Moksha Veterans T14 Key

MOKSHA VETERANS 2023 TEST 14
Q1. What measures can be adopted to strengthen the independent functioning of the
Election Commission of India? (10 Marks)
Approach
• Introduce the Election Commission of India and its functions
• Give reasons for why ECI is becoming less independent in its functioning and roles
• Suggest measures to strengthen ECI and make it more independent
• Conclude by giving the importance of ECI in the effective functioning of democracy.
Introduction
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established by the Constitution
of India to ensure free and fair elections in the country. Part XV (Article 324-329) of the
Constitution deals with the ECI.
Significance of the Independence of ECI

● Free and fair elections: A democracy can survive only when free and fair elections are
conducted in it on a regular basis. This requires an independent EC which can curtail the
use of money and muscle power and ensure adherence to electoral rules by all the
stakeholders.
● Non-partisan behaviour: The body can resist political pressures especially from the ruling
party only when it enjoys a considerable degree of independence.
● Maintaining people’s trust: The trust of the masses over the electoral process is contingent
upon the degree of independence enjoyed by the EC.
● Acceptability of verdict: The losing parties accept the electoral verdict as they believe in the
impartial and independent functioning of EC. A failure to ensure the same can create distrust
among the parties and in extreme situations can give way to a coup.
Reasons behind reducing independence of ECI

● Selection Procedure: The Chief election commissioner and other ECs are appointed by the
President on recommendations of the central government. This raises a question of partisan
behaviour of officials towards the ruling party.
● No law for the appointment of election commissioners: Article 324 of the Constitution,
dealing with the appointment of election commissioners, had envisaged the enactment of a
law to provide for the procedure for such appointments, but the government had not done
this yet. As a result, Chief Election.
Commissioners' terms have fallen from over eight years in the 1950s to less than three
hundred days since 2004.
● Issue of Short tenures of Chief Election Commissioners: Although the CEC’s tenure is six
years under ‘The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners
(Conditions of Service) Act, 1991’, no CEC has completed his tenure since 2004. Also, the
other two ECs can be easily removed by the President as they have no security of tenure.
● Political neutrality: Election Commissioners may be honest, but can have definite political
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leaning which makes them less independent.

● Post Retirement Jobs: The Constitution has not debarred the retiring election
commissioners from any further appointment by the government. The government uses this
loophole for compromising the independence of members.
● Lack of powers hindering independent functioning: It has no power to derecognize a
political party or control the extent of party expenditure. Further, the model code of conduct
is not legally enforceable.
● Inadequate Political Will: In the last 75 years numerous political leaders and parties became
part of the government. However, very few were willing and able to bestow sufficient powers
to EC for ensuring independent functioning.
● Misuse of State Machinery: In recent times, there has been a rising trend of targeting family
members of election commissioners using state institutions like the Enforcement Directorate,
Vigilance commission, etc. This creates additional pressure on them thereby compromising
independent behaviour.
● Dependence on Centre for Finance: Despite several provisions designed to make the ECI
an independent body, the Union Government still controls its finances. The expenses of EC
are not charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
● Lack of Independent Staff: Because ECI does not have its own staff, it has to rely on staff
from Central and State Governments whenever elections are held. As a result, the
administrative staff is also responsible for ordinary administration, as well as electoral
administration, which is not conducive to the Commission's impartiality and efficiency.
● No Statutory Backing for Enforcing Model Code of Conduct (MCC): In regard to the
enforcing Model Code of Conduct (MCC) and other election-related decisions, there is no
clarity regarding the scope and nature of the powers available to the Election Commission of
India (ECI).
● Limited Power to Regulate Inner-Party Democracy: The ECI is limited to advising parties
on internal elections and has no authority to enforce inner-party democracy or regulate party
finances.
Measures to strengthen the independence of ECI

While measures like use of Electronic Voting Machine, Model Code of Conduct, state-sponsored
content on Electronic media, c-Vigil application etc have been taken to improve the independence
of ECI, more needs to be done to ensure its independent functioning.
Reimagining Appointment of Election Commissioners:

● Various committees like Justice Tarkunde Committee (1975), Dinesh Goswami committee
(1990), Law Commission (2015) have recommended that Election Commissioners be
appointed on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Lok Sabha
Opposition Leader and the Chief Justice of India.
● Also, the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission recommended that the Law Minister
and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha should also be included in such a Collegium.

● The Anoop Baranwal v. The Union of India (2015) case also raised the demand for a
Collegium system for the ECI.
Equality Among Commissioners: Equal Constitutional protection should be given to all

members of the ECI in matters of removability from office, curbing reappointment for ECs, and
bringing in a dedicated election management cadre and personnel system.
Statutory backing to Model Code of Conduct: It is necessary to provide statutory backing for
the ECI Model Code of Conduct, especially when it comes to election-related politicisation of
social media.
Law Commission 255th Report on Electoral Reforms:

● The report recommends that Article 324 of the Constitution be amended to provide for an
independent and permanent Secretariat for the Electoral Commission of India (ECI)
along the lines of the Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha Secretariats.
● In addition, state election commissions can be provided with similar provisions to guarantee
their autonomy and fairness in their elections.
The government should expeditiously accept the 50 reform recommendations sent by the EC.
These include Rules on decriminalizing politics, transparent party funding, paid news and
empowering the EC to countermand an election in cases of bribery.
The EC should make judicious use of its plenary powers under Article 324. In the Mohinder
Singh Gill case, the SC said that Article 324 gives wide-ranging powers to ECI to ensure free and
fair elections.
Reappointment after tenure: There must be a prudent cooling-off period for election
commissioners in order to strengthen independence.
Consolidated Fund of India to fund ECI: The expenditure of EC should be charged upon the
Consolidated Fund of India similar to other constitutional bodies such as the UPSC.
Conclusion
The Election Commission of India is a vital institution for our democracy, responsible for
conducting free and fair elections, which is essential for the smooth functioning of our
democracy. There is a need to undertake multiple reforms to re-instill the shaken trust of ECI’s
independence and credibility amongst the masses. Any attempt to undermine the independence
of the ECI is a threat to our democracy.
Q2. How similar & different is the working of Federalism between India and
Australia? (10 Marks)
Approach
• Start with how Indian Constitution is a borrowed Constitution, highlighting the features
borrowed from the Australian Constitution

• Give similarities and differences between the federal structure of India and Australia
• Conclude by specifying the significance of the two countries, and how they can learn from
each other
Introduction
The Indian Constitution is considered to be a borrowed constitution, i.e., it was modeled on the
constitutions of other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia.
This is evident in the way that the Indian Constitution divides power between the central
government and the state governments. Similar to the Indian Constitution, the Australian
Constitution is a written document that establishes the system of government in Australia. It
was created in 1901, when the former British colonies of Australia federated to form the
Commonwealth of Australia. The Constitution sets out the powers of the federal government, the
state governments, and the territories. It also guarantees certain rights and freedoms to
Australian citizens.
Body
Similarities between Indian and Australian federalism
There are a number of similarities between Indian and Australian federalism. These similarities
include:
• Division of powers: Both India and Australia have a federal system of government, in
which power is divided between the central government and the state governments. The
central government has control over matters such as defense, foreign affairs, and
currency, while the state governments have control over matters such as education,
health, and law and order.
• Judiciary: The judiciary is independent of both the central government and the state
governments in India and Australia. This means that the courts can strike down laws that
they believe are unconstitutional.
• Funding: The central government provides financial assistance to the state governments
in India and Australia. This ensures that all states have the resources they need to
provide essential services to their citizens.
• Cooperative federalism: In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on
cooperative federalism in both India and Australia. This means that the central and state
governments are working together more closely to address common challenges.
Differences between Indian and Australian federalism

There are also some key differences between Indian and Australian federalism. These differences
include:
• Composition of the upper house: The upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya
Sabha, is indirectly elected by the state legislatures. The upper house of the Australian
Parliament, the Senate, is directly elected by the people of Australia.
• Powers of the states: The state governments in India have more power than the state
governments in Australia. This is because the Indian Constitution gives the state

