 5 . K =
eEf O} g ig<=6(+*@> K-9 < 589 ,:,'=6< FH9 > K =I>I. B . K =6< 85 9 >O= e & 9 ; > K = B)9 < K-9 < F .+,2b"*@=<P= 9C; B & 589 < /
] O^ )(* ^(_ (*(*b$% aQW&" %' (*

C B <=6(+*@> K-9f5 .?< 9R59 >O<:&)< 7 = =I>s*@> 59 , 7:9N5 &), 5 *-& 7:9 <:& E & B .+, F , 9 @ 9N5 . KN9 =?>P*@> F *@> 7:9RE .+; < 5 =6, 5 . > 9 . B
. ; ,'=6. K = F , 9NK * 565 & 9 ; >R= 9; B & 5 . \ .f*@>O. K &)< 7 .C> 5 &;. 7 . B b"*@= B .R& EGF = K .C> 5 &;.S=I> 7 ,=A= B > * KN9R7 ,=<=3T= BlF *@> 729
K = B 589 , 729 5 & , 5 *O& 729 = <%*@> 5 *0. , 7:9VK = B . & EGF = K .C> 5 &;. 7:9+7 . BtK = B . B ^ ; >@=6. / C < 7 = 5 .?< 9 =<U= BDE .+, 5 . KN9 =?> B .
]O(?*-,2.gu /)v^\g59+EG9T:V 5 .?< 9G| WO/
` . 5 = , 5 .C> ^ ; . K = H B _ . BM)B 9 . )B 9 < F .+,2b"*@=< F , 9 @ 9N5 .M*O>O. 5 . ^ ; K . K = 7 =I>O<J& 9 ; > E .43 9 ,=I> =; < 729 < / ` .=]O(+*O,2.%u / |+}
E *O6 = < 7 ,$. B .6= @ 9CB * 5 & 9 ; > K = B . 7 =I>O<:& 9 ; >R=?> B 9 * KN9 <U=?> B)9 <=b"*@=X=< 7 . ; > 589 >@= 587 . KN9 < B)9 < F .+,2b"*@=< /xt9+EG9
F *@= K = 9+> <6 = ,:@. ,$<= \ . > 7 = < K = = b"*@=U= AB _ . BYB 9 <=6. K =< F = UJ. KN9 *@> 9!K = B)9 < F . ,$b?*O=6<n. B;5 .C>-[6.Z= B[B ^ ; E & 7 =%&M> _ =,2& 9 ,
K = 7 =?0 > 3T= < K = < 59 >@= 5Y7 . KN9RFH9 , B . F , 9+7 = 55 & 9 ; > / C >\=6< 7 = 5 .+< 9 = BlF . ,$b"*@= K =< 59 >@= 5Y7 . KN9 =<7= BtE .?; <
> <J& 9 ; s
=,5.> 9 .
5 6 B _ . BYB 90/ C >T6= < 7 = &YO> < 7 .C> 7 = \]B . K = < 59 >@= e & 9 ; > K = D
B F . ,$b"*@=L> 9VF , 9 @ 9N5 .I*@>O. ,'= 5 * F =,$. 5 & 9 ; > K = B .
7 =IO > <:& 9 ; >A=I> )B 9 * K-9 <p@C= 5 &Y> 9 <n<:&Y> 9 *@O> . 5 . ^ ; K .g. K & 5 & 9 O> . zB \N589?EW9GF *O= K = 9?> <=6,:@.+,2<=^=I>_= B > * KN9 i /
! "$#&%')(*',+.-
0,9
0,8
Tensión (p.u.)
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4 Con protección

0,3
Sin protección
0,2
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Tiempo (s)
2 & (?*-,$.gu / v%J3N1 =?>O<:& 9 ; >A=I>&= B > * KN9G7 ,=< 589 L
> 3I<:&Y> F , 9 7 = 65 5 & 9 ; > K = E ^ ; >-& E . 7 =?>0<J& 9 ; > /
q >0.=@C=6[ K =< F = UJ. KN9 = BO_ . BMB)9O\ B . 7 =?>O<:& 9 ; >X<=a,'= 5 * F =6,2. E .?; < , . ; F & K . E =I> 7 =b"*@={<J& F =, E .C>@= 5 &M=<= 589 >@= 5

7 . KN9 = BAF . ,$b?*O= =I>&= B > * KN9 u /-Z9 < 7 =,2& 9 , E =I> 7 = \ . B ,'= K = KN9 , K = B &M>0< 7 . > 7 = eTf }Og iW< \ . 5Y7 *O; . B . F , 9 7 = 565 & 9 ; >
=?> = ByF . ,$b"@* = K = B > * K-9 \ \ = BHE .+; <l. B = UJ. KN9K = B .,= K!K = 7 ,2.C>O< F09 , 7 = \+F , 9 @ 9 5 . > K-9 *@>O.<:* > & K . K = 7 =?>O<:& 9 ; >
=?> B 9 < >"* KN9 <{C@ = 5 &Y> 9 < /8= BD5 .+< 9 *@> 90\ *@> 9 <M<=(?*@> KN9 < K =< F * =6; < K = B_ . BYB 9LF =6, E .C>@= 5 = B .
E & 7 . K K = B .WC ( =?>O=,$. 5 & 9 ; >A= 9; B & 5 . /
0,9
0,8
Desconexión nudo 7
Tensión (p.u.)
0,7
Nudo 4
0,6 Nudo 5
Nudo 6
0,5 Nudo 7
Protección de
0,4 mínima tensión
0,3
Desconexión nudo 4
0,2
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Tiempo (s)
2 & (?*-,$.gu / |+}3N1 =?>O<:& 9 ; >A=I> B 9 <n. = , 9 (=?>@=6,2. KN9 ,'=6< 7 ,$.+<p*@> _ . BYB)9G5 = , 5 .C> 9 . A
B F .+,2b"*@= /
54'674'6 4 = =)FO?WHKBVUATL J =UJXHGJ N F HG=I=YATL Z[V9?A

