Test Bank For Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Biological Psychology 3rd Edition by

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Chapter 9

Multiple Choice

1. Based on what you know from a previous chapter, a receptor is usually a:

A) Sensory neuron
B) Motor neuron
C) Interneuron
D) Bridge neuron
Ans: a

2. A _____ is often a specialized neuron that due to its structure and function responds to a particular
form of energy.
A) transducer
B) effector
C) receptor
D) receptive neuron
Ans: c

3. A _____ converts a form of energy such as vibration into a neural response.

A) perceptor
B) effector
C) receptor
D) calculator
Ans: c

4. A receptor will respond “best” to its _____.

A) adequate stimulus
B) specific stimulus
C) receptive stimulus
D) sensory-linked stimulus
Ans: a

5. _____ refers to the acquisition of sensory information while _____ refers to the interpretation of
sensory information.
A) perception, sensation
B) sensation, perception
C) reception, transduction
D) sensation, transduction
Ans: b

6. The range of human hearing is:

 A) Less than 20 Hz
B) More than 40,000 Hz
C) Between 1–50,000 Hz
D) Between 20–20,000 Hz
Ans: d

7. Humans can detect differences in the frequencies of sounds as small as:

A) 25 Hz
B) 10 Hz
C) 2 Hz
D) 0.1 Hz
Ans: c

8. The definition of an adequate stimulus for hearing is a(n) _____.

A) Hz
B) vibration
C) auditory stimulus
D) vibration in a conducting medium
Ans: d

9. The frequency of a sound is determined by a sound wave's:

A) Number of alternating compressions and decompressions per second
B) Complexity
C) Number of complexities and overtones
D) Intensity, saturation, and complexity
Ans: a

10. Pitch is the physiological perception of a physical quantity of sound called ___.
A) intensity
B) complexity
C) frequency
D) saturation
Ans: c

11. Which of the following is the physiological perception of sound amplitude?

A) Loudness
B) Pitch
C) Complexity
D) Frequency
Ans: a

12. Intensity is to ___ as frequency is to ___.

A) pitch, loudness
B) loudness, pitch
 C) pitch, amplitude
D) telephone theory, volley theory
Ans: b

13. The amount of physical energy in a sound wave determines its:

A) Complexity
B) Pitch
C) Amplitude
D) Frequency
Ans: c

14. How loud a sound is to a human is a function of its _____ and its_____.
A) frequency, complexity.
B) intensity, frequency
C) amplitude, complexity
D) location, pitch
Ans: b

15. Humans are most sensitive to frequencies in the range of:

A) 4,000 to 10,000 Hz
B) 2,000 to 10,000 Hz
C) 2,000 to 4,000 Hz
D) 10,000 to 12,000 Hz
Ans: c

16. Humans are most sensitive to frequencies in the range of 2,000 to 4,000 Hz, which corresponds to
frequencies of _____.
A) predators in the environment
B) most human conversation
C) environmental sounds such as rain and thunder
D) sounds that are unlike those of other animals in the environment
Ans: b

17. A complex sound such as a clarinet has what frequency components?

A) Low frequency components (below 1000 Hz)
B) Middle frequency components (from 1000 Hz to 4000 Hz)
C) High frequency components (above 4000 Hz)
D) A complex mix of all of the above frequencies
Ans: d

18. Thomas Edison compensated for his deafness by biting down on the wooden case of his phonograph
and listening to the recording using bone conduction. What form of sound analysis does this not use?
A) Place theory
B) Bone conduction
 C) Frequency theory
D) None of the above—deaf individuals cannot hear
Ans: c

19. When sound waves enter the ear, they first strike the:
A) Round window
B) Tensor tympani
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Tectorial membrane
Ans: c

20. If you go too far down in the water, the pressure difference between the outside water and the middle
ear might rupture your _____.
A) pinna
B) oval window
C) round window
D) tympanic membrane
Ans: d