governments a list of subjects that they have exclusive power over. The Australian
Constitution does not give the state governments a list of subjects that they have
exclusive power over.
• Amending the constitution: The constitutions of India and Australia can be amended
by the parliaments of the two countries. However, the process of amending the
constitution is more difficult in India than it is in Australia. In India, a constitutional
amendment can only be passed if it is approved by a two-thirds majority in both houses
of Parliament and by a majority of the state legislatures. In Australia, a constitutional
amendment can be passed by a simple majority in both houses of Parliament.
Both Indian and Australian federalism have their own strengths and weaknesses. India's federal
system is more decentralized than Australia's, which gives the state governments more power.
Both India and Australia can learn from each other's experiences with federalism.
• Australia has a single national curriculum for schools, which helps to ensure that all
students across the country receive a consistent education. India could learn from this
model and develop a national curriculum of its own.
• India's state governments have more control over matters such as healthcare and
education than Australian state governments do. This allows the Indian state
governments to tailor policies to the specific needs of their citizens.
• India has a long history of cooperative federalism, in which the central and state
governments work together to achieve common goals. Australia is a more recent convert
to cooperative federalism, but it has made significant progress in recent years. By sharing
ideas and best practices, India and Australia can continue to improve their respective
systems of federalism.
• India can learn from Australia's use of intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) to facilitate
cooperation between the federal and state governments. IGAs are legally binding
agreements that set out the terms of cooperation between two or more governments. They
have been used in Australia to achieve a wide range of objectives, such as coordinating
disaster relief efforts and managing environmental resources. India could use IGAs to a
greater extent to improve cooperation between its central and state governments.
• Australia can learn from India's use of the National Development Council (NDC) to provide
a forum for dialogue between the central and state governments.
By learning from each other's experiences, India and Australia can develop more effective and
efficient federal systems that better serve the needs of their citizens.
Q3. “What ails panchayats do not seem to be the cause of concern in municipalities.”
- Clarify with examples (10 Marks)
Approach
• Introduce the Panchayats and Municipalities by quoting relevant Articles
• Examine the issues of Panchayats, and how they are different from the issues of the
Municipalities
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• Conclude by bringing a convergence between the two, and whether they can be tackled
together as the third tier of government.
Introduction
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, creating the new Local Governance
Framework in India, were made operational in April 1993. These two Acts created Part IX (Articles
243 to 243O) and Part IXA (Articles 243P to 243ZG) in the Constitution
Body
The Panchayats (rural local bodies) face multiple challenges in their functioning and
execution, like:
A. Functional Challenges:
● The power to devolve functions to local governments rests with the State Government.
Most States have not devolved adequate functions to local government bodies. This has
severely affected the system’s efficiency and effectiveness.
● State Governments have created parallel structures for the implementation of projects
around agriculture, health, and education, which undermines the status of local bodies.
Local bodies lack the support systems necessary to carry out their mandates.
● The 74th amendment requires a District Planning Committee to be set up in each district,
so that the development plans prepared by the panchayats and urban local bodies can
be consolidated and integrated. According to a study by the India Development Review
(IDR, a think tank), District Planning Committees are non-functional in 9 states, and
failed to prepare integrated plans in 15 states.
B. Financial Challenges:
● Local government expenditure as a percentage of GDP is only 2%. This is extremely
low compared to other major economies like China (11%) and Brazil (7%);
● Most local bodies, both rural and urban are unable to generate adequate funds from
their internal sources, and are therefore extremely dependent on external sources for
funding. Studies show that around 80-95% of revenue is obtained from external
sources, particularly State and Union Government loans and grants;
● The volume of money set apart for them is inadequate to meet their basic
requirements. Local Governments are starved of resources. The Union Finance
Commissions have made desirable recommendations, but the actual devolution of
funds has been very poor. Not more than 5% of the divisible pool of Union taxes is given
to local governments;
● The devolution of funds is associated with conditionalities that bind them to specific
uses. (i.e., top driven schemes of Union/State Governments, rather than based on local
needs). The Government-appointed officers have complete control over spending of funds
instead of the elected representatives of local governments;
● State Finance Commissions are not established as per Constitutional requirements

(constitute every 5 years). By 2014-15, States should have created 5th State Finance
Commission (SFC) in their respective States, but only 13 had created them. By 2019,
when 6th State Finance Commission should have been constituted, some States were yet
to create 3rd or 4th Commissions. J&K had created only 1 SFC by April 2019;
● Some experts argue that Local governments are reluctant to collect property taxes
and user charges because of fear of backlash from public. They are happy to implement
top-down programmes because they know that if they collect taxes, their electoral
prospects will be hampered.
C. Functionary Challenges:
● Staffing of local governments is scanty. Many panchayats share a single secretary,
who is often overburdened
● The Standing Committee on Rural Development chaired by Dr. P Venugopal in July
2018 observed that there is severe lack of support staff and personnel in panchayats,
such as secretary, junior engineers, computer operators, and data entry operators. This
affects their functioning and delivery of services by them.
● Technology has been used for centralizing the delivery of local services which has been
detrimental to local decision-making.
D. Other Challenges:
● Criminalisation of elections: Criminal elements and contractors are able to win
elections through corrupt means, as local elections do not get same scrutiny as State
Assembly or General Elections
● Elections to the local bodies are often delayed. For long period of times there are no
functional local governments
● Despite a relatively higher level of literacy and educational standard, city-dwellers do
not take adequate interest in the functioning of the urban government bodies e.g.,
the turnout in Municipal Elections in Delhi and Mumbai in 2017 was only 53% and 55%
respectively
● While women have been empowered with representation through reservation of seats, the
‘Sarpanch Pati’ syndrome limits the effectiveness.
● Infrastructural Challenges: Some of the Gram Panchayats do not have their own
building and they share space with schools, anganwadi centres and other places. Some
have their own building but without basic facilities like toilets, drinking water, and
electricity connection. While GPs have internet connections, they are not functional
in many cases. For any data entry purposes, panchayat officials have to visit Block
Development offices which delay the work.
● Lack of Convergence of Various Development Programmes of Centre and States For
example, roads in two different patches are constructed utilising two different sources of
funding (e.g. Fourteenth Finance Commission and MPLAD), but it is difficult to find one

large activity with funding from multiple sources. Different guidelines by different
departments are cited as a major constraint for lack of convergence of activities
On the other hand, the Municipalities (urban local bodies) face another set of challenges,
some of which overlap with the rural local bodies:
● Financial paucity:
o The Urban local government heavily depends on the state governments for getting
grants-in-aid out of the consolidated fund of state.
o City municipalities do not collect enough taxes. The Economic Survey of 2018
pointed out municipalities do not realise the full potential of property tax.
● Excessive State Control: There is also strict control exercised by the state government
over urban bodies. This proves to be more of a curse than a boon, because, instead of
providing guidance and support through the control mechanism, the control turns out to
be negative, restricting the functioning of these bodies.
● Irregular Elections: Elections to urban bodies have suffered constant postponement for
indefinite lengths of time. In some States, elections to urban local bodies have not been
held for years, defeating the goal of decentralised governance.
● Poor governance: There is a lack of planning and governance at the urban local body
level.
● Lack of management capacity: Indian municipalities do not have the management
capacity to either plan economic activity or execute it. The system of recruitment fails to
bring in the best men. Several vacancies are not filled for years and transfers are affected
at the free will of the senior bureaucrats and the government.
● Corruption, favouritism and nepotism are rampant. In the case of most of the bodies,
the state government is empowered to take disciplinary action and the urban body has
very little control over its personnel.
● Unplanned urbanization: Urban planning is done at the state government level and
municipalities have little or no role in it. There is no direct responsibility for the
consequences of planning as long as the municipality completes the plan. Judicious use
of land is not being made, colonies are set up without proper facilities such as schools,
parks and hospitals, the growth of slums is not checked and there is traffic congestion.
This also leads to urban poverty, unemployment and ecological degradation.
● Lack of coordination: Poor coordination among centre, state, and various departments
at local level leads to poor implementation of urban policies. Inability to coordinate leads
to administrative inefficiency and thus poor urban governance.
● Multiplicity of agencies for different functions under direct supervision of State
government, are to be financed by the Municipal bodies, but they have no control over
them.
Conclusion
Panchayats and Municipalities face different challenges, and hence need specific solutions for

effective local governance. However, common measures like greater financial independence,
strengthening anti-corruption frameworks, greater coordination with state government, citizen
engagement and private sector collaboration can help in addressing their challenges to a great
extent.
Q4. “The concept of liberty enshrined in the Indian constitution ensures that
freedoms do not amount to license” - Examine (10 Marks)
Approach
● Define liberty, and explain its features as given in the Constitution
● Explain how the concept of liberty is translated through the various fundamental
rights
● Now explain that liberty is not absolute, but qualified
● Conclude by highlighting the significance of such reasonable restrictions
Introduction
The term ‘liberty’ means the absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same
time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities. It is the right to
act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint.
The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and
worship, through their Fundamental Rights, enforceable in court of law, in case of violation.
Body
Liberty as elaborated in the Preamble is very essential for the successful functioning of the Indian
democratic system. The different facets of liberty that are mentioned in the Preamble are secured
through the following Fundamental Rights:
● Article 19(1)(a): Freedom of speech and expressiont guarantees the freedom to express
one's thoughts and opinions, without fear of censorship or reprisal.
● Article 19(1)(b): Freedom of assembly guarantees the freedom to assemble peacefully
and without arms.
● Article 19(1)(c): Freedom of association guarantees the freedom to form groups or
associations with others.
● Article 19(1)(d): Freedom of movement guarantees the freedom to move freely
throughout India, and to reside and settle in any part of India.
● Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty – considered to be the most basic of all
fundamental rights
● Article 25: Freedom of religion guarantees the freedom to profess, practice, and
propagate any religion.