` .L<= 55 & 9 ; >.C> 7 =,2& 9 , =6< 7 * K &;. > .A= B = _ = 5Y7:9VK = B . . F@B & 5 . 5 & 9 ; > K = B . F , 9+7 = 565 & 9 ; > 589 >,'= 7 .+, K-9 .I@. ,2& 9 <
F .+,2b"*@=<=?X > *@O> .=,'= KXK = K &;< 7 ,2& > * 5 & 9 ; > / C < 7 .=<= 565 & 9 ; > =< 7 * K &;.= B = _ = 5Y729gK = B .. F@B & 5 . 5 & 9 ; > K = B . F , 9 7 = 565 & 9 ; >
. B 9 <n. 6 = , 9 (C=?>O= ,$. KN9 ,= <D&Y> K &)@"& K *O. B = <P=?>&= B &Y> 7 =6,:& 9 , K =M*@> F .+,2b"*@= = 9C; B & 59O/
` .]O(?*-,$.u / |-vIE *@6 = < 7 ,$.K= a B K &).+(+,$. E .f*O>-& ] B .+, K = BaF . ,$b"*@=&= 9C; B & 589O/ ` .P. (?,=6(?. 5 & 9 ; > K =R.C=, 9 (C=I>@=,
. K-9 ,'6 = < 6= b"*-&)@. B =?> 7 = < > 9 6= <. F@B & 5 . >@B = =?>T= < 7 = 5 .+< 9O\ 3". b?*O= B .?< F , 9 7 = 55 & 9 >@=6< K = E ^ ; >-& E . 7 =?>0<J& 9 ; >P< 9 >
&Y> K = F =?> K &M=I> 7 6 = < F .+,2. 5 . K .V(C=I>@= ,$. KN9 , \ 3K> 9 6= < FH9 <:& >@B = <:. > 6= ,g. > 7 =6< K = B .f<:& E * B . 5 & 9 ; >sb"* = ; 7 *O, > &Y>O.?<
<
= , . ; > K 6= < 589 >O= 5Y7 . K .?< /
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2JLKNMPOQ u:R |-v*3-Z QNO b M = = S ; B JUT S R
V B T Q,W S = WX;MZY[JUQNY S = W$M > T S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S X;O>J _ QN; W>JLT S =?>R= B T =?> X>O S Y = M > Q]Y = B Q,W B ^ ; >O= QNW =?>_^ QNO;Q B = B S \
T S,`9S` M = WX;O;Q B Q ] K,MPO;Q u:R |-v R V B-_ Q BMB S = W(Y = W ^ =Ga QNY S Q B S W v6}?} ` W ` = Y[JUQ > X = B Q2Y = W;T S >@= e J S ; > Y = B Q B ^ ; >@= Q
Q _ = TXQNYPQ R `bQNW ] K,MPO;Q,W u:R |?|dc uZR | d ` M = WGX>OQ > B Q = e S B MZTJ S ; > Y = B QfX =I> W>J S ; >=I> T&QNYPQgQ = O S K =?>O= OQNY S O R `bQ
QNTX>MZQ,TJ S ; > Y = B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > Y = W ^ M = ; WhY = B Y = W ^=a2= Y = BA_ Q BMB S ^ O S e S T Q B QdY = W;T S >@= e J S ; >_= W;T Q B S > QNYPQ9Y = B Q,W
X>MZO>iPJ > Q,W j = ` ^ =&k Q > Y S ^ S O B Q `9QN; WlQ B =Ga QNYPQY = B Q"O = Y R x QNYPQY = W;T S >O= e J S ; > K =?>O= OQmM > Q$W>MPiPJUYPQY = X =?> W>J S ; >
K =I>@= OQ B =?> X S Y S W B S W > MZY S WmY = B ^ QNO b M =,R V > = WGX = T Q,W S ^ QnO>X>JUTM B QNO&j B Q ` JoXQNYY = B Q,W `9Q ; b MZJ > Q b M = YPQ >
Y = W>T S >@= TX;Q,YPQNWM > Q e = k Q B T Q >Pk Q,Y S = B O = ; K,J ` =I>f^= O ` Q >@=?> X =NR
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
Tensión (p.u.)
Detalle ampliado
0,6
0,5
Aerogeneradores
0,4 Nudo 3
0,3 Protección de
mínima tensión
0,2
0,1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Tiempo (s)
2J\K,MPOQ :R [p =?> >W J S ; >A=I> B S WhQ = O S K =?>@= O;Q,Y S O = WqY = M >r^ QnO b M = = S ; B JUT S R
u |?|.3
s t uwvx&yzh{zyh}E| ~ {$x_zh{ } vr{~r } x