21. The _____ adjusts the tension of the eardrum.

A) oval window
B) tensor tympani
C) tympanic membrane
D) round window
Ans: b

22. The parts of the middle ear that are responsible for amplifying sound from the tympanic membrane
onto the oval window are called the _____.
A) semicircular canals
B) ossicles
C) hair cells
D) cleavers
Ans: b

23. The malleus, incus, and stapes are:

A) Cells in the inner ear
B) Bones in the middle ear
C) Types of receptor cells
D) Membranes on the oval, round, and tympanic windows, respectively
Ans: b

24. The ossicles serve to _____ the sound energy to the inner ear as well as _____ it.
A) rectify, amplify
B) conduct, amplify
 C) conduct, transmit
D) amplify, rectify
Ans: b

25. The stapes presses against the:

A) Oval window
B) Tympanic membrane
C) Round window
D) Ossicles
Ans: a

26. The _____ is the receptive organ of the ear.

A) basilar membrane
B) tectorial membrane
C) stapes
D) organ of Corti
Ans: d

27. The auditory receptors are:

A) Hair cells
B) Ganglia
C) Cilia fibers
D) Vestibular fibers
Ans: a

28. Which of the following structures is/are not part of the auditory system?
A) Cochlea
B) Ossicles
C) Pinna
D) Semicircular canals
Ans: d

29. Which overhanging structure helps to apply a shearing force to the ends of the hair cells in response to
vibration of the basilar membrane?
A) Cochlear nucleus
B) Reticular membrane
C) Superior olivary complex
D) Tectorial membrane
Ans: d

30. Which of the following is correct about the hair cells?

A) The outer hair cells are responsible for the membrane tension of the Organ of Corti.
B) The inner hair cells are responsible for encoding the sound vibrations into electrical signals.
C) The hair cells are maximally stimulated when the hairs are bent.
 D) All of the above are correct.
Ans: d

31. Bending hair cells causes:

A) An action potential
B) Opening of Na+ channels
C) Opening of K+ channels
D) All of the above
Ans: b

32. Which of the following attests to the importance of inner hair cells for hearing?
A) Cochlear neurons most commonly form synapses with vestibular cells.
B) Mutant mice that lack inner hair cells are unable to hear.
C) Mutant mice that have excessive inner hair cells are unable to hear.
D) Mutant mice that lack outer hair cells are unable to hear.
Ans: b

33. Mice with a very specific mutation that are unable to hear lack _____.
A) inner hair cells
B) outer hair cells
C) the Organ of Corti
D) the basilar membrane
Ans: a

34. Which of the following describes most accurately the pathway of sound waves?
A) ossicles, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea
B) tympanic membrane, oval window, ossicles, auditory cortex
C) tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, auditory nerve
D) ossicles, tympanic membrane, cochlea, auditory nerve
Ans: c

35. Which of the following sequences best describes the pathway of auditory signals?
A) cochlea, auditory nerve, brainstem nuclei, inferior colliculi, lateral geniculate nucleus,
auditory cortex
B) cochlea, auditory nerve, brainstem nuclei, inferior colliculi, medial geniculate nucleus,
auditory cortex
C) cochlea, auditory nerve, inferior colliculi, medial geniculate nucleus, auditory cortex
D) cochlea, auditory nerve, brainstem nuclei, superior colliculi, medial geniculate nucleus,
auditory cortex
Ans: b

36. The primary auditory cortex receives input directly from the:
A) Lateral geniculate nucleus
B) Superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus
 C) Semicircular canals
D) Medial geniculate nucleus
Ans: d

37. The primary auditory cortex is located on the _____.

A) superior parietal sulcus
B) superior temporal gyrus
C) inferior parietal gyrus
D) inferior temporal sulcus
Ans: b

38. The superior temporal gyrus is the location for the _____.
A) Broca’s area
B) primary auditory cortex
C) vestibular system
D) Wernicke’s area
Ans: b