● Article 32: Right to constitutional remedies guarantees the right to move the Supreme
Court to protect any of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
The Supreme Court has upheld this right of liberty in multiple cases:
● In the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the right
to life and liberty is a fundamental right that cannot be suspended even in times of
emergency.
● In the case of Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of Delhi, the Supreme Court
held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right that is protected by the
Constitution.
● In the case of Hadiya v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the right to personal
liberty includes the right to marry the person of one's choice, and that this right cannot
be denied on the basis of religion or caste.
● In the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the right
to privacy is a fundamental right that includes the right to choose one's sexual
orientation, and that this right cannot be denied.
However, liberty does not mean ‘license’ to do what one likes, and has to be enjoyed within
the limitations mentioned in the Constitution itself. It is a right that comes with responsibilities.
Article 19(2) of the Constitution places reasonable restrictions on Fundamental rights to speech
and expression, and thereby, on liberty. 'Reasonable restrictions' as outlined in Article 19(2) of
the Constitution allows for restrictions in the interests of
● security and sovereignty of India,
● friendly relations with Foreign States,
● public order, decency or morality,
● contempt of court,
● defamation, or
● incitement to an offence
In addition, the Supreme Court in its various judgements has also highlighted the importance
of ensuring that liberty does not turn into a ‘license’.
● In the case of Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, the Supreme Court held that the
right to freedom of speech and expression is not absolute, and that it can be
restricted in the interest of public order, morality, and security of the state.
● In the case of Suresh Kumar v. Delhi Administration, the Supreme Court held that the
right to freedom of association is not absolute, and that it can be restricted in the interest
of public order.
● In the case of Ramlila Maidan Incident v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that
the right to freedom of assembly is not absolute, and that it can be restricted in the
interest of public order.
● In the case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the right
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to freedom of speech and expression includes the right to access information, and that
this right cannot be restricted.
Conclusion
In brief, liberty as conceived by the Preamble or fundamental rights is not absolute but qualified.
Liberty is a precious right that should be cherished and protected. It is important to use our
liberty responsibly and to uphold the rule of law. By imposing restrictions on liberty, it is ensured
that the liberty of some does not impinge on the liberty of others.
Q5. Bring out the changes that have been witnessed in the audit practices of
the CAG in the recent decades. Assess the impact of the changes.
(10 Marks)
Approach
● Introduce CAG, its role and mandate with relevant articles
● Briefly describe the different types of audit taken up by CAG
● Discuss the changes in audit practices over the decades
● Discuss the impact of such changes
● Conclude highlighting the need for such changes and how CAG has evolved over
the years to suit the dynamic needs of governance
Introduction
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, established under Article 148 of the
Constitution, plays a pivotal role in ensuring fiscal accountability, transparency, and good
governance. Article 149 empowers the CAG to audit the accounts of the Union and state
governments, and Article 151 authorizes the CAG to submit audit reports to the President or the
Governor, as applicable.
Body
The CAG conducts various types of audits to evaluate government expenditures and
ensure efficient resource utilization:
1. Financial Audit: This traditional audit verifies the accuracy of financial transactions and
statements. It ensures compliance with financial regulations and examines whether
expenditures were incurred following due process.
2. Performance Audit: Over the years, the CAG's focus has evolved to include performance
audits. These audits assess the efficiency, effectiveness, and results of government programs
and policies, contributing to better governance and accountability.
3. Compliance Audit: This audit evaluates whether government actions and decisions comply
with legal and regulatory frameworks. It ensures that public resources are used in
accordance with established rules.
Evolution of CAG's Audit Practices
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In recent decades, the CAG's audit practices have witnessed significant changes:
1. Shift to Performance Audits: The CAG's focus has broadened beyond financial audits to
include performance evaluations. This approach assesses outcomes and impacts of
government programs, providing a comprehensive view of public expenditure effectiveness.
2.Technology Integration:The CAG has embraced technology by implementing
computerized audit techniques and data analytics. This has enhanced audit efficiency,
accuracy, and the detection of irregularities.
2. Capacity Building: The CAG has invested in enhancing the skills of auditors to evaluate
complex modern government programs. Training and skill development have evolved to align
with changing administrative landscapes.
3. Citizen Engagement and Transparency: The CAG has adopted a more transparent
approach, engaging citizens through social media and public platforms. It encourages
public participation in audits and incorporates citizen feedback.
4. Regulatory and Policy Focus: Audits now encompass compliance with regulatory and
policy frameworks. This ensures government actions align with legal and policy mandates,
promoting accountability.
In response to evolving challenges, the CAG is exploring innovative auditing approaches

like
● Environmental and Sustainability Auditing: to assess the government's efforts towards
environmental protection and sustainable development.
● AI-Based Auditing : integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics to enhance
audit effectiveness, improve risk assessment, and streamline audit processes.
Impact of Changes in Auditing practices

The changes in audit practices have resulted in:
● Enhanced Accountability: Performance audits hold officials accountable for program
outcomes, improving governance effectiveness.
● Efficient Resource Allocation: Comprehensive audits identify areas of inefficient
resource utilization, enabling informed resource allocation decisions.
● Transparency and Trust: Citizen engagement and transparency measures bolster
public trust in the audit process and government actions.
● Modernized Auditing: Technology-driven audits improve efficiency, accuracy, and
detection of irregularities, aligning with modern governance complexities.
Conclusion
The evolution of CAG's audit practices reflects its responsiveness to the changing governance
landscape. Incorporating performance, technology, and transparency, while exploring new
dimensions strengthens the oversight mechanism. As the CAG continues to innovate, it ensures
accountability, efficient resource use, and transparent governance, contributing to India's
progress and development.
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Q6. What are the new forms of sanctions and accountability mechanisms that have
emerged in the civil services in India? Discuss. (10 marks)
Approach
● Introduce the answer by highlighting the importance of accountability and
sanctions and the need for changes
● Explain the major developments in accountability and sanctions in civil services
in recent times
● Explain the benefits and impacts of such changes
● Also give any challenges that may arise and conclude with a way forward
Introduction
The civil services in India have undergone significant changes in terms of accountability and
sanctions, reflecting a modern approach to governance. Traditional mechanisms are being
complemented and sometimes replaced by new forms of sanctions and accountability
mechanisms.
Body
Some notable developments in terms of accountability and sanctions include:
● Performance-based appraisals have evolved to focus on results, efficiency, and output
rather than just routine assessments. Civil servants are evaluated based on key
performance indicators, targets, and outcomes. This approach encourages a results-
driven culture and holds individuals accountable for their contributions.
● Citizen Feedback and Surveys: Citizen-centric accountability mechanisms involve
obtaining direct feedback from citizens about the quality of public services and the
conduct of civil servants. Platforms like "MyGov" and public surveys provide insights into
public perceptions, enabling targeted improvements and corrective measures.
● Whistleblower Protection: To promote transparency and curb corruption, whistleblower
protection mechanisms have been strengthened. The Whistleblowers Protection Act,
2014, safeguards whistleblowers from victimization and encourages them to report
instances of misconduct without fear of reprisal.
● Social Media Monitoring: Social media platforms are increasingly monitored to track
civil servants' conduct and behavior. This helps identify instances of misuse of official
positions, unethical behavior, or controversial statements, ensuring accountability and
maintaining the integrity of the civil services.
● Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence: Advanced data analytics and AI technologies
are being employed to detect patterns of irregularities, identify potential areas of
corruption, and evaluate performance. This data-driven approach enhances efficiency in
accountability measures.
● Fast-Track Disciplinary Proceedings: Efforts have been made to expedite disciplinary
proceedings against civil servants involved in misconduct. Timely resolution of cases
ensures that accountability is upheld without unnecessary delays.
● Lateral Entry: The introduction of lateral entry into civil services brings in domain
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experts from various fields to infuse fresh perspectives and skills. This introduces a
performance-driven dimension and holds lateral entrants accountable for their
contributions to public administration.
● Transparency in Transfer and Postings: To minimize undue influence and favoritism,
mechanisms for transparent transfer and posting of civil servants have been introduced.
This ensures that decisions are based on merit and performance.
Impact and Benefits of accountability and sanction mechanisms:

● Efficiency and Performance: These mechanisms promote efficiency and result-oriented
performance among civil servants, aligning them with the government's focus on
outcomes.
● Transparency: Enhanced transparency and accountability mechanisms contribute to
reduced corruption and malpractice, fostering a culture of integrity.
● Public Trust: The use of citizen feedback and social media monitoring enhances public
trust by ensuring civil servants uphold ethical standards.
● Timely Disciplinary Actions: Fast-track disciplinary proceedings deter misconduct and
instill discipline within the civil services.
Conclusion
The emergence of new forms of sanctions and accountability mechanisms reflects a progressive
shift in India's governance framework. By leveraging technology, public participation, and data-
driven approaches, the civil services are evolving towards a more transparent, efficient, and
accountable administrative system. These mechanisms not only deter misconduct but also
promote a culture of responsible and effective public service delivery.
Q7. "Micro finance has a significant impact on economic development". In the light of
the above statement, discuss the challenges faced by the SHG’s in accessing credit
along with practical solutions. (10 marks)
Approach
● Give an introduction to microfinance and SHGs, with statistics
● Discuss the significance of SHGs, and the challenges faced by SHGs in accessing
credit,
● Give suggestions/practical solutions to the problem, and conclude with a way
forward
Introduction
Microfinance, a financial service tailored to the needs of low-income individuals and households,
plays a crucial role in promoting economic development. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have been
instrumental in facilitating microfinance initiatives that empower marginalized sections of
society. According to the Economic Survey 2022-23, there are over 25 million SHGs in India, of
which 88% are all-women ones.
Significance of SHGs and Microfinance:
The significance of SHGs lies in their ability to create a foundation for economic growth, poverty
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alleviation, gender equality, and overall community development.

● Financial Inclusion: SHGs provide a platform for marginalized and economically weaker
sections to access formal financial services, promoting financial inclusion and reducing
dependency on informal lenders.
● Women Empowerment: SHGs predominantly consist of women, enabling them to
develop financial skills, decision-making abilities, and entrepreneurial talents. This
empowers women to contribute to household income and participate actively in
community affairs.
● Collective Savings: SHGs facilitate regular savings by members, creating a pool of funds
that can be utilized for emergencies, investments, and income-generating activities.
● Credit Access: Through SHGs, members can access microcredit to initiate small
businesses, agriculture activities, or meet personal needs, breaking the cycle of poverty
and dependence.
● Skill Enhancement: SHGs often conduct training and capacity-building programs,
equipping members with vocational skills and knowledge that improve their employability
and income-generating potential.
● Social Capital: SHGs foster a sense of solidarity, mutual trust, and cooperation among
members. This social capital not only improves economic outcomes but also strengthens
community resilience.
● Entrepreneurship Promotion: SHGs encourage entrepreneurship by supporting
members in starting and managing small-scale enterprises. This boosts local economic
activities and creates employment opportunities.
However, challenges in accessing credit hinder their potential impact on economic development.
Challenges Faced by SHGs in Accessing Credit:
● Limited Collateral: SHGs often lack traditional collateral, making it challenging to
secure loans from formal financial institutions.
● High Interest Rates: Some SHGs have faced usurious interest rates from informal
lenders due to their vulnerable position.
● Information Asymmetry: Lack of financial literacy and understanding of formal
financial procedures hinder SHGs' ability to access credit.
● Bureaucratic Procedures: Cumbersome paperwork and complex documentation deter
SHGs from accessing credit through formal channels.
● Geographical Isolation: Rural SHGs in remote areas struggle to connect with formal
financial institutions, impeding their access to credit.
● Size Limitations: Smaller SHGs might not meet the minimum size requirements set by
financial institutions for credit access.
Practical Solutions to Overcome Challenges:

● Collateral Alternatives: Encourage institutions to accept alternative collateral, such as
15

group guarantees, savings deposits, or movable assets.

