\~~-.·1.L_:.< il ... 1.) '.., ·1 , .Jl\ ~U)or,k&heet '- '1 , (cose. stud~) J; 1!

1_ 1)',rl~JA C
; ,
1 1
. .. 1 -. ,J . r .. , ·, J .> di ii ·1a f.) JI ·)
.. ·- .; ! : -'-.. , 1 · (,]I '";\ \-~ 3 . : 1.', . ., · 1 , -.•·' ., 1.1.. J I J JJ ... ._).. ).. : - - r
1· , . ExplQm "t\-,e di+fezrence b/ uJ ins-t::ontaneous ?r.o· 15' g,, av~~
I I\ :::.i JJ 'J -:.' IJ u j_J -_J ,2 ; ...
E'xemp ·1do~
I
·, J1 ,) I ....
I ' . ·, I
-,i..
-j -' U,'\ ' ... , n J/'.i/1, "
,u:·o_ •"lf -•....) ( .) - _,,i
--1
-· --- ,

3 ') .r ,::-.n ,) ,? .'.re i ) J JJic; ,·.

• 1 • 1"
J
i \ -~ l ,2, .J ,) 'J c. fj :, '.::-:• -\J ..J :S J \ I JI, j <.. J:\ J -' i 1 .:) J ., , ., .J

... ,\"~.ta~_ta~~o9' ~-p·R. -- , _t;\~e~ge_ Q•~-:.'f:., _,:_:; ~

- , . I • .. i..

·, . ~\ 1~~~ 1>? :.'.cJ~ i~j~:fla. ,~h~~t.)\ J,\ Jj-b:~fU[J ~~J17,~)~ -~~ ~ -r 1

j
Spcm og ti me .
1
- intecf\/n L. oJ' ii_me ~, .
~, ,>., ·• , , . · . .
. . - .__ ' ·-i '-i ' J • ,_ -
·,i·;.,
. 1
':· i n.: ,r ,,: J/Ji:TJJJJ J...'-:llJ ·_ .)r:t orn ::rcr.

·•i. lb CQn 1 t be calculated... · ii: It can be , colculo:ted. ,~

+o7f mul~step ~n · muU::i.step crx n •

1ii,•. 'l:.t con be calcula.ted.,

I r ; •

'. -f.o() element-a~ crxn , e.\eme.nt:P.~ ~x n •

i
i i,•. Lu 'no-1:, is -1:\.,e c"?Ydecr og ?n<-n· Jh~ which the. 7.fClte con&ta.n-b
· hQ.s Q unib c8 s-1 :> Lio10)

Fi1rst ooelecr 1,xn • ( n-=- 1)

',j,•. i=ocS" a. ieffO o"?S"de~ cS'i<n• L.u;l\ , the mol~u.~t~ ~CG,,equ.~L -b,) 0·
E.xpLoin• l:2..022) l het')')pla.'2$') ,, .

tJo, --bhe molec.ula¥i~ can l"'leve.~ be 2e'?fo O.?r Q t~co.DY\a.1

no· aG 'rt shows ttie no· og -zs-eacbaYlb 'taK;n9 palrt' fr, olln.•
can neve"lf be -z..ew •
' iv• Ir- a. oXn· of 2. <1eactants I·, r ~nC·_08 one. of ~e ~o.d::Ont
' is d..oublecl I
the P-·c· p, becorr1et, dottble. i i! -bhe cone- of both

'II -the 15'eoctan¼ ;9 - d~uble~ , the R•O· becc~es ¤-19ht times·

jI LDhat is ·
ove~au.. o?Scle¥ of ln<n• ?
Rxf\ • ·,nvoivee .2 "lS"eact:O.r'\tS

I G) .::: K [A]Cl [s] I>

I
;1 0 2."2f".:: I< [2A]Cl [B]b
' !

r
' ' -
®,s =" K 2. A 1 ,[ 281 b.
i
1I
 I \ ,\

I ,

K [:i. A] a. [ 13] b
-:. l ; I ) I I ) ,., . ~J I I I '

K[A]q [B]b
1 I ·J - 11 , , , • , c:
) .)/
0..:::.1 ·
I I

t... ' ,, J i1 r l, ,i I,

. . .
i! ii _,
j,( [2.Ala [2.B]b I -1 ~ ,1 ··
~ -::: ')1•t [~~jd'('a16-' '' !,J .,
V f:JJ 1-: {

J,, ii l

J 1 , 1L -'· ,!1 ' .'

..£ / , f;, 1-i j fl j I

. .. 1 _ I -4 , ;

'
2 . j. Define 'acti:vah.00 eneog~
1
oS Q. ~n- l:201:3, 201<;) [ 20 1l.l )

Tue e.ne~s~
complex i~
~u.~ed _ "1.- I- 1-·I -
k/ a. a.ch.vat\.ofl -e..n~g~· ·
~ ~,:_
.. I
l

te. 'i~:~~~ e~-, '" called.

51
.J../
j
- - -
·/
I
'
1.-/ J
I I ;J )f i

Q.cb.vCUf
I ./ _, __,

Ac~vQno~ ei\er~t -;c_-~~~~)L~~,~~~~~'.--.,-~-~9-

f '·I-"' _ ,:: 1c \

1
;.,j =
eneig~
i' 1•, 1l
od
(:::
2reactooB
;i. CQn ci. o"-n· ha\Je -z.ecro oc-tivaticl' eneog~ • J°i>Gti,J'~,
_; s.. / J,, J =: ,:: ., ,_J ~.: -- (::.