VqWGX;Q"W = T&TJ S ; >E^ O = W =I> X;QM > = WGX>M:Y[J S Y = B T SN` ^ S OGXQ ` J =?> X S Q > X = Y S WlT S O>X S TJLOTMPJ\X S WY = B Q"O = Y = B = ; TX>O;JUT Q
^=?> J > W>M B QNO&jZJ > T B M c =?> Y S B Q ^ O =&e JLW>J S ; > Y = K =I>@= OQNT J S ; >A= S ; B JLT&Q =I> | }?} uL=?>] Q B JUTJUQ c =I>= B e Q BYB = Y = B VliPO S
= WGX>M:Y[JLQ,YPQ ^ S O$ RR S YPO ; KNM = k7= X R Q Bh h"iHCR V B S i a2= X>J e S Y = B = WGX>MZY[J S = WT S,` ^ QnOQnO = B = = TX S W S iPO =*= B
W>JLWGX = ` QY = B Q,W ^ O S X = T&TJ S >@= WIY = ` ; > J ` QFX =?> W>J S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q c T S > O = X;QNO;Y S j:Y = W>T O>J\X;Q,W =I> B QfW = T&TJ S ; >
Q > X = O;J S O R! S WT Q,W S WW>J ` M B QNY S WT S > WGJUWGX =?>K=?> Y S WT S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S WmX>O;J Q,; WGJUT S W =?> Y[JUWX;J > X S W ^ M > X S W$Y = B Q
! "$#&%')(*',+.-
1
Aerogeneradores
0,9 Protección de
mínima tensión
0,8
Tensión (p.u.)
0,7
0,6
Nudo 4
0,5 Desconexión nudo 9
0,4 Desconexión nudo 8
Nudo 9 Desconexión nudo 7
0,3
0,2
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Tiempo (s)
2JLKNMPOQ ZR
u | d3 = XQ BYB = Q ` ^ B JUQNY S Y = B Q = e S B MZTJ S ; > Y = B Q X =?> W>J S ; >R
O = Y!j cZB QNW e QNO>JUQni B = WlQ > Q B J k Q,YPQNWqW S > B Q"X =?> W>J S ; > =?> = B > MZY S Q = TX;Q,Y S j B Q ^ S X =?> TJUQ$QNTX>J e Q$J > X = O;T&Q ` iPJLQ,YPQ
T S > 2ZO;Q > TJUQPj c B Q B S T Q B J k QNT J S ; > Y = B Q9K =I>@= OQNT J S ; >X= S ; B JUT Q9Y = W>T S >@= TX;Q,YPQ R
S WFYPQDX S WFY = B QO = Y!jlJ > T B M c =?> Y S B Q,W9J > WGX;Q B Q,TJ S >@= W = S ; B JUT Q,W jZQ > WGJUY S ^ O S ^ S OTJ S > Q,Y S W ^ S O = Y
V B = ; TX>O;JUT Q Y = V(W ^ Q > Q R p S Y S W B S W ^ QnO ,M = W!J > T B MPJUY S WbW S > Y =le= B S T JLYZQNY a Q c T S > K =I>@= OQNY S OY = J > Y[MZT&TJ S ; >R
Q,WlXQni B QNW u:R |$c uZR d T S > X>J =?>@=I> B S W ^ QnO M = W(J > T B MPJUY S W =I> B Q ^ O = e JUWGJ S ; >R V > X S X;Q B j[W>M ` Q > v%J u \ =I>
Q B JUTJUQ c +w i } =I> B Q9TM =I> T Q9Y = B VliZO S R
; > Y[JUT = p =?> WGJ S ; > S X =?> T JLQ @ ; > Y[JUT = p =I> WGJ S ; > S X =?> T JLQ @
v v"| w v} v"| +}
| v "| |CJ v v
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ZM QNYPO S uZR |.3 > WGX;Q B Q,TJ S >@= W = S ; B JUT QNWhW>J ` M B QNYPQ,W =?>] Q B JLT JLQ R
x
S W ^ QnO,M = W = S ; B JUT S WW S > O = ^ O = W =I> XQNY S W ` = YPJLQ > X =Z= B `9S Y = B S Y = W>QNO>O S BYB QNY S =I>= B T&Q ^ ; X;M B S R%$ Q >
W>JLY S W>J ` M B QNY S WY S W ^ M > X S WY =9 M > TJ S > Q ` J =?> X S Y = B W>JLWGX = ` QPjT S O>O = W ^ S > Y[J =?> X = WQ B QrWGJ\X>M:QNTJ S ; >^ M > XQ
Y = T QNO>K Q c Q B QW>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >_e Q BYB =,R S W ^ QnO M = W = S ; B JUT S W W = ZQ > T S > W>JLY = O;Q,Y S W>J = ` ^ O =f M > T J S > Q > Y S Q B
`9Q'; &[J ÈS Y BY= B W>MrT Q ^ QNB TJUYPQ,Y R 3
S W Q S WhWGJ ` M QNY S WhW S >
v R q > T S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S X;O>J QN; W>JLT S =I> M > Q9WGMZi = WXQNTJ S ; >_=?>&= B e Q BYB = Y = B VliPO S j[Y = W ^=a Q,Y S Q B S W v +} ` W R
| R q > T S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S X;O>J QN; W>JLT S =?> M > QFW>MPi = WXQNT J S ; >A=I>_= B > S O S = WGX = ^ =?> J > W>M B QNO&j:Y = W ^ =Ga QNY S Q B S W v +}
` WR
(Q :KNMPOQ uZR | u O = ^ O = W =?> XQ ^ QnO>X = Y = B QO = Y = B = ; TX;O>JUT Q"Y = X;O;Q > W ^ S OGX = Y = B > S O S = WGX = ^ =I> J > WGM B QNO R x QNYPQ"M > S
Y = B S W Q BMB S W = W ^ O S ; &[J `9S Q9M > Q9Y = B QNWhY S W k S > QNW Y = K =I>@= OQNT J S ; > = S ; B JLT&Q `9S Y = B QNYZQNW =?>&= B = WGX>MZY[J S R
54*)7498:4 KHKJT@ C
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!?| }?} R, S OX;Q > X S j B Q9K =?>O= OQNTJ S ; > = S ; B JUT QEO =&^ O = W =?> X;Q M > v j Y = B FQ Y = ` Q > YPQ R
Y a!% '(*(_ ,O% (_ ba! %
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cortocircuito
trifásico
Protección
de mínima tensión
instantánea
cortocircuito
trifásico
Protección
de mínima tensión
con retardo
Parques desconectados Parques no desconectados

