Trigonometry, Coordinate Geometry and Vectors
Course Code: MS 6229
Shila, K
COLLEGE: Science and Technical Education
DEPARTMENT: Mathematics and Statistics
November 7, 2023
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 1 / 25
Mode of Assessment
Table 1: Mode of Assessment
CA & SE WEEK MARKS
Test 01 6th 15%
Assignment 9th 10%
Test 02 10th 15%
Semester Exam 15th 60%
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 2 / 25
Learning outcome
Ability to solve different problems using trigonometry Techniques.
Ability to apply the coordinate geometry in solving problems.
Ability to apply vector operations in solving engineering related
problems.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 3 / 25
Course Contents
Trigonometry:
Conversion of degree into radians measures and vice-versa.
Trigonometric ratios, Arc lengths, areas of sectors of circle,
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric identities, Solutions of trigonometric equations.
Compound angle formulae, Factor theorem, Solution of the
equation aCosα + bSinα = c, Solutions of triangles- using Sine
and Cosine rules.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 4 / 25
Coordinate Geometry
Locate points in Cartesian and polar coordinates, The straight
line, Equations of straight lines, Angles between two straight lines,
Distance between a point and a straight line.
Circles (equations, Touching circles and orthogonality of circles),
Conic sections (equations and properties).
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 5 / 25
Vectors:
Definition, Vector representation in a plane and space,
Operations, Composition of vectors, The ratio theorem, Dot, scalar
and triple products and their applications.
Vector and scalar equations of planes, shortest distance from a
point to a straight line, Angle between two lines, Angle between a
line and a plane
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 6 / 25
Trigonometry
Introduction
Trigonometry: The word trigonometry comes from the Greek
words “trigonon” which means triangle and “metron” which means
to measure.
Trigonometry deals with determination of measures of sides and
angles of triangles by means of relevant trigonometric functions.
The trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, tangent, secant,
cosecant, and cotangent of an angle.
Trigonometry
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the
measurement of sides and angles of triangles, and their
relationship with each other.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 7 / 25
Trigonometry
Angles
When a straight line is rotated about a pouint it sweeps out and
angle that can be measured either in degree or in Radians
By conversion a straigth line rotating through a full angle and
returning to its starting position is said to have rotated through 360
degree or 360◦
By conversion 1degree = 60minutes i.e
′
1◦ = 60
and 1◦ = 60x60seconds
′′
that is 1◦ = 3600
so an angle that is measured in degree , minutes and second can
be converted to a decimal degree.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 8 / 25
Trigonometry
Example
′ ′′
Convert 45◦ 36 18 into decimal degree.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 9 / 25
Trigonometry
Example
′ ′′
Convert 45◦ 36 18 into decimal degree.
Solution
Recall
′
1◦ = 60
′
? = 36 ′
1◦ x36
which gives = 0.6◦
60◦
also
′′
1◦ = 3600
′′
? = 18 ′′
1◦ x18
which gives ◦
= 0.005◦
3600′ ′′
Therefore 45◦ 36 18 = 45◦ + 0.6◦ + 0.005◦ = 45.605◦
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 9 / 25
Trigonometry
example 2
′ ′′
Convert 53◦ 29 27 into decimal degree.
example 3
′ ′′
Convert the angle 253◦ 18 42 into decimal degree format.
example 4
Change 18.478◦ into degree,minutes and second.
example 5
Convert the angle 73.415◦ to degree,minutes and seconds.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 10 / 25
Trigonometry
Radians
An alternative unit of measure of an angle is the radian.
If a straight line of length r rotate about one end so that other end
describe an arc of length r ,the line is said to have rotated to 1
radian -1rad
Figure 1: Angle in radian measure
It is the measure of a central angle θ that intercepts an arc s equal
in length to the radius r of the circle.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 11 / 25
Trigonometry
Radian cont...
s
This mean that θ = , where θ is the measured in radius and
r
s = θr
If a line rotates through a full angle is the circumference of a circle
which is equal to 2πr .
The number of radian in a full angle is 2πradian
By relating degree and radian we have
2πrad = 360◦
? = ◦1◦
1 x2πrad πradians
= =
360◦ 180
◦ πradians
Therefore 1 =
180
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 12 / 25
Trigonometry
Radian cont...