1, )f"- 11" / 111 :· , ,, 1;:. .c:.

l.J' EA -=- o , B-ten a.cc- -1:c A-znrhenius e9. n ,
J.11r,\Li J~/ie-t"'o../p_rJ·,,,n -~J_:_\-::'. -

.. ,~ I? - I,,.:.,,_~~ J r-!i- .:v Rcfcte co~'~i-qn:f =-,1c:o,nsloA cf~9,t.€'. ,i;11

l'hit:, rnec::u15 e.ve.~1:1 c.o\\t<:ii.on cSec;;u.Lt. Lnto q c~rnico.1:· 25'Xh' whid{

.,:_0.l) 't be. t?Ju!l '
 j •
l i
¥1'-IJ -
J I_ " :.
J >l - ·c'
-- - -- ) ....:_··~
I because we 'KnOU1, , . 1., Slop~::. ·Get ,'
. ·,
1 , lfi,J n --
i lo9 I<' .:i • ao3 R

-::. loa;J A - -~~..:.A~- . I :-: ) _)

~- 3c3RT 'h r· i ·

iv• what is the f~c-bi.oY' of molecul.eS. hovin.J ene7r9.9 ca.:zreq.t~

"than ac\i.vohon e,ne'ls'3~ , ~A ? .JC -~ c J·,, [ r, _:: J _ ·c :-f
-l;~jp., .U...t"> r.,,,...c;L'-n o+' mole~u,le~ ·-lo!th··en.ei'9~,
~ep~serl'tS ~q'I; 'T'a"' .\AL) C) JI_ ,:'.1 J [ 11 '. j d (i _

1 e<:\_u.ol tf6 gcmC\t~ than £ A •

' ::: ..1 (:::::: • s. \ - cJ C"
o: ?
(~
n p.A-, t, .u. e, 'Q_. p, 5icplat() u:nst' i:he
....,. 1-\ow d..oes c. catalyst '"'dd""c ~n

f\~'IS'\,en\JS eq"'. .- s ,:; .· ;' ). '; :., ')J, ( r_)

A cata\~st inc~ses tne R·D• R ~ ~ ·both J'o2rwa?rd 2., ~~e,ku.)aircl

_ . I ~, 'I J.J l, .J J ( 1 1;J._::,/ \ 1U ..:)Jei' :Jr/f \
6Wkec-noY\S ·b;: p'?lt'.>\/lct'ioS /ql-\;e~oM pathU)Ct~ , LOl"t11 ~u) .•
.. '" , J•I ' ,~ u:J _,:.Jf)j J', JIJ 0J Jrnr r
!,. i , ,_,r . ,,1, _ \ i!•d1. ( 1 ..,.1.J .J -
ClDtW'a tto n ·e,ne"IS"g ·. · . __ _ _
- . , , ,, ' i
1 I, I,•/,
_:j lJ
· ,1 ,
' ·J L
,· •
-
- .... •
.: ' I () _
.•

-r.g t;he o.chv~oo~ ·:~e~;i

~J J
1
,~ .,~, 0cecl)
. .
mo~ ~~nt'5_can,
• I ;:, 'j :J .:: ),

C?50~ t\,,e ba~7J1eo eQS1l3, So, the P.•O.R ~()c~S¤$·

( -, ror., - )-J

fv~· ihe ~·D·R q_Lta.d:b-uptes when t\--ie -temp• ''°hhqn~es- ~aom -293 K

to '313K· CQlcu.lQ-be t\-.e Q.Cu.VQtion -ene.~J F

bs cn<n· ~Somiyi.9
it d.oe&n'~ ch~n9e -~·1th ":te_m p~-bJCtjlT F 2Dl'o l 2c:l) q )J__.2t. n3) .::
.J.:;-:::.::.~ J 'J - vi t JJ ---- l ___JI· j-

ct·1ve~~-~-: K1; 141<-::, ·· =) - ~ oj 4 , 11\,I\ rn

0

5n1l- -10 •I •

. 0 : \.: '.J> '

~- 303 X 9•-314 'X 9 I =lOCj
, r,\'_) ~•J;[ l '_ , lu c, 1\ _:j j J.JfJ 1'1 -J, 1-J- , O:.:: 1-l :J l-
=) EA= S'.2.863·'3 J'/rrtol1 ~?0: - 52•86 KJ/mol
3/\.:: , -j
1
'
3· f. Whetb the riorne Jf>-8 ;#1<?= chern~~L:.::"l,;~n- in ~ch 'l)",cn,·
16
z,-ate ;5 1ndeDe..f1den-f; o P -the P th
t:>.,.-J.,.J ) ('t;' r:p,,, IITu.J - •1111 "r•.. 1::.,:J sq,;ig Oo= cread:in3 cpecies ?_
? ~~•J91Rielf1).~ ) 1 1 } u J(,J JJJJ _' .J G 1(1 .' c'• /f •j..) tJcf.::,J~ -:: 11J){(l ,:_• /,/

. ') , '.-. I . ,,j jl , :i:)~

....- -tion tne u n ,ts o# the ' "ITQte cons.to nt Jo~ z na o~e?r 2rxn.
l•o. ~en
11 (2.010)
- 1~ - I
1.. r110I j I I I -· J

••• uJ h
a-tis the 01rdecr of crxn· who&e ~-te constant ha.& the bQn
ill'
· t o..S the P..·o·P. ? .\ i"I j ,
o<ll
cfX n , I
J t
1,e1So o~et5 J '

• A 15''rn· is so ·1- complete in 2 her· 2., ':1-5 •1, tn

I 1v • 'j .
- I . I
i.-\;s oode~ ? Lf'.IS&T - 2013)
1 ;. 1 1 _t _',) j j .,,
• f•, 4
]•·1 ·:i. I {J ,, 1'1

A5 i
J. i - I J ,J ' rt I -'' '7
0
1 st. oode2> '15'xn •
L , /1 / · J
st
0 •

the hal-P L~Se pe.-1riod. jc!5 1 ocrde.o o)(n• h~vi:n'9

v· caLcuLa~e c, ,.1•.

/ ,II !
..:. i' J ' - - "i}:.