2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 .3 QnO M = W Y = W;T S >O= TXQNY S WX>OQNW M > T S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S =I> = B e Q BMB = Y = B VqiPO S =I>
W>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >^ M > XQ R
1 SN`9S ^ M = Y = S iZW = O e QNO;W = j B QhO = TM ^ = O;Q,TJ S ; > Y = B QX =?> WGJ S ; >U= W!O Q ; ^ JUYPQ R V > K =I>@= OQ B j B QIY = W ` QnK >O= X>J k Q,TJ S ; >
Y = B S WK =?>@= O;Q,Y S O = W!Y = J > Y[MZT T J S ; >=?> B S W ^ QNO M = W = S ; B JUT S W ^ M = Y = Y[J TM B X;QNO B QO = T M ^ = O;Q,TJ S ; > Y = B QhX =?> WGJ S ; >R
2 J >= ` iZQnO;K S j =?>7= WGX = T&QNW S B QIY = W>T S >@= & J S ; > Y = B S WK =?>@= O;Q,Y S O = W!Y = J > Y[MZT&TJ S ; >$^ S O = = TX S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q2X =I> W>J S ; >_= B J ` J > Q = WGX ="^ O S i B = ` Q R
Q ^ S X =?> TJUQdJ > X = OT Q ` iPJUQNYPQFT S > 2ZO;Q > TJUQdQ9X;O;Q e = ; WY = B Q B ; >@= Q $/= O > Q > J 1 Q > X = KNO;J\X e QNO ; QFW>J\K > J :T Q
X>J e Q ` =?> X = Q B S B QnO;K S Y = B QW>J ` M B QNTJ S ; >R QdOQ k S ; >S= W M = B QY = W;T S >@= &[J S ; > Y = B S W ^ QNO M = W = S ; B JLT S W ^ S O
= = TX S Y = B Q BMB S ^ O S e S T&Q"M > Q T QnO =?> TJUQ$Y = K =?>@= O;Q,TJ S ; >R, Q ^ S X =?> T JLQ >@= T = W;QnO;JLQ ^ QnOQ$TMZiPO>JLO B Q Y = ` Q > YPQ
= WqQ ^ S O>X;QNYZQ =I>F^ QnO>X = ^ S O B S W K =?>@= O;Q,Y S O = W W ; > TO S > S W ^ =?> J > W>M B QnO = W&j c =I>E^ QnO>X = QmX>OQ e = ; W Y = B QT S >@= &[J S ; >
T S > 2ZO;Q > TJUQ R
1 SN`9S T S > W = TM =?> T JLQZj = B43 M a S Y =$^ S X =I> TJUQFQ X>OQ e = ; W Y = B Q B ; >@= QPj M = J > JUTJUQ B ` =I> X =U= OQFY = .5)5
Y = W>Y = VqW ^ Q > Q :QNTJU"Q 2POQ > TJUQPjZW == WGX;QNiPJ B J k Q > Q B ` =I> X ==I> M > 3 M a S Y = .5)5 Y = W>Y = 2POQ > T JLQ ZQ,TJUQ
VqW ^ Q > Q %R S O S X>O S B QNY S j B Q e QNO>JUQNT J S ; > Y = B63 M a S Y =F^ S X =?> T JLQ = WGX Q ; ^ S T S Q `9S OGX;J\K,MZQNYPQ c ^ O = W =?> XQfM > Q
W S iPO = S W>T J B QNT J S ; > T = O;T&Q > QEQ B67 5)598 Q ^ O S &[J ` QNYPQ ` =I> X = Y S WhW = K,M > Y S WY = W ^ M = ; WhY = B Q BMB S R
Q ZKNMZO;:Q . ;R 0 \ O = ^ O = W =I> XQ B Q =&e S B MZT J S ; > Y = B Q,W ` JUW ` Q,W e QNO>JUQni B = WbT MZQ > Y S B S W ^ QnO M = WW S >7= MPJ ^ QNY S W
Y a $ &')' + $ ' a $
1,2 2000
1,08 1600
Tensión en el nudo sometido al fallo (p.u.)
Potencia conexión con Francia (MW)

0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
Tiempo (s) Tiempo (s)
2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?>Z= B e Q BYB = Y = B VqiPO S =?> WGJ\X>M:QNTJ S ; > ^ M > X;QT S >2^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q X =?> W>J S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q R
T S > B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` Q$X =?> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S j[Y = W;TO;J\X;Q =?> B Q :KNMPOQ . R 7 PR
QgO = T M ^ = O;Q,TJ S ; > Y = B QX =?> W>J S ; > XQ ` iPJ =?; >K= WO Q ; ^ JUYPQZjW>JliPJ =?> M > ^ S T Sr`9QN; W B =?> X;Q =I>= B T Q,W S Y = B Q
^ O S X = T T J S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` QEX =?> W>J S ; > J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= Q R S WK =?>@= O;Q,Y S O = W Y = J > YPMZT T J S ; >^ = O ` Q >O= T =I> T S >@= T
X;Q,Y S W"Q ^ = W>QNO"Y = W>M O;J\O"M > QgT Q ; YPQdY = X =I> W>J S ; > T S > W>JLY = O;QNi B =NR VqWGX S WmK =I>@= OQNY S O = WT S > W>M ` =?> ^ S X =?> TJUQ
O = QNTX>J e QFY = W ^ M = ; WY = B Y = W ^=a2= Y = Q BMB S T S >= B > Y = O = T M ^= OQnO = B 3 M a Sd` QnK > = ; X;JLT S R 1 S,ÈS T S > W = T M =?>
TJUQPj J > ` = Y[JUQDXQ ` =?> X = Y = W ^ M = ; WqY = B Q BYB S QnM ` =I> XQ = B T S > W>M `9S Y =^ S X =I> TJUQ$O = Q,TX>J e Q =?>A= B WGJUWGX = ` QZj cLB Q
O = TM ^ = O;Q,TJ S ; > Y = B Q X =I> W>J S ; >A= W B JLK = O;Q ` =?> X = `9QN; W B =?> X;Q R
Q ^ S X =I> TJUQfQfX>OQ e = ; WY = B QT S >@= &[J S ; > T S > 2POQ > T JLQZj:O = ^ O = W =I> XQNYPQfQ B QY = O = TZQ =I> B Q ZK,MPOQ!. R;0 \ j
X;Q ` iPJ =I; > = & ^ = O;J ` =I> XQ2M > J > TO = ` =I> X S Y = B 3 M a S :QNTJUQEVqW ^ Q> QZj T SN`9S T S > W = TM =I> TJUQ Y = B QEY = W;T S >@= &[J S ; >
Y ="^ QNO M = W = S ; B JLT S W R 2 J >&= ` iZQNO>K S j B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > T S > O = X;QnOY S ^ = O ` J\X = B Q ^ = O ` Q >@=I> TJUQEY = M >&> M ; ` = O S
= B = e Q,Y S Y =f^ QnO ,M = W R S O = WXQO;Q k S ; > j = B J > T O = ` =?> X S Y = B 3 M a S Y =^ S X =?> TJUQ ZQNT JLQ]V(W ^ Q > Q = W Q ^ O S &
J ` Q,YPQ ` =I> X = B Q ` J\X;QNY M = Q B MZW;QnO B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= QZjT SN`9S ^ M = Y =gCe = OW = T S,` ^ QnOQ > Y S B Q,W
ZK,MPO;Q,W . ;R 0 c . ;R 0 \ R
] (') ' % % $#(%