39. In each hemisphere, the primary auditory cortex receives information from:
A) The ear on that side
B) The opposite ear
C) Both ears, but mainly from the ear on that side
D) Both ears, but mainly from the opposite ear
Ans: d

40. The primary auditory cortex contains a topographical "map" of:

A) The locations of sound in the environment
B) Locations on an unrolled basilar membrane
C) Outer hair cells
D) Intensities of sounds in the environment
Ans: b

41. The dorsal auditory stream enables you to _____ while the ventral stream is active in _____.
A) discriminating different sounds, knowing where a sound is
B) knowing where a sound is, knowing what a sound is
C) complexity analysis, tonotopic analysis
D) pitch analysis, amplitude analysis
Ans: a

42. When a mother can identify the sound of her baby's cries over other sounds, her sound discrimination
ability is a function of her _____.
A) ventral stream of auditory information analysis
B) dorsal stream of auditory information analysis
C) secondary auditory cortex
 D) inferior colliculus and medial geniculate
Ans: a

43. Officer Rosa hit the deck and knew where the shot came from due to his _____.
A) ventral stream of auditory information analysis
B) dorsal stream of auditory information analysis
C) secondary auditory cortex
D) inferior colliculus and medial geniculate
Ans: b

44. In is to out as ___ is to ___.

A) oval window, round window
B) auditory nerve, inner hair cells
C) round window, oval window
D) outer hair cells, inner hair cells
Ans: a

45. The organ of Corti consists of _____.

A) the basilar membrane
B) the tectorial membrane
C) rows of hair cells
D) All of the above
Ans: d

46. Selective attention involves a combination of ___ and ___.

A) place theory, frequency theory
B) language centers, perceptual filtering
C) peripheral suppression, selection among inputs
D) None of the above
Ans: c

47. Frequency (or telephone) theory proposed that:

A) Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at the same frequency as the rate of the sound
source
B) Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at the same intensity as the intensity of the
sound source
C) Individual neurons in the auditory nerve fired at a rate that was proportional to the intensity
of the sound source
D) Individual neurons in the dorsal path fired at the same frequency as the rate of the sound
source
Ans: a

48. The absolute refractory period of a neuron discussed earlier in the text is a limitation of ____.
A) frequency theory
 B) place theory
C) intensity theory
D) pitch theory
Ans: a

49. Frequency theory was originally called the _____ theory.

A) switchboard
B) operator
C) telephone
D) hardwire
Ans: c

50. In Waver’s theory, the low end of auditory frequencies up to about _____, _____ is a viable theory.
For frequencies between _____, _____ is a viable theory, while for the high end, _____ is the
preferred explanation.
A) 500 Hz, volley, 500–5000 Hz, frequency, place
B) 250 Hz, frequency, 250–10,000 Hz, place, volley
C) 500 Hz, frequency, 500–5000 Hz, volley, place
D) 1000 Hz, place, 1000–10000 Hz, volley, frequency
Ans: c

51. Volley theory proposed that:

A) The ossicles in the ear vibrated together to encode a sound source
B) The basilar membrane vibrated at the same intensity as a sound source
C) Groups of neurons followed the frequency of a sound at frequencies where a single neuron
cannot
D) Inner hair cells fired at different rate to match vibrations of the sound source
Ans: c

52. A brain area that is organized such that successive areas respond to successively higher frequencies is
called _____.
A) spatiotemporal
B) somatocortical
C) tonotopic
D) spatiotopic
Ans: c

53. Helmholtz borrowed the concept of _____ from physics to explain how we discriminate different
frequencies.
A) transduction
B) resonance
C) capacitance
D) conduction
Ans: b
54. For frequencies of sound to which place theory applies, neurons inform the brain of these frequencies
by:
A) Altering rates of neural firing via fewer IPSPs occurring in inner hair cells
B) Changing patterns of neural firing via lowered threshold of firing in inner hair cells
C) The region of the basilar membrane with maximal vibration and subsequently which neurons
are firing most
D) Changing the number of fibers activated and the pattern of volleying across different fibers
Ans: c