Let s be ang angle measured in radians and θ be ang angle
measured in degree
Therefore
2πrad = 360◦
s = θ , then cross multiplication
= 360◦ s = 2πθ
πθ
s= angle measured in radian
180◦
180s
θ= angle measured in degree
π
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 13 / 25
Trigonometry
Example
Change 270◦ into radians
Solution
Given θ = 270◦
πθ
Recall, s = angle measured in radian
180◦ ◦
270 π 3π
Therefore s = ◦
=
180 2
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 14 / 25
Trigonometry
Convert into degree
(a) 2.34rad πrad
(e)
5πrad 5
(b)
6 2πrad
πrad (g)
(c) 3
3
7πrad 3πrad
(d) (h)
4 2
Convert into radian
(a) 47◦ (e) 18.34◦
(b) 120◦
(g) 240◦
(c) 12.6◦
(d) 135◦ (h) 120.45◦
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 15 / 25
Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometric rations are the function of sine, cosine ,tangent and
their reciprocal.
Suppose you are standing at point Aand you need to find the
height OB of the building.
Figure 2: a right angled triangle
I you get a measure of the length from its base and the angle of
elevation from the where you are standing to the top.
The height can be measured by using the trigonometric function.
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 16 / 25
Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios cont.,.
The three basic trigonometric function are defined by
OB Opposite length
sinθ = , sinθ =
AB Hypotenuse
OA Adjacent length
cosθ = , cosθ =
AB Hypotenuse
OB Opposite length
tanθ = , tanθ =
OA Adjacent
Those angles of the triangle are determined by the ratios of the
sides which are called trigonometric ratio’s
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 17 / 25
Trigonometry
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios
Reciprocal of trigonometric functions results to cosecant
(Cosec),secant(sec) and cotangent(cot)
1 Hypotenuse
cosecθ = , cosecθ =
sinθ opposite length
1 Hypotenuse
secθ = , secθ =
coθ Adjacent
1 Adjacent
cotθ = , tanθ =
tanθ Opposite
Those angles of the triangle are determined by the ratios of the
sides which are called trigonometric ratio’s
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 18 / 25
Trigonometry
example
√
If tanθ = 3 Find Cotθ , secθ and cosecθ
Solution
√
3
Given tanθ =
1
Figure 3: A right angled triangle
using Pythagoras theorem
√ 2
11 + 3 = hypotenuse2 −→ hypotenuse = 2
1 1
cotθ = =√
tanθ 3
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 19 / 25
Trigonometry
example
√
If cosecθ = 2 where θ is an acute angle , find (a) sec θ (b)tanθ
3
suppose cotθ = , where θ is an acute angle , find (a)cosecθ (b)
4
cosθ
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 20 / 25
Trigonometry
Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric identities, show the relation among the
trigonometric function including their reciprocal
Deriving the trigonometric identities co2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
consider the figure below
Figure 4: A right angled triangle in xy plane
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 21 / 25
Trigonometry
Trigonometric identities cont...
¯ 2 = (AB)
Using the Pythagoras theorem (AC) ¯ 2
¯ 2 + (BC)
Implying that r 2 = x 2 + y 2 Divide by r 2 on both sides results to
x y
( )2 + ( )2 = 1
r r
y x
but = sinθ , = cosθ
r r
x y
Substitute the vale of sinθ and cosθ into ( )2 + ( )2 = 1 gives
r r
2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 22 / 25
Trigonometry
Work for
1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ
Prove that
cotθ + tanθ = secθ cosecθ
tanA − cotA
= sec 2 θ − cosec 2 A
sinAcosA
(1 + tanθ )2
= sec 2 − 1
(1 + cotθ )2
Show that
1 − 2sin2 θ
cot 2 θ − tan2 θ =
cos2 θ sin2 θ
tanA − cotA
= sec 2 θ − cosec 2 A
sinAcosA
(1 + tanθ )2
2
= sec 2 − 1
Course Code:(1
MS+ cotθ
6229 Shila,) K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 23 / 25
Trigonometry
Simplify the expression below
sinA
+ cotA
1 + cosA
(sinθ − cosθ )2
2 − tanθ
2cosecθ sec θ
1 + tanθ 1 + cotθ
+
1 − tanθ 1 − cotθ
2sin2 θ + sinθ − 3
1 − cos2 θ − sinθ
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 24 / 25
Trigonometry
Proving trigonometric identities
Basicall, using trigonometric identies we can prove some other
trigonometric identinties
Example
1 + tan2 θ
prove that = tan2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ
1 1
prove that + =1
tan2 θ +1 cot 2 θ
s
1 + cot 2 θ
prove that = cotθ
1 + tan2 θ
prove that 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ
Course Code: MS 6229 Shila, K (COLLEGE:Trigonometry,
Science and Coordinate
Technical EducationDEPARTMENT:
Geometry and Vectors Mathematics
Novemberand7,Statistics)
2023 25 / 25