Q ZK,MPOQ:. R 0 ` M = WGX>OQ B S W ^ QnO M = W = S ; B JUT S W Y = W;T S >@= TX;Q,Y S W =?> T Q,W S Y = ^ O S Y[MZT J\OW = M > T S O>X S TJLO;T MPJ\X S
=?> = B > S O S = WGX =NR Q ^ QnO>X = W>M ^= O;J S OY = B Q:KNMPOQ_T S O>O = W ^ S > Y = Q B Q ^ O S X = T TJ S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` Q X =?> W>J S ; >
J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= Q R 1 SN`9S ^ M = Y = S i:W = O e QnOW = j B S W ^ QnO,M = WQ = TX;Q,Y S W W S > B S W `9QN; W T = OT Q > S WQ B Q BYB S j[WGJ\X>M:QNY S W
?= > B Q k S > QEY = Q B JUTJUQ R
Q ^ QNOGX = J [> = O;J S OY = B Q ZK,MPOQ ` M = WGX>OQ = B M ; > JUT S ^ QnO M = Y = W;T S >@= TX;QNY S Q B = ` ^ B = QnO B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` QFX =?> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QnOY S R VqWGX =E^ QNO M = ^ O = W =I> X;QdY S W"T QnOQNTX = O ; WGX>JUT QNW M =E^= O a MZY[JUT Q > B QO = TM
^= OQNTJ S ; > Y = B Q X =I> W>J S ; > Y = W ^ M = ; W Y = M > Q BYB S j c ,M =^ S OXQ > X S Q e S O = T =?> WGMgY = W;T S >@= &[J S ; >f^ S O ^ QNOGX = Y =
B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` QFX =?> W>J S ; >R V >]^ O;J ` = O B MPK QnOHj = WmM > ^ QnO M = Q B =a Q,Y S Y = B QfO = Y]Y = X>OQ > W ^ S O>X =,R
1 SN`9S W =X= & ^ B JUT S ; =?> B Q]W = T&TJ S ; > . R;0[R;0 j B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > T S > O = XQnOY S X>J =?> Y = Q]Y = W>T S >@= TX;QNO B S W ^ QNO M = W
`9QN; W"B Q B = a Q,Y S W R V > W = K,M > Y S B MZK,c QnOHj B Q ^ S X =I> TJUQ > SN` J > Q B Y = B ^ QNO M =Z= WiZQ,WXQ > X =*= B = B e QN3 YZQ . 5 j
^ S O S M = Y = ` Q > YPQM > Q ` Q S OT&Q > X>JUYPQNY Y 9= ^ S X =I> TJUQfO = Q,TX;J e Q ^ QnOQfO = T M ^= OQnO = M a Sr` QnK > = ; X>JUT S
=?> W>MZW K =I>@= OQNY S O = W R
Q,W ZKNMPOQNW . R 0 dJ c . R 5 ` M = WGX>OQ > B QX =I> W>J S ; >=I>= B > M:Y S Q = TX;Q,Y S c = B 3 M a S Y =F^ S X =?> T JLQrQ,TX>J e Q
=?> B QfJ > X = OT S >@= &[J S ; > T S > 2POQ > T JLQZj T MZQ > Y S B S W ^ QnO,M = WW S > = MPJ ^ Q,Y S W"T S > B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` Q
X =I> W>J S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q c T S > O = XQnOY S j O = W ^ = TX>J e Q ` =?> X N= R
!#"%$&(')&+*-,
1,2 2000
1,08 1600

0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 \&3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?>Z= B e Q BYB = Y = B VqiPO S =?> WGJ\X>M:QNTJ S ; > ^ M > X;QT S >2^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q X =?> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S R
1 SN` ^ QNO;Q > Y S B Q =&e S B MZT J S ; > Y = B QX =I> W>J S ; >K=I> Q ` iZQNW(ZK,MPOQNW&j ^ M = Y = T SN` ^ O S i:QnOW = ,M = B QgX =?> W>J S ; >
W = O = T M ^= OQfO Q ; ^ JUYPQ ` =I> X =L=?> Q ` i S WT QNW S W&j!WGJ iZJ =I> B QgO = TM ^= OQNT J S ; > = W B JLK = O;Q ` =I> X = ` Q,; W B =I> X;Q =?>T= B
T Q,W S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > T S > O = X;QnOY S ^ S O = = TX S Y = B QFY = ` Q > YPQFY =2^ S X =?> TJUQFO = QNTX>J e Q ^ S O ^ QnO>X = Y = B S W
^ QNO M = W = S ; B JLT S W M ="^= O ` Q >@= T =?> T S >@= TX;QNY S W R
1 SN` ^ QNO;Q > Y S B Q = e S B M:TJ S ; > Y = B 3 M a S Y =I^ S X =?> TJUQ ^ M = Y = S iZW = O e QnOW = M = j Y = W ^ M = ; W Y = B QNWqT S O;O = W ^ S >
Y[J =?> X = W S W>T J B QNT J S >@= W&j = B 3 M a S X;J =I> Y = Q = WGX;QNiPJ B J k QnOW = =I> M > Q2WGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >L=?> B Q M = Y[JLW ` J > M c = B Q ^ S X =?> TJUQ
T = Y[JUYPQQ 2POQ > TJUQ R VqWGX =*= = TX S = WM > QgT S > W = TM =?> T JLQY = B Q ^ = ; OY[JUYPQdY = K =?>@= O;Q,TJ S ; >= S ; B JUT Q R V > = B T&QNW S
Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` QEX =?> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S j B Q ^ = ; OY[JUYPQFY = K =?>@= O;Q,TJ S ; >_= S ; B JUT Q = W ` =?> S O&j ^ S O B S
M = B QEYPJLW ` J > MZT J S ; > Y = B43 M a S Y =^ S X =?> T JLQEXQ ` iPJ =?; > = W ` =?> S O R
54*)74'6 4 + V @.H N ?WV)ATL J N Z[Z = P =I? N FOR N