55. Who actually observed the mechanics of place theory in action?

A) Weaver
B) Helmholtz
C) Rutherford
D) Békésy
Ans: d

56. According to Békésy’s observations, higher frequency sounds produced vibrations near the _____ of
the basilar membrane while lower frequency sounds resulted in vibrations centered near the _____ of
the basilar membrane.
A) base, apex
B) apex, base
C) cochlear end, tectorial end
D) basilar end, tectorial end
Ans: a

QUESTIONS ON APPLICATION

57. While the human auditory range extends down to about _____ Hz, researchers have been unable to
find neurons that are specific for frequencies below _____ Hz.
A) 100, 100
B) 20, 1000
C) 20, 200
D) 50, 2000
E) 50, 500
Ans: c

58. Problems with sound conduction such as loss of middle ear bones can be overcome using ___, while
problems with hair cells can be overcome using ___.
A) hearing aids, deep brain stimulation
B) cochlear implants, hearing aids
C) hearing aids, cochlear implants
D) deep brain stimulation, hearing aids
Ans: a
59. Cochlear implants will work best for the adult deaf person who:
A) Was born deaf
B) Learned sign language or reads lips well
C) Acquired language before becoming deaf.
D) Is deaf in both ears
Ans: c

60. Cochlear implants are successful because they employ principles of _____ theory.
A) place
B) frequency
C) volley
D) language acquisition
Ans: a

61. The ability to distinguish among different people's voices is a function of a _____ performed on the
basilar membrane, which is the breakdown of the sound into its frequency components.
A) place analysis
B) Fourier analysis
C) temporal comparison
D) generalization gradient
Ans: b

62. A sound that we recognize as having an identity that is distinct from other sounds is a(n):
A) Oddball paradigm
B) Localized sensation
C) Transient signal
D) Auditory object
Ans: d

63. The bodies of the hair cells are embedded in the:

A) Helicotrema
B) Tectorial membrane
C) Basilar membrane
D) Tympanic membrane
Ans: c

64. The auditory cortex is located on the _____ lobe.

A) temporal
B) frontal
C) parietal
D) occipital
Ans: a

65. Neurons from the left ear project:

 A) Exclusively to the right hemisphere
B) Exclusively to the left hemisphere
C) Mostly to the right hemisphere
D) Mostly to the left hemisphere
Ans: c

66. The volley theory was proposed by:

A) Rutherford
B) Helmholtz
C) Békésy
D) Wever
Ans: d

67. The outer hair cells may be involved in:

A) Suppressing background noise
B) Processing high, but not low, frequency sounds
C) Processing sounds related to language, but not music
D) All of the above
Ans: a

68. The cocktail party effect in which a person can selectively listen might involve:
A) The inferior colliculi
B) The medial geniculate nucleus
C) Afferent stimulation of the superior olivary nucleus
D) The outer hair cells
Ans: d

69. Changes in selective attention that occur during the cocktail party effect could involve changes in the:
A) Permeability of sodium ions in outer hair cells
B) Permeability of sodium ions in inner hair cells
C) Length of outer hair cells and subsequent changes in the rigidity of the organ of Corti
D) Length of inner hair cells and subsequent changes in the rigidity of the organ of Corti
Ans: c

70. Attending to a conversation across the room, amid loud background noise, involves _____.
A) changes in the length of outer hair cells
B) changes in the tension between the tectorial and basilar membranes
C) changes in the tautness of the organ of Corti
D) All of the above
Ans: d

71. Individuals can most easily detect the location of a sound source when it is located:
A) Immediately in front
B) Immediately behind
 C) Just overhead
D) To the right or to the left
Ans: d

72. If you lost hearing in one ear, what form of sound localization would be most impaired?
A) Left versus right sounds
B) Front versus back sounds
C) Near versus far sounds
D) Top versus bottom sounds
Ans: a