J. :j J J • ·, JJ '.; J ll,:.u :._ ,' :r

11 - .
, .,,; ·•• _.J

l 1 1 : ,: ' J',

'-I·,. what ,s the name oS t\-ie specie.s fo"?n'Yled. at 'the enezr-88

ha.ocne"/5 ? _-:.:·_ l J 1
f.\c~vated. comptex at the. t-zsansition _stq,t e • j

i,~ Ol.l.-b of endothem-nic & e.xot\-ie~nuc cfXnS, ,w}iich is,·faste~ ?.:. .;

lexo-1:.he?S"mic 15''<11 ·. p~o~'J d:S_, g~?te.{ tu~--~}1 J~ ~-, ~r-. 1 ;. ': • 0 • l

it,·. 2 ~xnS · oe.q,u1'lS'e. EA 6D -KJi mol
1
Q.. ,60 . ., 1<.J i-ncl - c~~iP' ,sf'asteA

R"l(n · ~o.vin9 -EA =- J 6o'.:: 1<-J m_i>_!:i~ :- ~~ ~fQ..S,i:-e25 thon ?r"><n · ho..v1n3
tA :. 'a O 1-<-J mo, - 1· U J ' I

iv·l-\ow cJ.oes 0. caiol~-st ~nflLle.nce ( ~A_,_~rl r jr~·-1.~_:} ;;l.~!3) ,J;rl/:

et:1tal\:lst dec~¤.O£,e.<:, EA oJ irKn · to ·''cdtroy out ~nclS'e.Qse. in R•o ·~

\J· r\ow cl.oes inci; 1_·, in °'!?~Y!'e!=1nc8'lu~-nce '-t (.\ dg LO... ,1:s-xp_'__? -~' .:: I

~~·~e. '8o.ste15 i
\ -- I
fiS the temp · inc · 1 th~ -molecule~ c.oiii.de mo"l>'e

g~9.uentl~ · Tue Molec.l.(leS ,_ ~_}s.o_ CQo?S'~ k~11eh'c ene.astJ .lhuS

-the pisopo'5ttoh o<:f c0Hi.st.0ns that con ove.crfurne !;he o..ctivatwl'\
ene~~ ~otr Bje.J ~JI.!' . ':. i0f' __ufr~'i- tt.m-pe.~~ -,-, , , , ;J;, 1J'
--- ___ --~·- __ _ I </ I I ,
._, ., ::
 I· 1-
,:' , I Y n j

K = A - A 1 )
\ j ' ,o J .: \ - J

t .'-l ·c.r.J
A :: Ao -Kt

A .: - k-t + Ac
,
- I · ( I;< C (\ .
i1
I
;'
. '
Oo
11 • When in"itio\.. cone· cS the -zi-e.o.ctant- is
-6 the ho\S li..fe p~od "Jeflf i-eoo oweir
1i"i::: .:..:JJJ.:; J i ,! L J.J -2 1 +I

t!/~ :::. [Ac1 j }, J JJ-' J CJ . ,i

'-• l l '!,._ . ,- -
. ~· : ., _L:, ._ 1

.,I
21-(
I- •
' ii I[! I J1 _ ;. :

1-l e:1re , t 1, o< [ AO 1

: • t112 will be doob\ed "''"' co.'i~o~ iei,'ctonl:e' ~e,J;bi'ng",do'uJ,~,:
::. 1 • j

A 1S-t ocrd~cr 1fl<n · tQ;e<;, ~D -~in; go"'tf &o'/, c.omp[e,~n•

· 2r;x 1
I I

'

Sub 5 titu-0:n
9
)( 0•3010
-I;, ;:;. ,? • 9 6 X. \ D :>~ • l\ I i
. )

) .fl.J.ij. Jl.
~-~).i} l I J.~J li •J , Ji~.i _ i :JL "J

.J ,.. I
I • I ,l ) (I .I_;

) _, ,., ';
J l I .i I

-
:: - I -.X, ,,t, 8 "'10 3
,; .,CJ<Su = L. h U, ,' x "10·-~ 11&-
/·~ I
, .2. - ' --:::::=::
3· lhe decornpos·mon o! 1-J i:fa" -6n~-plb'.t-1.,J~ )~ic:rf~ '-,/ '~
oo½c5_; (l.9~,o..t..:'. P.'2S:.e. J~ ,e, , ,~att .i:> -oJL p~odu~n nog iN ,£ i:Jd
2
i8 k =- 2 • S, f~'. 19"!,~mpj 1~1 s- ~:J, i~1c ~~f(~J' 2:1rc11} 3 -'cl fl :, _;)J ~\ J '1

2 t-J 1-1 o ___, N :l. + '3 H-:'.t

u(_3J·'[r1jrJ - ;j

we know, ..fo.s- ?.e2r0 ocS"d~ <)')(n~.0 1rate

.2. ct-l c\.-\;

F . I-

;-\·_~----!:, 1-:.:; \_J.:: .:J ::;~~~- 2,~ :ri_,r{r.JJ '0-...1 r.·:·!:; !"'£'
# 0-z,-deo Qnc\ Hoteculo.m.-b'j
I ~ 1,. .~,:~1_1~( :!_) j; -- J, r· : ,
.. [-\ J ,,
 • r OidetS Holeculo~i'.t':1 1 ; ; ,'.,_J -=-· J-

I •
\• l:-b is -Ll-e
1.-n e-um
.:. ·
cg -bhe powe.zsS
~. Ii:: is 1:;he no· OS c:seac..b'.'n9
- I •
/-iSpecief; tokiflg po.crt 1n
S 03
_
O H.e. c.OY\t• -l:he ~c.tQ~ts 1

e.1ementac:s"~ ~)(n J whic:h mus~

·,n t\t1 1rot-e, low e)(P'fesSLoYl ·
d1'i'rde 's·:~1.1ttcine~0~1;··sc/~
-1:o ~sult · 'into ' Q. Q;\,eh·d~U•~I\·
, r
;i ·, ' . . '., I ,._\{ t\.J.,;.. -- ~~