● Interest Rate Regulation: Enforce regulations to prevent usurious interest rates,
ensuring SHGs are not exploited by informal lenders.
● Financial Literacy: Implement targeted financial literacy programs to enhance SHG
members' understanding of formal financial processes.
● Simplified Documentation: Develop user-friendly, simplified loan application
processes to minimize bureaucracy and paperwork.
● Mobile and digital Banking: Enhance mobile and digital banking services to bridge
geographical gaps, enabling remote SHGs to access credit digitally.
● Group Consolidation: Allow smaller SHGs to form federations or networks to meet credit
access criteria, enhancing their bargaining power.
Conclusion
Microfinance through SHGs has the potential to uplift marginalized communities and fuel
economic development. Addressing the challenges faced by SHGs in accessing credit requires a
multi-faceted approach, involving policy changes, financial education, and technological
innovation. By facilitating easier credit access and fostering an enabling environment, India can
harness the power of microfinance to drive economic empowerment and improve the lives of its
citizens.
Q8. Discuss the importance of data in driving governance in India. Is the bureaucracy
in India proactive to "collect, collate and transmit" data for the purpose of
improving the quality of governance? (10 marks)
Approach
● Introduce by highlighting the significance of data in governance using statistics
● Discuss various initiatives being taken up by the government to integrate data in
governance
● Analyze whether the bureaucracy is proactive enough to utilize data for improving
quality of governance by highlighting the reasons (why/why not)
● Suggest measures to be taken for greater integration of data in governance, and
conclude with a way forward
Introduction
Data-driven governance has emerged as a transformative strategy, wielding information as a
catalyst for informed decisions, efficient resource allocation, and improved public services.
Significance of Data in Governance:

The importance of data in driving governance in India is profound, contributing to evidence-
based policymaking, transparency, and accountability.
16

● Informed Decision-Making: Data provides insights into citizens' needs,

preferences, and challenges, enabling policymakers to design targeted interventions.
● Resource Optimization: Accurate data facilitates optimal resource allocation,
identifying priority areas for development and service delivery.
● Real-time Monitoring: Data-driven monitoring allows for the real-time evaluation of
policies and programs, enabling timely adjustments.
● Transparency and Accountability: Data availability enhances transparency, enabling
citizens to scrutinize government activities and ensure accountability.
● Policy Evaluation: Historical data aids in evaluating the impact of past policies,
guiding the formulation of effective future strategies.
Government Initiatives Integrating Data in Governance:

Recognising its significance , the government has taken up numerous initiatives to integrate data
with governance, like:
● Digital India initiative seeks to transform the nation into a digitally empowered
society and knowledge economy, enhancing data accessibility and utilization.
● Aadhaar has revolutionized targeted service delivery by authenticating
beneficiaries and eliminating duplicate records.
● Open Government Data Platform: By making government data accessible to the
public, this platform fosters transparency, accountability, and innovation.
● Geographical Information System (GIS) technology aids in data visualization, helping
policymakers understand spatial patterns and plan accordingly.
● National Health Mission: Data-driven health initiatives like Mission Indradhanush
utilize data to improve immunization coverage and maternal and child health.
● e-Governance Projects: Initiatives such as e-governance and digital platforms
streamline administrative processes, facilitating data utilization.
Challenges in Proactive Data Utilization by Bureaucracy:

● Data Silos: Data compartmentalization within departments hampers
comprehensive insights and cross-departmental collaboration.
● Capacity and Training: Building bureaucrats' proficiency in data analysis and
interpretation is essential for meaningful data-driven decision-making.
● Resistance to Change: Embracing a data-driven culture requires overcoming
bureaucratic inertia and traditional decision-making practices.
● Lack of Interagency Coordination: Effective data utilization mandates improved
interdepartmental coordination to share and integrate data.
Measures to Foster Greater Data Integration in Governance:

● Capacity Enhancement: Offering training and workshops on data analytics equips civil
servants with the skills necessary for informed decision-making.
17

● New age technologies : Integrating Big Data analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Natural
Language Processing and Machine Learning in governance for efficient utilization of data
in governance in
● Cross-Functional Workshops: Facilitating regular cross-departmental workshops
encourages collaboration and data sharing.
● Incentive Framework: Instituting rewards for proactive data utilization motivates civil
servants to adopt data-driven approaches.
● Standardized Data Protocols: Establishing uniform data standards across departments
eases data sharing and integration efforts.
● Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with the private sector for data analysis
expertise can enhance data-driven governance.
Conclusion
The deployment of data in governance marks a paradigm shift in India's approach to policy
making and service delivery. By investing in capacity building, promoting collaboration, and
incentivizing data-driven practices, India can further leverage the power of data for
comprehensive and transformative governance, ensuring that policies and programs are aligned
with the diverse needs of its citizens.
Q9. “The Ukraine war is a test to India’s foreign policy approach, especially as the
conflict threatens to bring Moscow even closer to Beijing.” Analyze. (10
Marks)
Approach
● Set the context by giving a brief on the Ukraine conflict and its impact on India’s foreign
policy
● Analyse the foreign policy response of India in this volatile geopolitical situation
● Conclude with the need for India to take a proactive approach to balance the many
players in the conflict while at the same time upholding our own strategic autonomy
Introduction
The ongoing conflict in Ukraine presents a complex foreign policy challenge for India, as the
conflict's potential to strengthen Moscow-Beijing ties underscores the need for a balanced and
pragmatic approach. India's foreign policy stance must navigate geopolitical intricacies while
safeguarding its national interests and maintaining strategic relationships with both Russia and
China.
A year after the start of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, there are still signs of escalation everywhere.
Calculations on both sides that this would be a short, swift war have proved
18

wrong. The anniversary of the war comes in the backdrop of Russia’s withdrawal from the New
START treaty.
India's response must tread carefully to maintain its strategic interests, regional stability,
and global partnerships.
● Strategic Alignment: India's foreign policy approach should not be influenced solely by
the Ukraine conflict, but rather grounded in its long-standing relationships with Russia
and evolving ties with China.
● Russia's Significance: Russia has been a strategic partner for India, encompassing
defense, energy, and diplomacy. India's commitment to preserving these ties while
addressing global concerns is essential.
● Impact on Russia-India Defense Cooperation: Russia's growing closeness to China
may have implications for India's defense imports. The compatibility of Russian arms
procurement with India's strategic autonomy requires attention.
● Geostrategic Implications: The conflict underscores the shifting geopolitical landscape,
where Russia's closer ties with China challenge the dominance of Western powers. India's
role in this evolving world order is a delicate balance.
● Regional Stability: As the conflict affects global power dynamics, India must contribute
to maintaining regional stability and peaceful resolution through its diplomatic
initiatives.
● Economic Considerations: India's trade and energy relations with Russia and China
must not be overshadowed by geopolitical tensions. Prudent management of economic
interests is vital.
● Diplomatic Channels: India can leverage its diplomatic outreach to mediate and
advocate for dialogue between parties involved in the Ukraine conflict. Its experience in
conflict resolution can contribute positively.
● Neutrality and Non-Alignment: India's foreign policy tradition of non-alignment and
equidistance from power blocs remains relevant. Balancing ties with Russia and China is
essential to avoid being drawn into the conflict's polarization.
● Multipolarity and Cooperation: India's role as a member of BRICS and SCO allows it to
promote multipolarity and cooperative solutions, emphasizing peaceful resolution and
adherence to international law.
● Evolving Global Order: India's foreign policy needs to adapt to the evolving global order,
ensuring its decisions align with national interests and international norms.
Conclusion
The Ukraine conflict, along with its potential to strengthen Russia-China ties, presents a multi-
faceted foreign policy challenge for India. As the geopolitical landscape shifts, India's response
must be driven by pragmatic considerations that preserve strategic interests,
19

uphold global stability, and promote conflict resolution and reinforce its reputation as a
responsible global player while safeguarding its national priorities.
Q10. Where does India stand on the question of disarmament after 25 years of its
reclassification as a nuclear weapon state? (10 marks)
Approach
● Give the context of the question, and a brief idea of India's stand on
disarmament
● Highlight India's efforts in disarmament through international engagements and
policy initiatives
● Concede with a way forward
Introduction
India's stance on disarmament has evolved significantly since its reclassification as a nuclear
weapon state, after the Pokhran tests of 1998. Over the past 25 years, India's approach to
disarmament has been marked by a blend of pragmatism, global engagement, and a commitment
to promoting a nuclear-free world.
Body
India's stance on disarmament remains consistent with its commitment to responsible nuclear
behavior and global security. India maintains its No First Use (NFU) policy and continues to
engage in international efforts to promote disarmament, non-proliferation, and nuclear
security. India emphasizes a step-by-step approach to disarmament that takes into account
the security concerns of all nations.
India's focus on multilateralism, engagement in international forums like the Conference on

Disarmament (CD) and the United Nations, and its participation in initiatives like the New
Agenda Coalition (NAC) and the Global Zero initiative
India's engagement in International Organizations:
● Conference on Disarmament (CD): India has been an active participant in the CD,
advocating for the commencement of negotiations on a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban
Treaty (CTBT) and the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT).
● Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): While not a signatory to the NPT, India has engaged
with NPT member states and called for a global commitment towards nuclear
disarmament, emphasizing the need for equal and undiminished security for all nations.
● United Nations General Assembly (UNGA): India has consistently called for the
elimination of nuclear weapons and supported resolutions promoting disarmament,
emphasizing the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons.
Initiatives and Proposals:
● New Agenda Coalition (NAC): India joined the NAC, a group of countries advocating for
nuclear disarmament, emphasizing the "13 Practical Steps" towards disarmament as laid
out in the NPT's 2000 Review Conference.
20