V > BQ
WGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >_e Q BMB = Y = T QNO>K Q B Q K =I>@= OQNT J S ; >K= S ; B JLT&Q]O = ^ O = W =?> XQ]Q ^ O S &[J ` Q,YPQ ` =?> X = M > . 8 Y =
B QdY = Q` > YPQ R VqW = WGX;QNWmT S > Y[JUTJ S >@= W j B QFO = W ^ M = WXQ9X>OQ > WGJ\X S O>JUQFY = B S W ^ QnO M = W = S ; B JUT S W = WIY = X = O ` J > Q > X =
^ NQ O;Q B Q = WXQniPJ B JLYPQ,YY = B W>JLWGX = ` Q R
] (') ' % % $9"$&$ #%$
Q ZK,MPOQ:. R 7 ` M = WGX>OQ B S W ^ QnO M = W = S ; B JUT S W Y = W;T S >@= TX;Q,Y S W =?> T Q,W S Y = ^ O S Y[MZT J\OW = M > T S O>X S TJLO;T MPJ\X S
=?>_= B e Q BYB = Y = B VliZO S R Q ^ QNOGX = W>M ^= O;J S OhY = B Q ZKNMZO;QET S O>O = W ^ S > Y = Q B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` Q$X =?> W>J S ; >
J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= QZj c^B Q J >[ = O;J S OQ B Q ^ O S X = T TJ S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S R B S WT Q,W S W!Q > X = O>J S O = W&j B S W ^ QNO M = W
Q = TXQNY S W X>J =?> Y =?> QFW = O B S W `9QN; WT = OT Q > S WhQ B Q BYB S R 1 S,` ^ QnOQ > Y S = WXQ ZKNMPOQFT S > B Q . R;0 j e= `9S W ,M =
= B > M ; ` = O S Y =r^ QNO M = W Y = W>T S >@= TXQNY S W QNM ` =?> X;QW =I> W>J\i B = ` =I> X =A=I> B QWGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >_e Q BMB = O = W ^= TX S Q B Q
W>JoX;MZQNT J S ; > ^ M > XQ R
Q,W :KNMPOQNW . R 0 c . R ! ` M = WGX>OQ > B QX =?> W>J S ; >7=I>7= B > MZY S Q = TXQNY S c = B3 M a S Y =^ S X =?> TJUQmQ,TX>J e Q =I> B Q
J > X = OT S >@= &[J S ; > T S > 2POQ > TJUQPj TMZQ > Y S B S W ^ QNO M = WqW S >X= ,MZJ ^ Q,Y S WT S > B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` QX =?> W>J S ; >
J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= Q c T S > O = XQnOY S j O = W ^ = TX>J e Q ` =?> X =NR V > Q ` iZQ,W WGJ ` M B QNT J S >@= W B Q9O = TM ^ = O;Q,TJ S ; > Y = B Q X =?> W>J S ; >
= W ` Q,; W B =I> X;Q M = =?>T= B ` JUW ÈS T&QNW S =I> WGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >^ M > X;Q R V >T= B T QNW S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= QZj
B Q2X =?> W>J S ; > WGM O = Y S W S W;TJ B Q,TJ S >@= W Q > X = WhY =U= WGX;QNiPJ B J k QnOW N= R V >&= B T QNW S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > T S > O = XQnOY S j B Q
X =I> W>J S ; > W = O = TM ^= OQ `9Q,; W B =I> XQ ` =?> X = YPMPO;Q > X = B S WY S WW = K,M > Y S W ^ S WGX = O>J S O = WQ B Q BMB S j ^ S O = = TX S Y = B
T S > W>M `9S Y = ^ S X =?> T JLQ9O = Q,TX;J e Q ^ S O B S WhQ = O S K =?>O= OQNY S O = W > S Y = W;T S >@= TX;Q,Y S W R
Y a $ &')' + $ ' a $
cortocircuito
trifásico
Protección
de mínima tensión
instantánea
cortocircuito
trifásico
Protección
de mínima tensión
con retardo

2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 3 QnO M = W Y = W>T S >@= TXQNY S WX;O;Q,W M > T S OGX S TJLO;T MPJoX S =I> = B > S O S = WX = =I>
W>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >^ M > XQ R
!#"%$&(')&+*-,
1,2 2000
1,08 1600

0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 J3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?> = B > S O S = WX ==?> WGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >]^ M > X;QfT S >]^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y =
` ; > J ` Q X =I> W>J S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q R
1,2 2000
1,08 1600
0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
2J\K,MPOQ/. R 5 3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?>E> S O S = WGX =K=?> WGJ\X>MZQ,TJ S ; > ^ M > X;Q T S > ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y =
` ; > J ` Q X =I> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S R
Y a $ &')' + $ ' a $
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trifásico
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de mínima tensión
instantánea
cortocircuito
trifásico
Protección
de mínima tensión
con retardo

2J\K,MPOQ/. R QnO M W Y = W;T S >O= TXQNY S WX>OQNW M > T S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S
7*3 = =I> = B e Q BMB = Y = B VqiPO S =I>
W>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >e Q BYB =NR
O !#"%$&(')&+*-,
1,2 2000
1,08 1600