@ __ : G) )
' _J , l .!'.)lJJ ) :
concept;· .
..J

,)·, __, _; ,,, .'- r: <.Ji . '

J , , :, 7 .2 , _)J l1 , ':'.J ) r "-~
·:::) 3 2a. =- 3 I
>.,_..;JJJ- y ~ \\1 .JJ \;1,J
5t,,
, _ -~ ! ) -~ ~', V1
~- A 11)(n· ,s, 1 .
1 I,. r n : >-) :..:\ ii . _'.
iv · Applicable.._
' jo~- both c;Y'}'l;lex
, iv- I ' ;.; , or;zL!:J L..focr
\ .,, Applico.~Le I - '-=- I ., j I ~- w-znte tlie di'-f'Fe
,' r.)<, (.i::U-1 ·- __ -;-- :-: _:::_ _ . _,.J_,.;...J _) \ ,\ I ' \ :,_J:_,
o..s LO ell c.s ele.-me.nta?f~ ij-'l<nS- ~ el_e,;nerrta 21'8 _~f_t]S· .::. ,
6

t,n ~ha.t is tne d~--ae.tr '

c8 the "2$"'l(n,
- .·
golf which -bhe 'Irat-e-
,.. ,. . ·1 ,,
~it, HOW i!;; -t:me 1r"O:

ii,o\ l;L!'f' V)Ljrl\lX'itJqfl:" S" ?'.( ld,i} 1 .,"-.....) \ -\. , I ) ..J. J-

eoni;t ')l:,_.hat,
- .; --'"'....,,

1· _o.'. :"hi.;, 10 g- ' c::lol). b Lecl ? C.-;.JJ

Nq

rnctL- 1s- 1 ,.;._ 'leiso 01,deo 1:s"')(n • 0

1·
c: - l -
~--:7 x -F:il5ist".:. o'?fcle-?5' S'2f~r'I·~ -
·-.- ----J I - •• , , '
L rno l - - - second o1S"'de'2f ~xn1• ,
c:.,_;~ :_,, _' u/ , iJ .: ,,1' r,,ju. C~ !IJ '::_ '• ,1

5 · (}) In_,o. 1:S"Xn: , ·1S' tVle·-: qo~,c- -o/J-1-<rea.Gton-b.:1A:; dwbled.'. ; tMJ)I'.:

e -birneb' tu~a-l _:,s -tne' ~ 21'-~~~r~g' ,..C:S-Xfl? • <:
1 1

R.·o ·R becomes - ,..\

R = K[A]c\_ .- - ·
,. • DO
111, R II = _K [-7:
R,,
El R -= k [2/:\] a, :·?~•:, = Bk ' [ l
R'' =- e R _)
:; l ~~~.-1_;_1_.l:.J I - -;:::::.
J-1.J ,S.,
B· Luh'd can we
'I

I
~nto con<;ide'l5'C
' '/

[ ·3 A] ct
•J
-f IL.~
,_,1
, , '..'C
J ......L- ·,14,;;)d Ra.te =- I< [A]

[3At.] E-x.p\ q_ i.n- l E')(

)
-
2~_.,µ:-· 1_ !_1 f:-K
-
% ~b-AJ,a;
 1

·~ \. CDJ I 1; 1 iJ) I I , _) 1 r ·1 I J' /\I I J 1

; ( J 1.1 .I

- -.i i~ :· I (;"\ ' '

\ \ I J , '1 \I I I .) I I I:
[9AJ ct
I
I j \ J •l

a;i =

, _ . "l 1

Ji r
J J r J., !I • \ 1 (; ( I )) f \ -- _I .

p/: - ~-- [A] [313

JI (-", . L .J t .) J j I ) •· , , • • -

II ,
/, i
I
2
P, 1 =- q K [A] [ B] • J

2
;,•t. f<''= K[__~:AJ[28] '

R11 = B K' [~][B]'j. ; I.

R'' = eR .] 1' - ·:-

'I ,, ,,

~ " ,"' --) : , .

e. Wh\::l can we not de.te:is-mine the 02S"d.ezr ocf o.. zr-xn · b!-J -takin9
fnto con~ideoa-tion the b,QL~~c~ ·; ch°e'rn,2dt-''~nl·' ? u~I~rn,~l~~) .,
Olfclei . of -~( ix'n~y~n~ot b~:(~tri~h'' ~on{ '~e . b ~Lanteit' ld~rn~
1
11

e9,n i::L<; ii' Ls )ctn' eic.peciirn(;f'1tolt~ i;le~ii'1ed.! ,; qu.ar1ti~ ,:Toe' 16~

:if the 1rXn • i<; not -o-elated. to the .;tvLChtometi,ic coeffic.Ce'n iF
- , · ), 1 1 J ·· 1 \1 1 . \ ,, f
1, !='o~ a. c,-Xn • A+ 8 -; p'zroduc.ts ~' tl{e ~a."te,";,..{lo.w is -

Rate =-1<[A][B}3 /~ i . can the '3'"X-h'~ ~~e,) b.0'(elerl1riW~ ~~\cn• _7 (·

t'X.plq,Ln- l Ex emplo·~ r - - (.1 -:: .J J ,Jc 2 ! .,:, ) ,'-I - ' ,~ -: (=
 _No' Qh, e.\ern~nto.cr-~ p~ocess euou~d '.: ha.ve a.: =- bc:t-te \ow:- i.tf1'l:h r,.
~rs ~:'\J½ll ~ , 'ts
I -

\ Io rn91 ,ecu lo1,i-liB0 :1/, if, e.-efo~ ';r 'lt,,fst' k , i

I i /-\ '/ .•, ' _'
"' ntPri::..-.L
•, 0 0 j I I I - ' ,:; II ( . '

.\t:') Po""""" . I -" . I.·: I_ - .. •; - 1·

-:J""U. _,c:J- 1 u,,, . .· ~· ., ' - .; I - ' .;I
~·- __ ..J
. - .J:. ! !

f. luh~ of 0 n !1 -;rxn· be e.qu.alf~ ~bt> ,?,

1
10· cqn't rnolec1.1.Lacnt-y
.).J • _(f,<empJQ~\
~,°. Wn~ molec.ulQ~t'd is a.ppr,'cobLe ·__o/1''.J folr elernento.°t_lJ>r?ntns-1,;_

0 7rcie?r iG appl ;cable Jo?r eternenba"lfY a5 well q_G c.orf!p/f=:X ~n.s-?