● Global Zero Initiative: India has engaged with the Global Zero initiative, which aims to
eliminate nuclear weapons, provided there is concurrent global disarmament.
● India's Initiatives at the UNGA: India has presented initiatives like the "Convention on
the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear Weapons" at the UNGA, promoting multilateral
disarmament negotiations.
All these demonstrate India's commitment to advocating for nuclear disarmament within a
broader security context. India's calls for equal and undiminished security for all nations
underline its perspective on balancing disarmament efforts with global security considerations.
India's stance on disarmament also underscores its commitment to the elimination of nuclear
weapons within a comprehensive framework. India has highlighted the need for a step-by-step
approach, addressing both horizontal and vertical proliferation, and ensuring that disarmament
is not pursued at the expense of the security of non-nuclear weapon states.
Conclusion
India's disarmament efforts over the past 25 years reflect a pragmatic and nuanced approach.
While maintaining its commitment to responsible nuclear behavior, India has actively engaged
in international forums and initiatives, emphasizing the importance of global security, equal
treatment, and a comprehensive approach to disarmament. As India navigates its role as a
nuclear weapon state, its continued engagement in disarmament discussions contributes to the
broader goal of creating a safer and more secure world.
Q11. In the light of the recent Supreme Court judgments on the powers of the elected
government in Delhi, discuss the nature of the control exercised by the elected
government and the nominated Lieutenant Governor? (15 Marks)
Approach
● Introduce the answer by briefly explaining the special status of Delhi as NCT, under
Article 239AA
● Briefly discuss the recent Supreme Court judgements on this tussle.
● Analyze the nature of control exercised by the elected government and the Lieutenant
Governor
● Conclude with a way forward
Introduction
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a special Union Territory (UT) with a unique status
under Article 239AA of the Constitution of India, with a legislature and an elected government.
However, the powers of the elected government are limited by the presence of a Lieutenant
Governor (LG), who is appointed by the President of India.
Body
There has been a long-standing tussle between the elected government in Delhi and the LG over
21

the powers of each. The LG has often been accused of interfering in the affairs of the elected
government and of trying to undermine its authority. The elected government, on the other hand,
has accused the LG of being a stooge of the central government and of trying to prevent it from
fulfilling its mandate.
Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) has ruled in favor of the Delhi government on the issue of who
controls the Bureaucracy in the National Capital where it ruled that the Delhi government has
legislative and executive powers over services except for public order, police and land. It also
reiterated its stand The Lieutenant Governor shall be bound by the decision of Delhi government
over services, apart from public order, police and land.
Key Highlights of the Judgment
● The Supreme Court highlighted that Article 239AA establishes a legislative assembly for
the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
● The members of the legislative assembly are elected by the electorate of Delhi, and
the interpretation of Article 239AA should support representative democracy.
● According to the Supreme Court, the Delhi government, like other states, represents the
representative form of government. Any expansion of the central government’s power
would contradict the Constitutional scheme.
● The court noted that if administrative services are excluded from the legislative and
executive domains, ministers would be excluded from controlling civil servants
responsible for implementing executive decisions.
● The Supreme Court emphasized that if officers do not report to ministers or fail to follow
their instructions, the principle of collective responsibility will be affected.
● Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud highlighted that denying democratically elected
governments the power to control officers would render the principle of the triple chain
of accountability redundant.
The nature of control exercised by the elected government and the LG is rooted in the unique
administrative setup of Delhi. This hybrid status has led to inherent tensions between the elected
government and the LG, who represents the central government.
● The elected government in Delhi, headed by the Chief Minister, derives its authority from
the people's mandate.
● It is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the territory, including policy
formulation, implementation, and governance.
● The elected government's control encompasses a wide range of subjects, such as health,
education, transport, and social welfare, as well as decisions related to budgeting and
allocation of funds.
● On the other hand, the LG is a nominee of the central government and represents its
interests in Delhi.
● The LG has control over certain matters, particularly those related to public order, police,
and land.
22

● Historically, the LG's role has been more prominent, often leading to clashes with the
elected government over matters of policy implementation and administrative decision-
making.
● Critics argue that this has hindered the smooth functioning of the elected government
and undermined the democratic principles of governance.
The Supreme Court judgments have aimed to clarify this power dynamic. emphasizing the elected
government's primacy while acknowledging the LG's role in specific areas. The recently passed
Delhi Services Bill, 2023 has sparked up this debate once again, with Opposition leaders
asserting that it undermines democratic heritage, federalism, and the powers of the elected
government. There is a need to strike a balance between the powers of the two entities through
consistent dialogue and cooperation, to ensure effective governance in the state.
Q12. Explain the rationale behind the power of punishment for contempt bestowed in
the hands of higher Judiciary in India? Do you agree with the view that it leads
to the ‘tyranny of the unelected’? (15 Marks)
Approach
● Define contempt of court - civil and criminal
● Explain why punishment for contempt of court is necessary to uphold the independence
and integrity of the judiciary
● Discuss on the view that it leads to 'tyranny of the unelected'
● Conclude the answer by explaining why it is essential to uphold the independence of
the judiciary.
Introduction
Contempt of court refers to any action that disobeys, disrespects, or obstructs the judicial
process, impairing its dignity and functionin. The power is regulated but not restricted in the
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. The expression ‘contempt of court’ has not been defined by the
Constitution. However, Article 129 of the Constitution confers on the Supreme Court the power
to punish contempt of itself, and Article 215 confers the corresponding power on the High
Courts.
Body
The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 defines both civil and criminal contempt. Civil contempt refers
to wilful disobedience to any judgment of the court. Criminal contempt can be invoked if an act:
● Tends to scandalise or lower the authority of the court.
● Tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding.
● Obstruct the administration of justice
Significance of Contempt of Court

Contempt of court holds immense significance for various reasons:
● Preserving Judicial Authority: It safeguards the authority and respect of the court,
ensuring its orders are adhered to.
23

● Ensuring Compliance: Contempt powers make sure court orders are followed promptly,
preventing hindrances to justice delivery.
● Protecting Integrity: It upholds the integrity of judicial proceedings, discouraging
interference or tampering.
● Ensuring Fair Trials: Contempt actions deter tampering with witnesses,
influencing outcomes, or prejudicing trials.
● Maintaining Order: It prevents disruptions in court proceedings, enabling a conducive
environment for justice.
● Upholding Rule of Law: Contempt powers contribute to upholding the rule of law and
ensuring the legal process is respected.
● Protecting Individuals: It shields individuals from undue criticism, defamation, or
harassment during legal proceedings.
● Securing Independence: Contempt actions support judicial independence by shielding
courts from undue external pressures.
● Deterrence: The fear of contempt consequences discourages parties from undermining
court processes.
● Public Confidence: It fosters public confidence in the judiciary, strengthening the
overall legal system.
Does it lead to 'tyranny of the unelected'?
Despite its importance, the power of contempt has been criticized as leading to the 'tyranny of
the unelected' due to several reasons:
● Democratic Balance: Critics argue that non-elected judges shouldn't possess the power
to curb freedom of speech and expression.
● Separation of powers: They fear an unchecked authority in the hands of the Judiciary,
infringing on the principle of separation of powers.
● Interference with Rights: Contempt actions could suppress valid criticisms, stifling
dissent and impacting democratic discourse.
● Accountability: Judges, being unelected, might lack direct accountability for their
actions, raising concerns about misuse.
● Freedom of Media: Cases like the Prashant Bhushan incident highlight possible curbing
of media freedom through contempt proceedings.
● Judicial Overreach: The use of contempt powers for seemingly minor infractions might
appear disproportionate
● Open-Ended Terms: Section 5 of the Act provides that “fair criticism” or “fair comment”
on the merits of a finally decided case would not amount to contempt. However, the
determination of what is “fair” is left to the interpretation of judges.
● Violating Principle of Natural Justice: The judges may often be seen to be acting in
their own cause, thus violating the principles of natural justice and adversely affecting
the public confidence they seek to preserve through the proceeding.
Conclusion
24

While contempt of court powers are essential for maintaining the dignity and efficacy of the
judicial system, the concerns surrounding the 'tyranny of the unelected' view should not be
dismissed. A balanced approach is necessary, ensuring that the contempt powers are exercised
judiciously, with transparent guidelines in place. This would safeguard both the authority of the
courts and the democratic values that underpin our society, striking a harmonious equilibrium
between the two.
Q13. With the help of suitable case laws explain the role played by the Supreme Court
in resolving the conflicts between Centre and States that have erupted around the
usage of Article 356 of the Constitution of India? (15 Marks)
Approach
● Briefly explain Centre-State relations and how Article 356 leads to strained relations
between Centre and States
● Discuss the role played by the Supreme court in resolving such conflicts by
highlighting cases and judgements
● Suggest measures to resolve such conflicts
Introduction
Centre-State relations are pivotal for India's federal structure, balancing Union and state powers.
Article 356, allowing the imposition of President's Rule, has often led to conflicts between the
Centre and states, as it can infringe on state autonomy and breach federal principles.
Body
Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of the Government of India Act, 1935 with the
difference that instead of the Governor, the President is vested with the said power . For the
British, this provision allowed for a ‘controlled democracy’ – allowing the British authorities to
exercise ultimate power when they deemed necessary.
While the Constitution intended Article 356 to be used only under extraordinary
circumstances, central governments repeatedly used the provision to settle political scores. In
the past, the President's Rule has been extended for significantly longer periods under specific
circumstances. For instance, Punjab was under President’s Rule from 1987-1992 due to the
growing militancy. As per the Sarkaria commission the use of Article 356 has been rising with
the passage of time.
Role of Supreme court in resolving such conflicts
The Supreme Court's role in resolving Article 356-related conflicts is evident through several
cases:
● S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994): This case established judicial review over Article
356 and laid down guidelines for its application, curbing arbitrary use. In its judgment
the Supreme Court held that Article 356 can be invoked in situations of the physical
breakdown of the government or when there is a ‘hung assembly’, but that it cannot
be used without giving the state government a chance to either prove its majority in the
House or without instances of a violent breakdown of the constitutional machinery.
25