0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
2J\K,MPOQ/. R 0 3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?>A= B e Q BMB = Y = B VliZO S =?> W>J\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >de Q BYB = T S >f^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q X =?> W>J S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q R
1,2 2000
1,08 1600
Potencia conexion con Francia (MW)
0,96 1200
0,84 800
0,72 400
0,6 0
0,48 −400
0,36 −800
0,24 −1200
0,12 −1600
0 −2000
0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16 0 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 8 9,6 11,2 12,8 14,4 16
2J\K,MPOQ/. R !3 1 S O>X S T J\OTMPJ\X S =?>A= B e Q BMB = Y = B VliZO S =?> W>J\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >de Q BYB = T S >f^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q X =?> W>J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S R
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< X =I> Y[J =?> Y S Q B3 M a S Y =^ S X =?> T JLQZj =?> B Q ^ QNOGX = Y = O = TZQ"Y = B Q,W ZKNMZO;Q,W . R 0 c . R ! j ^ S Y = `9S W = & X>OQ = O
e QnO;JLQ,W(T S > T B M:WGJ S >@= W R V >^ O>J ` = O B MZK,QnO c Q B JLKNMZQ B M = =?> T Q,W S WqQ > X = O;J S O = W j,M > S WW = KNM > Y S WY = W ^ M = ; WY = B
Q BYB S QNM ` =?> X;Q = B3 M a S Y =E^ S X =?> TJUQY = W>Y = 2ZO;Q > TJUQ ZQ,TJUQfV(W ^ Q> QPjT S,`9S T S > W = TM =?> T JLQY = B Q ^ = ; OY[JUYPQ
Y = K =I>@= OQNT J S ; >= S ; B JUT Q R 1 S,` ^ QnOQ > Y S = WGX;QNW ZK,MPO;Q,WmT S > B QNW"T S O;O = W ^ S > YPJ =I> X = WmQ B QfW>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >^ M > XQY =
Y = ` Q > YPQ Ce = `9S W M = B Q e QnO;JLQ,TJ S ; > Y = ^ S X =?> TJUQ = W ` Q c S OHj B S TM:Q B W = Y = i = Q B ` Q c S O > M ; ` = O S Y = ^ QNO M = W
= S ; B JUT S WlY = W>T S >@= TX;Q,Y S W R 1 SN` ^ QNO;Q > Y S B Q ^ O S X = T TJ S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= QT S > B Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > T S > O = XQnOY S eC= `9S W
M = B Q e QnO;JLQ,TJ S ; > Y =$^ S X =?> T JLQ = W ` =I> S O =I>= B T Q,W S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S jPY = iZJLY S X;Q ` iPJ =?; > Q B
` =?> S O > M ; ` = O B S Y =^ QNO BM = WY = W;T S >OB = TXQNY S W R
S O S X>O S QNY S j =I>K= T Q,W S Y = Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S = & JUWGX = M > J > TO = ` =I> X S J > JUTJUQ B Y = B Q ^ S
X =I> TJUQFT = Y[JUYPQFQ 2POQ > T JLQEJ > ` = Y[JUQDXQ ` =?> X = Y = W ^ M = ; WhY = B Y = W ^ =G2a = Y = B Q BMB S R V >&= B T&QNW S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; >
J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= Q = WGX = J > TO = ` =I> X S J > JUTJUQ B = W ` MZT S]` =I> S O Rb QO;Q k S ; >R= W M = B Q ^ O S X = T TJ S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= Q
Y = W>T S >@= TX;QEJ > ` = Y[JUQDXQ ` =?> X = B S W ^ QnO M = W&j B S T MZQ B ^ O S e S T&Q2M > Y = = TX S Y =^ S X =?> T JLQFQ,TX;J e Q =?> VqW ^ Q > Q
M = QnX =I> MZ; Q B Q ^ O;J ` = O;Q S W;TJ B Q,TJ S ; >R V >S= B T Q,W S Y = B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > T S > O = X;QNO;Y S jZK,O;Q >g^ QnO>X = Y = B S W ^ QnO
M = W(W S > Y = W;T S >@= TX;QNY S WlT S > M > O = XQnOY S Y = Q ^ O S &[J ` QNYPQ ` =I> X = ` = Y[J S W = KNM > Y S j ^ S O B S ,M = B Q ^ O>J ` = OQ
S W;TJ B QNTJ S ; >A= W ` =?> S WQ ÈS OGX;J\K,MZQNYZQ R
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Q ZK,MPOQ:. R . ` M = WGX>OQ B S W ^ QnO M = W = S ; B JUT S W Y = W;T S >@= TX;Q,Y S W =?> T Q,W S Y = ^ O S Y[MZT J\OW = M > T S O>X S TJLO;T MPJ\X S
=?>Z= B > S O S = WX ==?> W>JoX;MZQNT J S ; >$e Q BYB = Y cZ= B T QNO>K Q R Q ^ QnB O>X = WGM ^= O;J S O Y = B Q ZKNMZO;QmT S </O;O B = W ^ S > B Y = Q B Q ^ B O S X = T&TJ S ; >
Y = ` ; > J ` Q"X =I> WGJ S ; > J > WGX;Q > X Q ; >@= QPj QJ >[ = O;J S OqQ Q ^ O S X = T T J S ; > T S > O = X;QnOY S R J\K,MZQ ,M =/=?> S W(Y = `9Q,; W
T Q,W S W j B S W ^ QnO M = WmQ = TX;Q,Y S WIX>J =?> Y =?> QgW = O B S W `9QN; WT = O;T&Q > S WIQ B Q BMB S R 1 SN` ^ QNO;Q > Y S = WXQ :KNMPOQdT S >
B Q. R;0 j e = `9S W ,M = = B > M ; ` = O S Y =f^ QNO M = W2Y = W>T S >@= TXQNY S W2QnM ` =I> X;Q]W =?> W>JLi B = ` =?> X =_=?> B QW>J\X>MZQ,TJ S ; >
e Q BYB = O = W ^ = TX S Q B QFWGJ\X>M:QNTJ S ; >g^ M > XQ R
Q,W ZKNMPOQNW . R Fc . R ` M = WGX>OQ > B QX =I> W>J S ; >=I>= B > M:Y S Q = TX;Q,Y S c = B 3 M a S Y =F^ S X =?> T JLQrQ,TX>J e Q
=?> B QfJ > X = OT S >@= &[J S ; > T S > 2POQ > T JLQZj T MZQ > Y S B S W ^ QnO ,M = WW S > = MPJ ^ Q,Y S W"T S > B Q ^ O S X = T&TJ S ; > Y = ` ; > J ` Q
X =I> W>J S ; > J > WXQ > X Q ; >@= Q c T S > O = X;QNO;Y S jNO = W ^ = TX;J e Q ` =I> X =NR Q,W ` JUW ` QNW T S > T B MZW>J S >@= W S iPX =?> JLYPQ,W =?>X= B T&QNW S
Y = B T S OGX S T J\OTMZJoX S =I>_= B e Q BYB = Y = B VliPO S W S > Q ^ B JLT&Qni B = W Q = WGX = T&QNW S R
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= W M > QFY = B Q,W e QnO;JLQNi B = WhY = =?> X>OQNYZQEQ = WX = `9S Y = B S jZY = W;TO;J\X S =?> B Q9W = T&TJ S ; > R;0[R
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T Q ; B T M B S Y = B QNW T S > YPJLT J S >@= W J > JUTJUQ B = W Y = B QNW e QnO;JUQni B = W = B = ; TX>O;JUT QNWY = B K =I>@= OQNY S O Y S i B = ` =I> X = Q B J ` =?> XQNY S j
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1,05
1
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0,2
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3
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1
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5,6
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5,4
4
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50,06
50,05
50,04 1
Frecuencia (Hz)
2
50,03
3
50,02 4
5
50,01 6
7 8
50
49,99
49,98
0 5 10 15
Tiempo (s)
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1,05
Tensión (p.u.)
0,95
0,9
0,85
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Tiempo (s)
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Corriente (p.u.)
90 0,25
120 60
0,2
0,15
150 30
0,1
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5
6
7
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1
2 4
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0,6
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1 4
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3
0,6
2
0,4
1
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8
0 1
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90 1,5
60
1
30
0,5 Ángulo
5 máximo
6
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Analisis Dinamico de Sistemas Electricos Con Generacion Eolica - PHD