J,1·1•\I•, I /7 - ,.-l <_ ,.!) (..;.A f' r
I · ' • - - - .-LULi \'.-

~- 1-'lolecula:~ity oS o. cf"Xn • mean<:. _I'~,~o! mc,lec.uLeG oJ --bh-e -

?1ectc'tat1-b,; -b:1.Kino
.J
pl.clce in a.n el e:.nerrtazr-H "2rxn · S;,iceJ s::at- leQS-t;
J) J: "
on(
l"'l\olecule rmJS-t be -p?reGen-b >So thdi:_ mbtw kfmty wil l be ctf
one. ,

-the --Following d.crt:t:t. we?se colLe~ecl. A IL -/j,1gtc~ t_v,.rj~e!:_l~-;

w~e -i:aKen o:b 263 K • ,. , ,.
-J L,' 1'] ;,.i P = 5=\
1
_o:. [ 9

E'><p· I i,',-tl.ctl. [ f\J o] :rn:rti~~ [a:2.l Tniti"al 1>qf:e .o!_ o1.ts0:

. . .. . ---.....·. >l l, - ;-1 <
-ppea?So.;;le =-o ! I I,

o· 16 O•IS L-rrjlr1-J
cl . t) • 6'0 ,,~ l
= \> r,
,'1

2 O•JS 0•30 .:.: ( c·, -, J; 2. 0

- .J >- . " J
,,J
, , .::,
' - I' ,(1
,1
J
3 0•30 O•IS

o,~S
' - ..O•.:?G
-- .
--
 0
:.-- =
1·
-
0
. G)

,t<' (,.o-~ ~ a. -
( o • g o)
!. )! ! ,J ' l
J
I ,, '
/ 1
, i
,
0 . 60 :,< lo---rGJa;-' LO• ' ~ ) b I \
l J,j
J fl

2 I, :: 21 =) b =- 1· IJ -
'
I l _) )' ) J I l 'J:. . lj• J
@ 0
CD

-
J I . \ '' \ ) _ J J I ·, I
-b- - ,,
=? · 4 0 }': ( 0•30)C!., l---e--1-'G")
=
o •f.O .,K ( 0 • l S) o.. _LD->-/-sJ-"' Ii_
(-
' -- --

a..=
la, =22 2, ( '
,,,I•
L J .) J )JI.. Jj ' ) J --
1, Rat e== K[1s.JO]:l[CL,2J ·_ _. _,, '
- L i -~ - ) I ' L·J-:: - ') J /1, L-3
mol 3
••
,,. o ,60 mol L- 1 n,in- 1 = K (0•1S)?.(0•1G)
I ( - J ... r-

__,, ') -
, , --.J
2.__Jl,J
.,:13g, mol
,, J...11.lu)(;
c' Y'l1lYl ::,'~
,J I -~
< ·
.::L :J + ,-1, ;_) .(\,'
-
0
I'
__;1;- _::; _,/ •':

•l· eompoond5 1
A' & 's' tre~ci "'-d&6irdi~f/ ~J JJ;ieol in:f'i he;
1
1
~

Oon. ,.)), l,...1j _r,)·,,1. B ( I ) .:; I· C c'- .,I j f :1J --1,·- =

S 9J -
'J

, A L<;l + 2 -- 1 .2. .

cone - oS ~ ~e& -~A"-- o"?s" 'B ' w~ ·c.hangecL IKJeepi ri_g

I
-th e- 'conC,· oJ oh<.
of -¼;he 1S"eac.-e:a !71tG..J .,conGtant t u~crte~ we~e _, /"'0eaSWrecl, a.-5 ' '
Ci. Ju.ncfioyt

oS- 1<11.t-ictl co~ - ,,FoJ lof01 '19 b'BSUl,_t:s , ob-ba.tned · C.hooSE? ---
-the CD'i!s?r-et---f:.
..... · -

0p-fion Jozs: ·_the c:ra.te eqnt, . cfoz,- th i'G n n · I ( Exemp la ~)

,_J : /, •.: - •\ :... J - I __; , .~ I - •- I-

f xp• lniti,a,L cone.· [ A] ln i-b:a l ccnc[B]

· 1/ • ! !.. , 1 • • 1 i r, J )!_,
I , ' j -

0•30
_J --,,-
2 0•30
,... \ '
..:_:) - - -
3 0•60
) ..'
'---( (::_:J-J_;
ta. ) ~ute

j){5 Rate
 0• lC = K.[o•ao]o..[o•3o]b - (j)

0•4o :. K [o •3o] ct [0 •60] b (i) ' ) J l ,· t

O·~o =- K [ 0 · 60] a. [ o ·:3 o1 b '' @ · .' I J l 'i

- :c j
.l :. J !..
G) '
·.. ----c( z b
_ ,K ~3-6] [o •6e-]

/ i< [ouoJ o. [ o' 3-0 J b-' '

- . . '
expe.mmen

fxp- LA] [B]

I ' \ I
[ c] ' .- ' J

I• 0•02 ,
• - I -. _.,'' •

2 . _,, O•O"'
" · • ·' -
. 001
•
'·'
• - •J' , :
·o • 0 ·3 J., - ,' - r\ --·S • 0 .r' V ·to~.:3
" ,_ U _; c.. ,
.J 1,;

q. o·o 1
J.)
O•O I _O : D~
. . .