● Rameshwar Prasad (2006): The Court stressed substantive material is necessary to

impose President's Rule, avoiding arbitrary dismissals.
● B.P. Singhal (2010): The Court reinforced the need for material supporting President's
Rule, preventing misuse for political reasons.
● R.C. Poudyal (1994): The Court emphasized that misuse of Article 356 undermines
federalism and observed that it should be invoked as a last resort.
● Shivraj Singh Chouhan (2016): In this case, the Court quashed President's Rule,
asserting that the Governor should explore alternatives before recommending such
actions.
● Rohatgi (2018): The Court held that if the material is not relevant or if the Governor's
report is mala fide, the President's Rule can be invalidated.
Resolving Centre-State Conflicts over Article 356

To address conflicts from the use of Article 356, the following measures can be taken
● Stricter Criteria: Clearly define "failure of constitutional machinery" to prevent its
misuse for political gain.
● Parliamentary Oversight: Require Parliament's approval before imposing
President's Rule to ensure collective decision-making.
● Governor's Role: Make it mandatory for Governors to explore alternatives before
recommending President's Rule.
● Time Limit: Impose a time limit on President's Rule, prompting timely resolution of
issues.
● Revocation Norms: Establish clear norms for revoking President's Rule once stability
is restored.
● Independent Inquiry: Set up an independent committee to assess the
constitutional breakdown before invoking Article 356.
● Consensus Mechanism: Promote a consensus-based approach involving the Centre,
state, and judiciary before imposing President's Rule.
Conclusion
The recommendations of commissions like the Sarkaria Commission, emphasizing consultation
with the state and proper grounds, and the Punchhi Commission, suggesting minimal
intervention and adherence to the "last resort" principle, provide valuable insights. By
implementing the suggested measures and heeding the wisdom of these commissions, India can
strike a balance between federal harmony and maintaining constitutional integrity, preventing
undue misuse of Article 356 while resolving conflicts effectively.
Q14. Is it in the nature of Part III of the Constitution to be an impediment for the state
on its march towards socio-economic revolution? Discuss with reference to
conflicts between the state actions and the limitations in Part III of the
26

Constitution (15 Marks)

Approach
● Introduce Part III and highlight the relevant articles
● Discuss how limitations on fundamental rights conflict with state policies of socio-
economic development
● Highlight the need for balance between state action and protect
Introduction
Part III of the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to citizens, serving as a cornerstone
of individual liberties. However, the potential conflict arises when state actions aimed at socio-
economic revolution encounter limitations imposed by these fundamental rights. It is essential
to analyze whether Part III inherently impedes the state's progress toward socio-economic
transformation.
Conflicts between State Actions and Limitations in Part III:
Right to Property (Article 300A): The right to property, initially a fundamental right, was
amended to be a legal right. This can hinder the state's ability to acquire land for development
projects or redistribution efforts without facing legal challenges.
Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): While vital for democracy, this freedom
can clash with state measures to control hate speech or regulate media in the pursuit of socio-
economic harmony, posing a challenge to strike a balance.
Right to Equality (Article 14): State policies providing reservations or affirmative action might
be challenged as discriminatory, necessitating careful design to ensure they withstand
constitutional scrutiny.
Right to Personal Liberty (Article 21): The state's efforts to impose curbs on personal liberty
in the interest of societal transformation could be seen as infringing upon fundamental rights.
Right to Trade and Occupation (Article 19(1)(g)): State regulations for socio-economic reforms,
such as labor laws, can clash with individual freedoms to trade or engage in occupations.
Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28): Socio-economic policies aimed at curbing religious
practices deemed regressive might intersect with the right to religious freedom.
Balancing Socio-Economic Revolution and Fundamental Rights:

Reasonable Restrictions: Fundamental rights are not absolute and can be reasonably restricted
by the state in the interest of social welfare. Courts have upheld restrictions if they meet the test
of reasonableness and public welfare.
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs): DPSPs in Part IV lay down the socio-economic
goals that the state must strive towards. Courts often harmonize DPSPs with fundamental rights,
recognizing the need for a balanced approach.
Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: Courts interpret provisions harmoniously to avoid
conflicts between fundamental rights and the state's socio-economic objectives, ensuring both
are upheld to the extent possible.
Case Law: Landmark cases like Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala and Maneka Gandhi
27

v. Union of India have established that fundamental rights are not absolute and must be
balanced against the broader public interest.
The Basic Structure doctrine ensures that while the state pursues socio-economic reforms, it
cannot undermine the essential values and principles that form the core of the Constitution.
This doctrine acts as a safeguard against any amendments that might infringe upon the basic
structure, which includes the balance between individual rights and societal interests.
Conclusion
While Part III of the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights, it is not inherently antagonistic
to the state's march toward socio-economic revolution. The Constitution provides mechanisms
to balance both by allowing reasonable restrictions on rights and emphasizing the importance of
Directive Principles. The courts, through their interpretations, have demonstrated the ability to
strike a balance, ensuring that the socio-economic progress of the state does not come at the
complete cost of individual liberties. It is through this harmonization that the state can navigate
its transformational journey while respecting the core values enshrined in Part III.
Q15. “The Supreme Court is the highest authority entrusted with the function of
interpretation of the Constitution.” In the light of the statement, discuss the
challenges faced by the Supreme Court that hinder the speedy resolution of cases
involving questions of constitutional interpretation? (15 Marks)
Approach
● Introduce the answer by establishing the importance of Supreme Court as the
highest interpreter of the Constitution
● Highlight the type of cases involving questions of constitutional interpretation with
examples
● Analyze the challenges involved in speedy resolution of such cases
● Suggest measures to improve the situation and conclude with a way forward
Introduction
● As the highest authority entrusted with interpreting the Constitution, the Supreme Court
holds a pivotal role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring the Constitution's proper
implementation.
● Article 141 of the Constitution grants its judgments binding force, further emphasizing
its significance.
Cases involving constitutional interpretation encompass a diverse range of issues,
including:
1. Conflicts of Fundamental Rights (Article 19-22): Balancing the right to free speech
with reasonable restrictions, as seen in the Aruna Shanbaug case involving euthanasia
and the Navtej Singh Johar case on decriminalizing homosexuality.
2. Judicial Review (Article 32 and 226): Assessing the legality of executive and legislative
actions, exemplified by the Cooper v. Union of India case on bank nationalization and
the S.P. Gupta v. Union of India case on the appointment of judges.
28

3. Federalism (Article 356): Resolving disputes between states and the Centre, as seen in
the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India case on misuse of Article 356 and the State of Tamil
Nadu v. Union of India case on the implementation of water-sharing agreements.
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) leading to the establishment of the Basic
Structure doctrine, Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) examining the legality of an amendment
related to election disputes and Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) interpreting the scope
of the right to personal liberty under Article 21 and the concept of due process are other examples
of cases that involved constitutional interpretation.
Challenges in Speedy Resolution of Constitutional Cases
● Complexity: Constitutional interpretation involves intricate legal principles, requiring
exhaustive analysis and debate, often leading to extended hearings.
● Divergent Perspectives: Different judges may have varying views, leading to prolonged
deliberations and dissenting opinions that demand thorough examination.
● Precedent Setting: Constitutional decisions have far-reaching consequences,
necessitating comprehensive review to establish enduring legal principles.
● Public Interest: Cases of constitutional interpretation often capture public attention,
elevating the importance of meticulous consideration.
● Volume of Cases: The Supreme Court is grappling with a substantial backlog; over
67,000 cases await resolution, leading to challenges in timely handling.
Measures to Improve the Situation
● Specialized Benches: Instituting specialized constitutional benches to exclusively
address cases requiring constitutional interpretation, streamlining the process.
● Timely Listing: Developing a systematic approach to prioritizing and promptly listing
cases of constitutional significance to ensure efficient resolution.
● Case Management: Implementing effective case management techniques to expedite
proceedings, such as time-bound submissions and arguments.
● Alternative Dispute Resolution: Encouraging mediation or arbitration for cases not
primarily hinged on constitutional interpretation, easing the burden on the Court.
Conclusion
While the Supreme Court's role in interpreting the Constitution is paramount, the challenges it
faces in expeditiously resolving cases are notable. By adopting specialized benches, improving
case management, and promoting alternative dispute resolution, the Court can strike a balance
between rigorous examination and timely resolution. With a huge backlog of pending cases,
addressing these challenges becomes essential for upholding justice, maintaining the
Constitution's sanctity, and ensuring citizens' faith in the judicial system.
Q16. ‘’Right calculation of poverty is the precondition of poverty alleviation and
Multidimensional Poverty Index [MPI] is considered a holistic index which can
measure the accurate number of poor’’. Discuss how MPI is better than earlier
poverty measurement mechanisms ? (15 Marks)
Approach
29

● Briefly define MPI and its parameters, and India’s position in the index
● Discuss why MPI is important as a precondition for poverty alleviation
● Discuss why MPI is considered as more holistic compared to earlier systems
● Conclude by highlighting any challenges and way forward
Introduction
According to the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 released by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative (OPHI), India has halved its global MDPI values within the last 15 years, but still has
more than 230 million people who are poor.
Right calculation of poverty is the precondition of poverty alleviation

Accurate and reliable measurements of poverty as a foundational step in effectively addressing
and mitigating poverty. Urue extent and nature of poverty is fundamental for designing,
implementing, and evaluating poverty alleviation strategies. By:
● Informed Action: Precise poverty data equips policymakers with a clear understanding
of the extent and nature of poverty, enabling them to make informed decisions when
devising targeted interventions.
● Targeted Interventions: Accurate measurements help identify the most affected
demographics and regions, allowing resources to be allocated strategically for maximum
impact.
● Progress Monitoring: Reliable data is essential for tracking the effectiveness of poverty
reduction efforts over time, facilitating adaptive strategies.
● Resource Allocation: Governments and organizations rely on poverty data to allocate
resources efficiently. Inaccurate measurements could lead to misallocation and
inefficiencies.
● Accountability: Transparent poverty data enhances governance accountability by
enabling citizens and stakeholders to assess the impact of poverty alleviation initiatives.
● Avoiding Misdirection: Incorrect data might lead resources away from those who need
them most, perpetuating poverty cycles.
● Understanding Dynamics: Accurate measurements help grasp the root causes, trends,
and challenges specific to different groups, vital for designing long-term solutions.
● Cross-Comparisons: Precise data supports meaningful cross-comparisons between
regions, countries, or time periods, fostering the sharing of successful strategies.
● Advocacy and Awareness: Solid data aids in advocacy efforts, raising awareness about
poverty and rallying support from stakeholders.
● Effective Global Engagement: Accurate measurements enable effective engagement
with international partners, aiding collaboration and resource mobilization.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) has emerged as a comprehensive and superior

alternative to earlier poverty measurement mechanisms due to its holistic nature and ability
to provide a more accurate assessment of poverty levels.
● Beyond Income-Centric Approach: Traditional poverty measures primarily focused on
income, ignoring other dimensions that contribute to deprivation. MPI incorporates
multiple dimensions such as education, health, and living standards, offering a more
30

complete understanding of poverty.