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: : BP:Jt  7 2 # - C$!%4#5 #   B/' "!  D7 #  2 71$!:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: C H

: : :J H87 2j- # -0-  2 "/  :e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: C H

: : <w'5/ 77 2   -  @ 2C #U/ 4! 2   _7B V B/c#5 -  ::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

: : : o  79/')!6$aP  #?  D# - eA '#$7 2      2 7#:e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

: : : [ % '7  ! 2     0%4#5ck     2 71 :e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

: BP: %  2 71#$7 2   .# =7#?!  D!6%#]PX .::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G C

: BP: : r 2 /  #?7 2   _%  $/c# - b71#? A"# :::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GG

    

 @   1) '  20 + ! "  ?

: :~gh#?! 3a#?! ?:p::e::e::e:::&::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: CC

: : o R  % H - b71#?!  2 D!E/c#5a  ?:Q::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: P:`t  7 2 # - j# 2 1c7 2 # - j#^/   a 2 #:M:e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: CC H

: :Bt  7 2 # - j#U D7  7 2 # -  !  # 7 2 #  7 #  2 71#:n::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: :Bt  7 2 # - j#^%4?/ 7 2 #^A 1c# - #:n::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: CG 

: :Bt  7 2 # - j#^ H87 2j- # -V-  2 $/': :e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: 4:1<p5/ 7 2 #  7 #  2 71# "/''# $/ # j#^/   a 2 #:w:e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: CP:1{q'#,+ 79/'? 2 #U!6$aP j#?!Q7  ',#$!  =: ::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GG

: G :1<w '5/ 77 2   -  @ 2C #U/ 4! 2   _7B V B/c#5 - :q::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: 8:  # - A '#$7 2      2 71#P:)::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GG BB

: :1<>#5ck     2 7B:h::e::e:::&::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GG CC

: :1{ ! 2   H"!Q# 1'?A '# - ? ! -  _%#5ck     2 7B4:$::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: (G : #  C O,#   -  o aP' .! 2 /  #$7 2   0%  "/'#: :::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: 8: #  C O,#   -  o aP' .! 2 /  #$7 2   0%  "/'#: :::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: : #  C  P?' !6/ .! 2 /  #?7 2   0%  "/c#P:G::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: B : #  C  P?' !6/ .! 2 /  #?7 2   0%  "/c#P:G::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: B : #  C O,#   -  o aP' .! 2 /  #$7 2   0W#   $: :&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: BCP: #  C  P?' !6/ .! 2 /  #?7 2   0W#   $: ::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: B G : #  C  P?' !6/ .! 2 /  #?7 2   0W#   $: ::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

&: :&g  'W#?!Q71#?'#$79/ 1 @ !6/ 2 71#$!   w:J:e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GH

  : : p< 5/ 7 2 # 2 !6/'# j# - #  MaP 2  -    j#3K 2   ov  $% D#P:`:::e::&::e:::e::e::

: :~g -82 7 2  ! 2 2 7 2 #  !:p:::&::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

&: 4:M<>#5 #   1/ '$! - C#$!h/  'a 2 #?!:f:e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

&: CP:M<>#5 #   1/ '$! - H"!A  1c# - $ D!1:l:e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GGGG

&: G :M<>#5 #   1/ '$! - =%4#5ck     2 71:L::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

&: 8:M<>#5 #   1/ '$! - C#^ - : ::&::e::e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: GG

&: H :M<>#5 #   1/ '$! - =A '# - ?! @ 47B' P4:v::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

&: P: <>#5 #   1/ '$! - C#U/   a 2 #    2 7#P:P:e:::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e::

Potencia Instalada (MW)

,- (./0$*12/ 3/" (!/"465"879"#$*0":+;"<: &=>"?"&@0A9"*& B,C :6

2 A  '# : P<p?/ 7 2 #    2 7# 2 !6/'# C# - # o ! %#]4#X P:

 7 * , !$#&,  6"!7#&% ') %  # 3%   

    

! 2 A P2 "/ ! - BS 2 7 2  !

#{q? !  !h3#?! #$! !

Sobretensiones por maniobras

Estabilidad transitoria y de pequeña señal

Estabilidad a largo plazo

Oscilaciones entre áreas

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: : <w'5/ 77 2 - @ 2C #U/ 4! 2 _7B V B/c#5 - ::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

: : : o 79/')!6$aP #? D# - eA '#$7 2 2 7#:e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

: : : [ % '7 ! 2 0%4#5ck 2 71 :e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: G

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: :Bt 7 2 # - j#^%4?/ 7 2 #^A 1c# - #:n::e::e::&:::e::e::e:::e::&::e:::e::e:: CG

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