De-be~,ne ·oJe¼tL ob"d~i '&' 11

~~ eqn•'. J'6~~ttie ~~1) 1~
1
; ( \' -

:_, J
c - ,-
.J

5.x 10-a !.:: . K (o •o~)-x. (0 ~; , ) ~ (o•b~) 2

1

"I
S X 10~ 3_ ·= · I-',
--@
_·;:: j

-=.-0
I
(O·b2) 2
l
(!l)
'1 • - \ , ,....1 -

[O•OI)~ (.O ·O <) 2 ·~ -

- - (. ' ,.. ·1
~µJ_/1_,, -

® "7 G) J
(.i,..crrJ'.J c~--1JJ-{"1 ,,,
1
~ ~3- ,I< ~ ~'i"x
=
g.X--10_.,,._3
- (¾)
:::) 2
;: 1 -) ( ~) z = (!)'o I\ t J

=)

,
l

J
\1
Z,

r. ..
=~-
1. J
> ) ) I • Ii., )}., I~

-' '
J.11 'l >I .)
s )

_..- 'X- LJ [ o :.Lk-z_\ , l )

(1 ' j f I ;: / ' i;

= J<Co--if.i) (O•Ol);;.,(.e--02) -

y (_9,.:-e'r)~x Co · o 2) L,9Jo-2:9f - ·
J ,I -. - l -1 J c·

l-1I - l i' 1 J

I· =<S ,<. J..O,..o

, ·, ,I i ._' J

>J ,\ I r1 ' ·' ' I;

I, 1, l l )jj'
=)
• , ·, I
?<., =' :i - , . - ' !\ . '
J. )\ \ \ 1 l •• i .\ _; , J 1 1 , J •.
1

- '
f 1,

. I~./.
~ t J" - -'j ,_
.)', I ·; (, l _; ,\ 1

Ovezro.Lt. oz,cle?.f : 'k. + u rt-

;_)
Z 1, =. 2 + I -+ 0 , =
·' • . /_ I
,1 JI',\ 1.· , I

I'
.:i T J f'i') _;f \ J

Ra..t:e

=rt ze~ 02rde~ "15"e.adi.on 'r C ;', j .,. . j ·i - ::. I_ :, j '

'
l'

meoni b~ q, z.ecm,. o~de.2Y . "2rxnI '• · ·( ;2.r\ o·_ 16)

· c::: -=::•·i ·c J 2 -

c;;) Ciive I an , example o.P

QI
such a., 2rxn
.
- I
.
I
' I - I - j \ ). ' ) , ,', I

(;~n 8,bablish · -the inte91fatecl.. ?rote eqn So"6 a.. Z€'ZYO oc>"de~ cl'Xr1 •

i°nvo lvin~ "o.,y 1

sin31e
-~~fi ~l;\ i H~~{ di, +he i?ra:l:e,:\'co(IG't-ant; be.. · . - I
1
je'-· · -·-:.i -1 ,•-' A ;,,rc,_;e,,,," .Jt l,l ,.. '. ,;,
"'l.-""2m'l'Ylt:::a..i..l51ng~,,seci" · -: - '..,,. , J,,[· ·, ; llirJ
· I(\ II ' • ,I!
' -c ··.•.. -... · · ·-" ·1· I -•
,_

1
:. Z.e?So o-zrd.e~ , ~,en, tS the '!S"X.n :·. • I
ti)nore ' ·bn-l'e l -,~ I 'ir-idepehden-b ,'
t f I .•

oj the. ·:-o-e.o.cl;a'n~ Ceohc· ft·'J-e~aihs'1 jcon;tdi~~ ~ '-6-o~~h6u.i ~e

i;. 0ecornpos1¼m o,S nitb'OIJS o~,Je 1h-:wii -f>6'eS~nle oJ 'Pt/ ·ca.iP~S

2.t-1;)..o (1j )1 ~ ,. Pt - ' l '.z.B.2.
) (9) L+' o-E_9._)~1 :: .2_ _

...
I ll • Q_-\ p,

::. :
[: () ) ,,,~ ,•- .. · J . ,_,

=-) d.[R]::. -kd..t

lnte~1i-0-B~9- o,l'\ - both s',ples 1
.
·- . --.. . . _
·, ..J - - <= I
-
C I

[ R] - ;:· - t +c

when t .::.0 ) [RJ: ::. [Ro] :-

. ) . ] )
''
\ ' , I
'- j )
'
\. I
'
-::) C = [.Ro] - J
•·
"'· - -. - ' 'J >. ( S\.l · v} ;i

:) [R] : -Kt + [Ro]

=-) kt = [Ro] - [R]
=) K :: [R 0 ] - [R]
( - J •• j J t ( I ._; • ._) j ,. C:.. ,J • ,j ) _,.j
-l:-
.___.____~ - ~ - - - - . . . . . . . , - - - - --- - - - - - -::- - ,- I