73. Crickets and grasshoppers compensated for their small head sizes by:
A) Making their auditory organs very large
B) Having their auditory organs on stalks above their heads
C) Increasing the myelination of the auditory system
D) Having their auditory organs on their legs
Ans: d

74. Left-right localization of a sound source occurs by analysis of binaural differences in:
A) Arrival time
B) Phase
C) Intensity
D) All of the above
Ans: d

75. The auditory system localizes low frequency sounds through _____.
A) arrival time differences
B) frequency differences
C) intensity differences
D) Fourier analysis
Ans: a

76. The auditory system localizes sounds above 3000 Hz and up by detecting _____.
A) arrival time differences
B) phase differences
C) intensity differences
D) sine wave analysis
Ans: c

77. Time differences are detected by specialized neurons called ___, while intensity differences are
detected by a phenomenon called ___.
A) tonotopic cells, retrograde perception
B) coincidence detectors, sound shadow
C) temporal integrators, spatial integrators
 D) coincidence detectors, time of arrival
Ans: b

78. Which of the following is a disturbance in the comprehension or production of language that is caused
by brain damage?
A) Dyslexia
B) Agraphia
C) Dysgraphia
D) Aphasia
Ans: d

79. Most of our knowledge about the brain structures of language has been obtained by studying:
A) Chemicals released by specific brain areas
B) Blood flow to language areas in intact, normal people who are talking
C) People who have suffered brain damage
D) Patients who have had spinal tumors removed
Ans: c

80. People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty in:

A) Selecting the right words and pronunciation
B) Writing words down onto paper
C) Reading words on a piece of paper
D) Recognizing emotional speech
Ans: a

81. Which of the following brain regions is involved in Broca's aphasia?

A) Left posterior temporal lobe
B) Superior temporal gyrus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Frontal lobe area anterior to the motor cortex
Ans: d

82. Broca proposed that damage to his (Broca's) area:

A) Is more likely to produce disruption of speech in right-handed persons
B) Contains neurons that analyze speech for meaning
C) Disrupted the motor instructions for vocalizing words
D) Coordinates speech articulation in concert with breathing
Ans: c

83. When you are trying to express a concept but just cannot come up with the right words to say, you are
showing behavior that resembles _____.
A) agrammatism
B) anomia
C) inarticulation
 D) aprosodia
Ans: b

84. Select the characteristic not seen in Broca’s aphasia patients.

A) Nonfluency
B) Anomia
C) Agrammatism
D) Use of meaningless words
Ans: d

85. Articulation involves word _____.

A) pronunciation
B) finding
C) spelling
D) emphasis
Ans: a

86. Anomia is:

A) A primary symptom of all forms of aphasia
B) Poor word articulation
C) A symptom of Broca's aphasia, but not Wernicke's aphasia
D) A difficulty in word pronunciation
Ans: c

87. Which of the following brain regions is involved in Wernicke's aphasia?

A) Left posterior temporal lobe
B) Superior temporal gyrus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Frontal lobe area anterior to the motor cortex
Ans: a

88. One of the primary characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia is:

A) Word searching
B) Labored and nonfluent speech
C) Speech that lacks rhythm and tone
D) Fluent, effortless production of meaningless speech
Ans: d

89. The speech of a person with Wernicke's aphasia:

A) Is mostly correct with regard to grammar
B) Has little understandable content
C) Rarely includes function words such as the or but
D) Is strained as if the person is searching for the right word
Ans: b
90. If you had damage to your frontal lobe area anterior to the motor cortex, you would exhibit a problem
in speech called ___.
A) word salad
B) alexia
C) agraphia
D) nonfluency
Ans: d

91. If you had damage to your left posterior temporal lobe, you would exhibit a problem in speech called
___.
A) word salad
B) halting speech
C) agrammatism
D) neoplastic syndrome
Ans: a

92. Wernicke's aphasia is unique in that the person:

A) Is speaking in a slow, labored fashion
B) Sounds normal to the casual listener
C) Is aware of his or her speech deficits
D) All of the above
Ans: b