Capturing Deprivation in Key Areas: MPI identifies multiple deprivations that individuals
and households face simultaneously, capturing the extent of poverty more
comprehensively. It considers indicators like nutrition, child mortality, years of
schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, and housing.
● Reflecting Complex Realities: The multidimensional approach recognizes that poverty
is a multifaceted phenomenon, acknowledging the complex interplay of factors that
contribute to individuals' and families' inability to lead fulfilling lives.
● Addressing Regional Disparities: In areas with significant regional disparities, a single
income-based measure may not capture the variation in living conditions. MPI considers
regional nuances and variations in deprivation levels.
● Customized to Local Context: MPI can be customized to the specific context and
priorities of a country, reflecting the unique challenges faced by different populations.
This flexibility enhances its relevance and accuracy.
● Policy Formulation and Targeting: Unlike income-based measures that offer limited
insights for policy formulation, MPI provides a detailed understanding of the specific
deprivations affecting a population. This information is vital for designing targeted
poverty alleviation strategies.
● Inclusive Development Monitoring: MPI not only identifies who is poor but also tracks
the progress of poverty reduction efforts over time. This helps in monitoring the
effectiveness of policies and interventions.
● Global Consensus: The adoption of MPI by international organizations, including the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank, demonstrates a
global consensus on its effectiveness as a poverty measurement tool.
While the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) offers a holistic perspective on poverty, it
also presents challenges that need consideration:
● Data Availability: Gathering accurate data for all dimensions can be challenging,
especially in regions with limited infrastructure and resources.
● Complexity: The multidimensional approach demands complex data analysis, making
it difficult for policymakers and stakeholders to comprehend.
● Weighting Dimensions: Assigning weights to various dimensions requires careful
consideration, as it affects the index's accuracy and comparability.
● Subjectivity: Determining deprivation cutoffs and indicators involves subjective
decisions, potentially impacting the index's objectivity.
● Temporal Comparisons: Changes in dimensions over time can complicate comparisons,
requiring robust methodologies for trend analysis.
Conclusion
By incorporating various dimensions of deprivation, MPI provides a more accurate reflection of
the true extent of poverty, enabling policymakers to formulate targeted interventions that
31

address the multifaceted nature of poverty. While MPI's implementation presents challenges,
addressing them with strategic measures like enhancing analytical capabilities, engaging experts
for dimension definition, transparent documenting methodologies, ensuring timely updates, and
fostering data collaboration with international partners and governments can enhance its
effectiveness in accurately assessing poverty and guiding targeted interventions for meaningful
poverty alleviation.
Q17. “India’s public policy is marked with political focus on formulation, conflicting
priorities in implementation, out of synchronization in evaluation.” Explain. (15
Marks)
Approach
● Introduce the dynamics of India’s policy making framework and the different stages
involved in this
● Discuss each of the stages, with appropriate examples
● Suggest measures to overcome these challenges and conclude with a way forward
Introduction
Public policy in India operates within a complex framework defined by diverse stakeholders,
shifting priorities, and evolving political landscapes. Policies, influenced by politics, ideology, and
historical context, often face bureaucratic complexities and competing interests during
implementation.
Body
The landscape of India's public policy demonstrates a recurring pattern characterized by distinct
phases:
I. Political Focus in Formulation:
● Election Cycles: Policies may be tailored to electoral cycles, with short-term populist
measures taking precedence over long-term developmental goals.
● Political Ideology: Formulation may align with the ruling party's ideology, leading to
policies that resonate with their political base.
● Media and Public Perception: Pressure to present policy wins can shift focus toward
high-profile projects rather than addressing systemic issues.
● Policy Advocacy: Interest groups and lobbies exert influence, directing policy
formulation towards specific agendas.
● Historical Context: Policies may reflect past decisions or historical events, sometimes
limiting the alignment with current realities.
● Leader's Vision: A strong leader's vision can shape policy formulation, either empowering
marginalized groups or reinforcing the status quo.
● Global Trends: International commitments and trends can influence policy formulation,
ensuring alignment with global expectations.
II. Conflicting Priorities in Implementation:

● Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic maze can dilute policy intent, with departments
32

interpreting policies differently.

● Resource Allocation: Allocation challenges can arise due to budget constraints, affecting
the scope and scale of policy implementation.
● Stakeholder Interests: Diverse stakeholder interests can lead to compromises, diluting
the original policy's impact.
● Institutional Fragmentation: Fragmented institutions an impede coordination, leading
to disjointed implementation efforts.
● Local Dynamics: Varying regional needs and dynamics can lead to inconsistent
implementation strategies across states.
● Corruption and Leakages: Corruption can divert resources and lead to unintended
outcomes, undermining policy objectives.
● Policy Silos: Lack of cross-sectoral coordination can hinder holistic implementation and
exacerbate conflicting priorities.
III. Out of Sync in Evaluation:

● Data Deficiency: Incomplete or outdated data can hinder accurate evaluation, leading
to incomplete assessments.
● Lack of Continuity: Changes in government or leadership can disrupt evaluation
processes, hindering long-term assessment.
● Political Influence: Evaluation results might be influenced by political considerations,
potentially misrepresenting policy outcomes.
● Evaluative Methodologies: Inappropriate evaluation methodologies can result in biased
or inaccurate assessments.
● Resource Constraints: Limited resources for evaluation can lead to infrequent or
inadequate assessments.
● Focus on Short-Term Gains: The emphasis on immediate results can divert attention
from long-term evaluation efforts.
● Stakeholder Engagement: Limited involvement of stakeholders in evaluation processes
can lead to skewed findings.
Measures to Overcome these challenges include:

● Decentralized Formulation: Involve regional and local stakeholders in policy
formulation to ensure a broader perspective and more inclusive policies.
● Effective Communication: Bridge the gap between policymakers and implementers
through clear communication channels, aligning priorities during execution.
● Robust Monitoring: Develop mechanisms for real-time monitoring and evaluation to
address implementation bottlenecks promptly.
● Data-Driven Decisions: Implement data-driven evaluation methods to provide accurate
insights into policy outcomes, promoting informed adjustments.
● Long-Term Vision: Promote policies rooted in long-term developmental goals rather
33

than short-term political gains.

Conclusion
Understanding this intricate dynamic is essential for crafting policies that are both effective and
sustainable. While political focus during formulation provides policies with visibility and
momentum, the implementation phase necessitates reconciling diverse priorities to ensure policy
impact on the ground. Timely, data-driven evaluation can bridge the gap between policy intent
and outcomes, guiding course corrections and promoting evidence-based decision-making.
Holistic approaches that prioritize the nation's long-term welfare over short-term political
considerations are essential in understanding these intricacies.
Q18. “While increasing enrolment in schools is encouraging, foundational learning

abilities do not improve commensurately” - Clarify the statement and discuss if
collective efforts from the state & community can resolve this challenge. (15
marks)
Approach
● Establish the statement with relevant statistics
● Analyze the reasons behind this paradoxical situation
● Discuss on the significance of state and community engagement to resolve the issue
● Conclude with a way forward, discussing whether NEP 2020 can address this challenge
more effectively
Introduction
According to the Annual Status of Education Report 2022, school enrolment touched a record
high (98.4%) in 2022, while learning levels of foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) dropped
by 6-7% points. This underscores a crucial concern in India’s education systems.
The disconnect between enrollment and learning outcomes can be attributed to various
factors:
● Inadequate Focus on Basics: The focus on quantity rather than quality has led to
insufficient emphasis on foundational skills during classroom teaching.
● Teacher Capacity: Teachers may lack the necessary training to impart foundational
skills effectively, resulting in rote learning rather than holistic understanding.
● Resource Crunch: Limited infrastructure, outdated teaching materials, and inadequate
support staff hinder the creation of an optimal learning environment.
● Assessment Gap: The focus on end-of-year exams overshadows continuous assessment,
failing to identify and address learning gaps in real-time.
● Linguistic Barriers: Learning in languages unfamiliar to students at home can hinder
comprehension and hamper foundational learning.
● Socioeconomic Disparities: Students from marginalized backgrounds often face socio-
economic challenges that impede their learning journey.
The government has undertaken various initiatives to enhance the quality of education across
34