IG · Fo25 q, gene~L ;~~-0 j:i'·\LtB1 pLoVdJ'.lco·n't- :;! A vs.., t<m¤ '"16,

· · , ·
caiven 1n f•gu."!S'e , Arn;(..c.)e?r th~ {"'~_w·m~-= qu eSl:iori.S-·(E-xempla~, 2l)~
'- -: : ~ " ( _
A_."'
~- Wha.-c is the o~cle2" ' of · tn~ i,-xn · fl ,
ii". t.uho.b 'is · --1£e -slope 101 1·-t;,,e~ cui,-ve:·_ t· ::. [AJ /_.:,:-t~.:.: JJ,:i c ;: /

r,;. <il h"& ; s the on ,'l; oJ' ,,-a.te con "i,<o. "'[' 8 J c ~ i r, ,

,0 • ze~o e1r 1rx n . ---.:..::...- -6

0~

••
11 · [RJ:: -Kt+ [Ro]
-'
slope;; ' -K

•I i ,
: -! i"'.
' =
~-•·,_.,._
• ,. I . 1*J..., ._. L'.J J1
--~_,, ,
".i • •
.::,;.\ r
• ,
!, ..... ,
, J i ~ J, --' ::i·, (. ;,
16· ~e ~"lrabe , con£funt cfo?r a. zero o<rde~ ~n- ;n A i$ o,oc,ao
• - l -- -,;,. -- -·•- 11:.. JJ~H .. - ~ 11....'. ... -...!.l..i ,.:,,,_, 2~ 1:ni..._: J_ ~.: .·\ 1 .._,\•J '.<
mot c•s-' . How lon~ Will it -L-ake ct:'~'r ,~_e Jni:!i't(,~ns• Af:1 -_,.L
- . '- Ii ~. ~~\ ,- _.., . __, __ , ., I ._ · -

. ·JJ
1==r .,_._
p_;o,o .39Jno_l ~-•s-' J [Ro]=. D : IOM _,[R,_J
.,,,, J t ._-,i, .. _, ._·•~ , ~,, , 1_.c,
j. 1 l1J .. J c 1 t ., . 1 x!. .Ji i -.JJ
::._0•01-S
:r , ,.J J _ H. _,,)..JJ- ••
1 ,
.1
•

t-:: ?
· il X c,

--+ , r
- ) I _,,-
-.... -.....1 .J-... .JI, )
;... .._
t_, ,_. { i :") J J;
-'' ;·
_'.> 'J (._i ;( l .._;....:, j
• ('
_I

t = [ ~~-1 r ~J , ~1 - ~• 10 -:-...:~01-s 0 .-J ~:

k 0•0030

i: - O•O~S )( 10 3

0•003 ><, 0 ::1

j J., ;,, - [ --1 J J, - .

"# Fj~S-t, I ocraei,- zrea.ctwri, r H . , \ ' ' ' 'I ' '' '

.,on t\,,e baSt51 •o[ <)"C{te ?-'iii'' ,snow.thaiC ,0:

11
' . I I, ,
neve?f' go -lo con-iple-Ji<?n j . , - \' l ·' . I

K:: [Ao1 , ,,j l' ; , . ,J J ', .. J .J'.i)

-I Ln
=-----~ I

--t- [AJ ·· -
LriJ
K-t ;; Ln [Ao1 :) ;; [A':'..] ,
JJJ , - -' '.· l j 11 11 ··J~
I!
__, [A] , [4] " , -
rj

:::.) A::. Ao e-l<t•

ii
c•,I ,j
J -

- i< t
-=> Ao e - l"-t = o e :::.o

(~ J __:_

0 .l. ~r- o~e.2S ~xn neve~ aoes +o comr.1eti.0Y1 '.-' __ - -

1' ID /J I\ I J _-, i.: ~- t-'
t ' --
19 · Sta~g cf'i?rOl'Y' tne ~a;f;e Law of a. 1 s o;deir ~ ?<; n·, snow ,B,cd,
the _half J;,Je o~ ?S"X~- c: ~:'l iY:cllpentle~ fJ') n-'.J;if L_~ctan~ _~ri;~
- -· - - - --- - -
A -l P· JJ L' J J
IJ L' J J
ira-l:-e ,:. - d[R]
= K [f<.] I =) -d[P.] = "- cH:
I -f 4= JJ • J -J u-:- (~
cit (R] - - - -- - - 7
I£ J-J -:.)
lnte9-zrohn9 on both s,des J

( ,(.J~ ' \ 9/J )_ /j/1,1 ,,·

. :, . i-' jJ
- Ln [ R] = K f; i- ·c.:-.-
' ,, I
I,: L

At -t =O, Cf<]= [Ro]

. - . ' .. ---' ) '.,.;r1.: I ! ::i. I, T I_,...,

C :: - Ln [Ro J - 11, ' . - r _r\.i- f\l -j (.(.J(\ -:.}~t)f Jl\ J.J.

1
_ [tt.::J.J, J _l ,_,

=)_ .•-• , Ln[R J :: J !l<j:l , -,.,, Ln[R.o]

1....., ,~JI,.,
1
·1 •. J,,,.,J ..· __ :;JdI
~,.,3 . 1/.J • J11·:i_; JJ.,r+ ,·,,; c-
' r

I Jr n
::) ~~J~~J-t\':1(~} 7,}S\ u r=l JJ L0i rL~o] _:::: i1 Kt,':,Jlf. '-
r, [R] ~·1 • J ;,\ _,

1-.J \.J((\ ~- J )..• =

( J1 (
=
r

K~ =<•303 Log [Ro] =:}

-1: lo9[Ro]
:_ ~--->,._\ q:., ; ; vJ .,:'.,), ( jJJ [,~J ·..)(; •J~ J. JrJ-.1: ' j\ .J\h /_, I I JJ ~R.i] ('. 7 - J

At t =- -1: 112 [Q.] = [Rol

(.
(.-1l:J- :2. ~J1
I
 A 1Slo c~d.e.'lr ~xn. tcikeG 20 rnini;tes ·+o~ -.2. 5 "/,Je.corn}Xlg;t,:.on . ·, .
Co\eulct~e the bime- when -~S·/, :oc:f '-1::he ?:r-Xn · will be COfnplete.q_,

llo<al=0•30ID, lo9a :O•t/:++r, l.og4= 0·6021) '' [.2.o,1-] : . ,

-
we. know,

l r~ Jr,J
I l'-s ' :
= ~-ao~
.2.0 rnin - log 106
l ,, J
I<

103 100
.'.2S

fl.,<.. C

::) ,~D '~L\i >'._'' ci;g·3·'<

-
·, J ::_:1 _, ;._ _I i rl ~1.
i• ; -'- Lo·9\4, '"-''\og3-'
t
log 4 !09 It
J-, ·,
j :: l :, Ju - ' Lr1J ;~ - t >1 ]h -
I- 0•4::J.~I [ :..) j
O·E,Q2.I

=) t =- 96. 3 m ·,r, 1 o.pp~x) .