93. Alexia refers to:

A) The inability to write
B) Pure word blindness
C) Aphasia without agraphia
D) The inability to read
Ans: d

94. Patients with agraphia:

A) Are suffering from a pure form of aphasia
B) Are unable to remember appropriate words
C) Have an inability to write
D) Also have Broca's aphasia
Ans: c

95. Both agraphia and alexia result from damage to the:

A) Fornix
B) Angular gyrus
C) Posterior temporal lobe
D) Prefrontal cortex
Ans: b
96. Dyslexia refers to:
A) Word blindness
B) Left writing
C) Impairment of writing
D) Impairment of reading
Ans; d

97. Acquired dyslexia refers to reading difficulties that:

A) Result from brain damage
B) Become apparent when a person is learning to read
C) Involve genetic changes in brain circuitry
D) Develop only in advanced cultures
Ans: a

98. Teri's pediatrician tried to explain what might have happened to her little boy's brain to cause his
dyslexia; it is likely that the boy's _____ is not larger in the left hemisphere as it is in normal brains.
A) Broca's area
B) planum temporale
C) angular gyrus
D) Wernicke's area
Ans: b

99. A person with the visual-perceptual form of dyslexia would:

A) Confuse won with now
B) Read bog as dog
C) Report that words move around on the page
D) All of the above
Ans: d

100. Individuals with phonological dyslexia have a problem in:

A) Visual processing of language
B) Auditory processing of language
C) Impairment in sound units that separates similar words
D) The production of motor signals in the vocal chords
Ans: c

101. A person reports to the emergency room with a complaint that he or she can understand and produce
speech, but are unable to write thoughts down or read aloud. What area of the brain may be injured?
A) Broca’s area
B) Wernicke’s area
C) Angular gyrus
D) Amygdala
Ans: c
102. When dyslexic children received training to resolve their phonological deficits, the children's reading
ability improved to normal levels and _____.
A) motor coordination improved as well
B) emotional processing returned to normal
C) deficits in brain activity showed recovery
D) aphasia symptoms were remediated as well
Ans: c

103. Broca's area lies anterior and adjacent to the:

A) Motor cortex
B) Auditory cortex
C) Somatosensory cortex
D) Visual cortex
Ans: a

104. In most people, Wernicke's area is found on the _____ lobe.

A) left frontal
B) right frontal
C) left temporal
D) right temporal
Ans: c

105. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Broca's aphasia?

A) Impairment in writing
B) Word salad
C) Agrammatic speech
D) Difficulty with articulation
Ans: b

106. People with Wernicke's aphasia:

A) Have difficulty saying words
B) Have difficulty understanding others
C) Produce utterances that have no meaning
D) B and C
Ans: d

107. Abnormalities in the magnocellular visual pathway are implicated in:

A) Visual aspects of dyslexia
B) Phonological dyslexia
C) Dyscalculia
D) All of the above
Ans: a
108. When individuals recover from brain damage and resultant aphasia, the recovery is the result of:
A) Areas in the opposite hemisphere assuming the role of the damaged areas
B) Other areas in the same hemisphere assuming the role of the damaged areas
C) Growth of the both hemispheres’ language areas
D) Refinement of both hemispheres’ language areas
Ans: a

109. If deaf children are raised without exposure to sign language, they sometimes _____ that can be taken
as evidence for Chomsky and Pinker's _____.
A) develop individually idiosyncratic signing, theory of language being genetic
B) develop American sign language, genetic sign language
C) develop their own sign language, language acquisition device
D) are unable to learn any sign language, language evolution paradigm
Ans: c

110. Studies of the hearing children of deaf parents have found that:
A) These children acquire languages at about the same rate as other children
B) These children acquire languages at a much slower rate than other children
C) Oral babbling persists longer than normal
D) Oral babbling extinguishes quickly
Ans: a