the country, especially at the primary school level. Some of these efforts include:
● Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Launched before the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, SSA
aimed to provide universal elementary education by improving infrastructure, teacher
training, and learning materials at the primary level
● Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): AIM fosters innovation and entrepreneurship among
students, encouraging creative problem-solving and practical learning.
● Eklavya Model Residential Schools: These schools, specifically for tribal students, focus
on academic excellence, skill development, and preserving tribal culture and heritage.
● Quality Education for Tribal Children (QETC): This initiative targets improving the
quality of education in tribal areas through teacher training, resource development, and
promoting multilingual education.
● Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat: This program aims to improve foundational reading and
numeracy skills among students in early grades through teacher training and monitoring
mechanisms.
● National Achievement Survey (NAS): NAS assesses learning outcomes at the national,
state, and district levels, providing insights to improve teaching and learning practices.
● Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan: Encouraging a scientific temper among students, this
initiative promotes hands-on learning, experimentation, and innovation in schools.
● Pragyata Guidelines: Issued during the COVID-19 pandemic, these guidelines provide a
roadmap for remote and online learning, ensuring continuity in education.
To resolve this dilemma of high enrolment rate and low foundational learning abilities, a
collaborative approach involving both the state and the community is imperative. Such
combined efforts can bring about meaningful change through:
● Enhanced Curriculum and Pedagogy: The state should revamp the curriculum to
emphasize foundational skills like reading, writing, and numeracy. Training teachers in
innovative teaching methods that cater to diverse learning styles is crucial. Community
members can contribute by providing insights into local learning needs, making the
curriculum culturally relevant.
● Infrastructure and Resource Development: The state must ensure schools have
adequate infrastructure and learning resources. Community involvement can aid in
identifying resource gaps and mobilizing local support to bridge them, enhancing the
overall learning environment.
● Early Childhood Education: Communities can collaborate with the state to create
awareness about the significance of early childhood education. State-sponsored
programs can be complemented by community-led initiatives that prepare children for
formal schooling.
● Parental Engagement: Both the state and communities should promote parental
involvement in children's education. State-initiated workshops can be reinforced by
community-driven efforts that encourage parents to actively support their children's
35

learning journey.
● Monitoring and Assessment: Regular assessments should be conducted to gauge
foundational skills' progress. Communities can participate by monitoring local schools,
providing valuable feedback, and advocating for improvements based on assessment
results.
● Addressing Socio-economic Barriers: States can enact policies that tackle socioeconomic
barriers, such as poverty and gender discrimination, which often impede learning.
Communities can extend support networks to ensure vulnerable students receive the
necessary assistance to overcome such challenges.
● Skill Development and Vocational Training: The state should collaborate with the
community to introduce skill development and vocational training programs that equip
students with practical abilities, ensuring a holistic learning experience.
Technological Integration: Both the state and communities can harness technology to
supplement learning. State initiatives can be reinforced by community-led efforts to provide
access to digital resources for underserved areas.
Conclusion
By merging state resources, policies, and expertise with the community's insights, aspirations,
and local knowledge, foundational learning deficiencies can be effectively addressed. Collectively,
these efforts can create a conducive environment for nurturing essential skills, ensuring that
increased school enrollment translates into a genuinely educated and empowered citizenry. In
this context, the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emerges as a potential catalyst for change.
By emphasizing conceptual understanding, vocational education, and critical thinking,
the NEP aims to address foundational learning gaps. Moreover, the policy's focus on
multidisciplinary approaches and reducing curriculum load can create space for holistic skill
development.
Q19. "Traditionally there have been a host of factors blocking the road to peace between
India and Pakistan." Without talks or handshakes, How will India improve relations
with Pakistan? (15 marks)
Approach
● Start by introducing historical relations between the two states
● Identify key factors hindering diplomatic engagement
● Highlight a few initiatives and attempts at improving relations
● Suggest measures for improving relations and conclude with a way forward
Introduction
India-Pakistan relations have been marred by a complex web of factors that have hindered the
path to peace over the years. Emerging from the partition of British India in 1947, both nations
have struggled to find common ground due to a range of factors. Despite occasional attempts at
diplomacy and engagement, the road to peace has been fraught with challenges.
Some key factors that have hindered diplomatic betterment between the two countries
include:
36

● Historical Animosity: Decades of historical grievances stemming from the partition of

British India have created deep-seated animosity, leading to mutual mistrust and hostility.
● Kashmir Dispute: The long-standing territorial dispute over Kashmir remains a significant
hurdle, as both nations claim the region and have engaged in armed conflicts over it.
● Cross-Border Terrorism: Terrorist attacks emanating from Pakistan and infiltrations
into India by non-state actors have strained relations, contributing to cycles of tension
and mistrust.
● Lack of Trust: Frequent ceasefire violations along the Line of Control (LoC) and lack of
effective mechanisms to address border incidents have eroded trust between the two
nations.
● Security Concerns: India's security concerns, including nuclear proliferation, have been
exacerbated by perceived support for terrorist groups within Pakistan's borders.
● Limited People-to-People Contacts: Limited people-to-people interactions and cultural
exchanges have hampered efforts to bridge divides and build mutual understanding.
While the India-Pakistan relationship has been largely characterized by conflict and tension,
there have been sporadic instances of improvements and efforts to mend ties:
● Composite Dialogue: In the early 2000s, both countries initiated the Composite
Dialogue, aimed at addressing various issues, including Kashmir, trade, and people-to-
people contacts.
● Cricket Diplomacy: Cricket matches between India and Pakistan have occasionally
served as platforms for easing tensions and fostering goodwill between the peoples of both
nations.
● Peace Process: The 2004 peace process saw confidence-building measures like the
ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir, leading to a reduction in violence.
● Cross-Border Trade: Initiatives like the Wagah-Attari border crossing for trade have
facilitated economic interaction, albeit on a limited scale.
● Track-II Diplomacy: Non-official channels, referred to as Track-II diplomacy, have seen
engagement between scholars, intellectuals, and civil society members from both nations,
promoting dialogue and understanding.
● SAARC Summits: Multilateral platforms like the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) summits have provided opportunities for leaders to interact and
discuss regional issues.
Improving Relations with Pakistan: Strategies for India
To improve relations with Pakistan, India could consider the following strategies:
● Engagement and Dialogue: Renewed diplomatic efforts with an emphasis on sustained
dialogue can help address contentious issues, build confidence, and reduce tensions.
● Track-II Diplomacy: Further engaging non-governmental actors, academics, and civil
society through Track-II diplomacy can facilitate informal discussions and generate
innovative solutions
● Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Strengthening existing mechanisms like the
37

Composite Dialogue or establishing new platforms can provide structured channels to

address concerns.
● Counterterrorism Cooperation: Collaborating on counterterrorism efforts can help
address India's security concerns and demonstrate Pakistan's commitment to regional
stability.
● People-to-People Initiatives: Facilitating cultural exchanges, promoting tourism, and
enhancing trade can create positive interactions at the grassroots level, fostering goodwill.
● Resolving the Kashmir Issue: A sincere effort to find a peaceful resolution to the
Kashmir dispute is pivotal for building lasting trust and cooperation.
● Economic Integration: Expanding economic ties can create shared interests and
incentives for stability, encouraging cooperation on various fronts.
● International Mediation: Exploring the option of international mediation by neutral
third parties could help facilitate negotiations and bridge gaps.
Conclusion
Overcoming the multitude of challenges that have plagued India-Pakistan relations requires a
committed effort from both nations. India's proactive approach to improving relations with
Pakistan through dialogue, trust-building measures, and cooperation can pave the way for
peaceful coexistence. By addressing historical grievances, security concerns, and fostering
people-to-people connections, both countries can gradually forge a path towards stability and
cooperation, ultimately benefiting the entire region.
Q20. "India should stop looking at Nepal purely through a security prism, instead it
should be more supportive and play a progressive role for mutual development."
Analyze (15 marks)
Approach
● Introduce India-Nepal relations, with map
● Highlight the reasons for the security-centric approach
● Explain why India needs to move towards a more holistic approach for mutual
development
Introduction
The nature of India-Nepal relations has been historically multifaceted, often influenced by
geopolitics, security concerns, and shared cultural ties. While addressing security issues is
crucial, focusing solely on them can limit the potential for a more constructive and mutually
beneficial relationship.
Body
India and Nepal share a porous border that has implications for both countries' security.
Geopolitical factors and historical sensitivities have at times strained their relationship. Disputes
over territory, cross-border criminal activities, and concerns about infiltration have all
contributed to a security-focused perspective. However, an exclusively security-centric approach
38

can undermine broader collaboration and potential for mutual growth.

Moving towards Mutual Development:
Shifting the perspective from a security prism to one of mutual development could pave the way
for a more progressive and harmonious India-Nepal partnership.
● Economic Cooperation: By emphasizing economic collaboration, India and Nepal can
address the developmental needs of both nations. Trade, investment, and joint
infrastructure projects can bolster economic growth, alleviate poverty, and enhance
livelihoods.
● Cultural Affinity: Building on the shared cultural heritage, both countries can
encourage people-to-people exchanges, tourism, and cultural collaborations. This can
foster goodwill, strengthen ties, and promote a deeper understanding of each other's
values.
● Regional Connectivity: Collaborative efforts to improve cross-border infrastructure,
such as road and rail networks, can enhance trade, tourism, and connectivity, benefiting
both countries' economies.
● Education and Skill Development: Supporting Nepal's education and skill development
sectors can create a more skilled workforce and contribute to its economic progress.
India's expertise in education and vocational training could be harnessed for mutual
benefit.
● Environmental Cooperation: Addressing common environmental challenges, such as
water resources and climate change, can lead to joint efforts in sustainable development
and shared resource management.
● Healthcare Collaboration: Collaborating in healthcare, including medical tourism and
knowledge-sharing, can improve healthcare access and outcomes in both nations.
Benefits of a Development-Oriented Approach:
● Enhanced Trust: Focusing on mutual development fosters trust, allowing both nations
to collaborate with shared interests rather than viewing each other as potential
adversaries.
● Stability and Prosperity: Improved economic ties and developmental cooperation can
contribute to regional stability and prosperity, benefiting the entire South Asian region.
● Positive Public Perception: Shifting the narrative from security concerns to mutual
development can create a more positive perception among the public and media in both
countries.
● Long-Term Sustainability: Collaborative efforts focused on development can create a
foundation for sustained bilateral relations, transcending short-term political differences.
Conclusion
By moving away from viewing Nepal solely through a security prism and instead adopting a
development-oriented perspective, India can lay the groundwork for a more constructive and
harmonious relationship. Both nations stand to gain significantly from economic collaboration,
cultural exchange, and shared endeavors that foster mutual growth. Embracing a progressive
role for mutual development can lead to a more stable, prosperous, and cooperative India-Nepal
39

partnership that serves the interests of both nations and the region at large.
********
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MOKSHA VETERANS 2023 TEST 14

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