., '1 :_ [ \\ J I .J - (.=
+J . , )
, - ri L
.:: cs:iJJ.~ l -
-- •, ;t \ ' - . {
t\,,e hal.f-ti:,#e oJ o. 1 9 o~decS" Zrxn- i5 Ts · Then show
~j ] \_
20 - Ij'

th... a,j'te" ' nT , • [ l - ( ·ff] pa»-ts bJ'in.;;L( i~[ ,

oJ -bhe cYeC{C.Ulnt wiLL -1.-a:ke pa:crt: ,
1n .;-ne 21-xn .
.,L ·
[ J .; J fl J - - _,

lcf the in"rb:ctL COhc - ~tahl 1 ~r\ Jc;l's-t: 0 ~J:l~ .-b

oS the 1

I ·H1er:i :1th_e r "C.6~o J lef-t, Q.cftecr ' [~.1, .Ha\f C#J6J'

1
I o.' mol L-

!l,e. "'<n . )
-
is '-;';;
J q '
,J
•: ' ))
l
= "-
[- cJ
--·- ----
t?)
. ,_: -
n ,,, o I L - I l J
j- (:::
' J 'u
L
J '° ' ., ' r"

/., The f;~on oJ ttie ini'4:iaL co-nc- [~HQ.t has to ken pQrt-
h l=· - f.i y] :: l J) J ( \ j- : -,
"litJ -(H , p. )
< ' - I

_.- ~-'-'=o [f)' = [J

Bnie t j.J ,_) 'u
-
- :: \1
.L

oJo.
J

.2.t. Show -Hiel\ 1S'.Q.q_l..{i"15"ecl #o"lS' ~A.;/. COl'Ylpleti..~n ,1st

):rs•) tiJ.bl~',cfo zf ; tj-b •/{:J COl'l'lp'le'-bi.o'i{ 0 f
1
1 /Lib ~•t f
1
j
·tq9•/, "='> [R]: 0•OI [12oJ
t9c·/. ) [R] = Cl• I [Ro]
I .1r I I'
, -;1--\. . ,
JI - ;
we K(\OW, log [Rol
_
[ ~J
tq 9 •;, = ~. 303
• I ) , ) \ / ·-

l- - Ci)
k
I) j I_,~· I i

_~ -3o3 Lo5 .'

' ~· 30 3
ff.)
I< ''.:) k '· .D

D n CO m pet ?Tin Jct (J) 2,. l'v , •

( . ·\· 11)

we, know> t ::. ~- 303 lo~ [RoJ

[ P-J
~·303
loo \
J
Lo~ [
K I00-99•9
,
':) .)J . l

-1:-qq.q 1 _: • 3o Lo 1000 -(D

3
K

- G) l'fi°ln U- = .,£\1:J

(!) -. ® tqq,9 _,,.,

: 1,JJ. :,:- V- s : 9o 9~.JJL
.....
.......
:: :j
lo ·
!..1 c'.) J _;.: ;-1 (1)) .JJ

t112- 0•69 3 )C . .:,. / /· ! .:/ _;,_, - ' 1';j ,, J J

oo • -tqq,C\~/, : ;:;,.::.lo~t,,i -~•"J'7 tH•P .-) ,_i.J, 1__,,;,~,"l1,1

o +
:;: J • ' - ) -.;:::::;--
!:" L(.lL,{ _:. 1-- .,!J~.:!..-1

13· Show tho.t ta,'{ og ·o 1 ~b otrdezr 'lr'><n· is twice t+i,e votue

\)_)e, Know ', , t:.

--- I , 1-, \ [_ -

~ ~ -\0<;3
~ r-
[P-~") '1,, 2 ,1
k [R]
 r •1 1, ,) , ,
J : 1 ~I J (::.:_; """""'111111
,\.
'I

Lo3 [~: L'Jl '· I J

,1
- j

LO:f 2 =
/ -k -, ·:: . -~- \ __:-
-- I
\ ) I
'
we Know,
-@
...- - -
-\ l I
I.
'-
JI
po."lfi nca G) g_1- @ ,.- J
I -

QI'\ CQ·m • I ,- J I j

/0 L J\ i (., . , (\ I(1 -2 -::.

J I
(H•P-)

• '· - . 1,j) +
~4 - i• A 1 st o~e;:,- ~11. is -=1-s•,, compleieJ~r;~ -~o ~;~·u~e.s.,
t~\culate -~s- -t:i2· . ~-· \ IJ:_ \' I I . , , . !··l·I' - ' r,, {j- )/:j ~l
fr. P~ecl~t~ ie u~~I·ot ·tl,e~- ~n- · i'fl -l;he ~ivel" ;Alo_b: i: ; j.,J~ :·

(b) b-J '-l]t· .J .: L>i J (==:- ' \'•J

(Q) lioi=i- .:20,cfj
c_Jq ;
- .,, /;J.
--1
[-'d

2
; ~ we, know J

I:
40 = rl -t I /2

..
11 • C.o) Fi'lfe.-t o~e:tr (0 '
t . J!
:is - RepeQtecl Q 18- _( \ J t
"J

. I .:, .I I I) ' ,_ J , f .
.. v )J
\ C j-
l.

t ts) 0 3oq : >' _c,_ .. I!- 60,0 -'- 1,j

.J

.2. -1
O·Y )(10 .
. '.,,.Jvi l;,.J

r ,.j J
_;-j