111. Chomsky and Pinker have inferred the existence of a language acquisition device, which is:
A) A part of the brain dedicated to learning and controlling language
B) A method for learning language that is acquired through experience
C) An electronic device that, using common grammatical concepts, learns any language
including animal languages
D) Present in young children, but absent in adults
Ans: a

112. Babbling in deaf infants exposed to sign language:

A) Occurs in the form of hand babbling and in the same stages as oral babbling
B) Is accelerated by skipping oral babbling
C) Is retarded because infants have poor motor control
D) Is highly variable from one individual to another
Ans: a

113. Language in most people is considered to be primarily a function of the:

A) Right hemisphere
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Left hemisphere
D) Parietal cortex
Ans: c
114. Over _____ of right-handers and 2/3 of the left-handers have language controlled by their _____
hemisphere(s).
A) 75%, left
B) 90%, right
C) 50%, both
D) 90%, left
Ans: d

115. Individuals who learned two languages in childhood show brain activity for both languages in _____;
individuals who learned another language later in life show brain activity for the second language in
_____.
A) the same area, the same area
B) the same area, a different brain area
C) different brain areas, the same area
D) different areas, a different area
Ans: b

116. The acquisition of language has left behind _____, and as a result we must look at the ____ of our
nonhuman relatives.
A) no DNA fingerprints, fossils
B) no fossil remnants, behavior and brains
C) no anthropological traces of its emergence, fossils
D) no fossil fingerprints, archaeological sites
Ans: b

117. Chimpanzees share _____ of our genes and show some of the same brain _____ as humans.
A) 75%, stages of language acquisition
B) 90%, sizes of the frontal lobe
C) 95–99%, lateralization of the planum temporale
D) 90%, lateralization of the planum temporale
Ans: c

118. The next time you stare eye-to-eye with the humble chimpanzee, try to remember that you and the
nonhuman share a common ancestor going back about _____.
A) 6,000 years ago
B) 500,000 years ago
C) 5 million years ago
D) 100 million years ago
Ans: c

119. Why did researchers switch from trying to get chimpanzees to speak language to sign language?
A) Chimpanzees already exhibited a gestural form of communication.
B) Chimpanzees lacked a larynx, making them unable to produce the same range of sounds as
humans.
 C) Sign language had a preset grammar that was easy to understand.
D) All of the above
Ans: d

120. _____ neurons respond when you produce a facial or mouth gesture and when another individual
displays the same facial expression.
A) Reflecting
B) Reflection
C) Mirror
D) Inverse action
Ans: c

121. Mirror neurons were first found in the monkey brain that corresponds to ____.
A) Broca's area
B) arcuate fasciculus
C) angular gyrus
D) Wernicke’s area
Ans: a

122. Mutations in the _____ gene on chromosome ____ result in deficits in using and understanding
language as well as reduced volume of gray matter in Broca's area.
A) Atoh1, 21
B) Ftoh1, 21
C) FOXP2, 7
D) Atoh2, 7
Ans: c

123. To fully participate in a telephone conversation, a person must be able to recognize words at about
_____ accuracy and individuals with cochlear implants can recognize words at an accuracy of _____.
A) 80%, approx. 75%
B) 70%, 80% and higher
C) 70%, 60%
D) 80%, 90%
E) 60%, 75%
Ans: b

124. Prosody is linked most clearly to the function of the ___.

A) right hemisphere
B) left Wernicke’s area
C) right occipital lobe
D) left Broca’s area
Ans: a

125. The use of intonation, emphasis, and rhythm to convey meaning in speech is known as _____
 A) prosody
B) prosalience
C) wada
D) prolexia
Ans: a

Essay

126. Describe the basic anatomy and function of the parts of the outer, middle ear, and inner ear.

127. Describe how we hear sounds. Include in your answer the stimulus and receptors for audition and how
sounds are translated into neural impulses.

128. Define pitch and loudness and describe their detection by the auditory system. Include place and
frequency theories.

129. Describe frequency theory, volley principle, and place coding and what portions of the human
frequency range each of these serves.

130. Describe the neural pathway for audition. Indicate the projections from the auditory nerve to (a) lower
brain regions, (b) midbrain, and (c) primary auditory cortex.

131. How do we localize sound sources?

132. How do we selectively listen as in the cocktail party effect?

133. Define and describe three major speech deficits that accompany Broca's aphasia.

134. Describe the primary characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia. What does this syndrome tell us about the
production and comprehension of speech?

135. Describe the symptoms of the two forms of dyslexia.

136. Describe the basis of recovery from aphasia.

137. What is known about language acquisition in deaf human infants versus those with intact hearing?
What about the language acquisition of children with normal hearing born to deaf parents?

138. Why is the left hemisphere said to be dominant for language?

139. What are the functions of the two types of hair cells? What are the connections between them and the
brain?

True/False

140. The eardrum is also called the tympanic membrane.

Ans: True

141. The ossicles function to increase the efficiency of energy transfer to the inner ear.
Ans: True

142. Auditory receptor cells are located in the ossicles.

Ans: False

143. The receptive organ for the vestibular sense is the organ of Corti.
Ans: False

144. The receptive organ for hearing is the cochlea.

Ans: True

145. Outer hair cells encode sounds into electrical impulses.

Ans: False

146. Differences in intensity are the basis for the perception of pitch.
Ans: False
147. High-frequency sounds cause the greatest displacement on the apex end of the basilar membrane.
Ans: False

148. Low-frequency sounds cause the greatest displacement on the base end of the basilar membrane.
Ans: False

149. The work of Békésy showed that sounds of different frequencies cause different parts of the basilar
membrane to flex to differing degrees.
Ans: False

150. Frequency is signaled in part by which specific neurons fire.

Ans: True

151. The primary auditory cortex contains a map of tones.

Ans: True

152. The mechanism of place analysis explains how we can hear through our skulls.
Ans: True

153. The cocktail party effect involves auditory cortex mechanisms alone.
Ans: False

154. The cocktail party effect involves the rigidity of the tympanic membrane.
Ans: True

155. The head blocks high frequencies, producing a "sound shadow," so that the ear opposite the sound
source receives less intense stimulation.
Ans: True

156. One method of sound localization is analysis of binaural differences in arrival time.
Ans: True

157. An auditory object is a sound that we recognize as having an identity that is distinct from other
sounds.
Ans: True
158. A cell that responds best when it receives input from both ears at the same time is called a potential
detector.
Ans: False

159. Aphasia is a primary disturbance in comprehension or production of language that is caused by brain
damage.
Ans: True

160. A person can have an impairment with reading or writing, but normal speech.
Ans: True

161. Broca's patient could only say one word.

Ans: False

162. Broca's area is involved in the production of speech.

Ans: True

163. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by fluent, meaningless speech.

Ans: True

164. The inability to write is called agraphia.

Ans: True

165. In dyslexics, there is evidence that the left side of the planum temporale is larger than the right
Ans: False

166. There is typically more recovery from Wernicke's aphasia than for Broca's aphasia.
Ans: False

167. Being able to use intonation, emphasis, and rhythm to convey meaning is called fluency.
Ans: False

168. Language is usually a specialized function of the left hemisphere.

Test Bank For Brain & Behavior: An Introduction to Biological Psychology 3rd Edition by

Ans: True

169. Speech is lateralized to the left hemisphere in the majority of left-handed people.
Ans: True

170. People who learn another language at an older age typically have to use different brain areas for each.
Ans: True

171. Chimpanzees have taught other chimpanzees some sign language.

Ans: True

172. No other species shows clear signs of brain lateralization for language-like functions.
Ans: False

173. The brain of a dyslexic shows a slower than normal response to high-contrast, rapidly changing visual
stimuli.
Ans: True

174. The magnocellular cells in the visual cortex of dyslexics are smaller than normal.
Ans: True

175. A problem with the hair cells of a person can be remedied with a cochlear implant.
Ans: True

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