Microcontrollers are of different types as well as based on the

memory and bit confiquration. The g051

the 8-bit
microcontroller falls into
microcontroller category.
The 8051 microcontrollers are designed by
Intel. It is built using
CMOS (Complementary
metal-oxide-semiconductor)
8051 microcontroller architecture uses less power to
technology. The
operate. Cet us
now start with understanding the
Microcontroler: 8051
Architecture.
The 8051 microcontroller is a Harvard architecture 8-bit
microcontroller. It has a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing) architecture. It features a single accubulator, 16-bit
proqram counter, and 8-bit data bus It has YKB of on-chip
program bnehory (ROtM). It alsohaves 128 bytes of on-chip data
memory (RAM) with a built-in memory controller.
 CPU (CentralProcessing Unit)
The CPU is the brain of any processing machine. It is the part that
is responsible for managing allthe tasks of the microcontraller. 1
CPUis an independent unit. Users can not interfere with the CPU
controlling how it should function
Interrupts
In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, interrupts stop the
microcontroller's current task Interrupts are caused whe Some
other program has a higher priority request for execution.

Types of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroler:

INTO It is an external interrupt having code 0. External hardware
cause this interrupt.
INT1 It is an externalinterrupt having code 1. External hardware
cause this interrypt.
TFO This is for tiiner Ooverflowinterrupt.
TE1 This is for timer 1, overfow interrupt
RI/TI This is a serial communication interrupt.
Memory
The next part of the 8057 nicrocontroler architecture is the
memory. For any data manipulation to occur, we require a set of
instructions. These programns need to be saved in

memory.
 4 Eyte
btcrutt |23 Timer
Coutyak ByBe

Seyial
Past
 Bus
A bus is a group of wires.
Comnunication wvithin the microcontroller
happens through thiç bus. There are
the bus. If either 8 or 16 or
more wires in
the 8051
can carry 8 bits of microcontroller architec ture has 8 wires, it
data. IF the 8051
has 16 wires, it can
carry 16 bits of data.microcontroller architecture
he 8051
systems. miIt chas
rocont4o rpins,
oller isa popular
each
of mi crocOnt
which has rolle
a
r in
embedded
Port Po(Pins 32-3) specific purpose
Another 8-bit
It
A
can be
different bidireoperatctionalionsI/OinportvolvingPortinput which
applied to
use for it is to
is 1,
is.
extPorternaP2interrupt pins. offer a and
(Pins collection of output. I/0
A
2-28)
biIt directional 8-bit I/0 port with
is port 3. all-pur p ose pins or

causecontoains two external additional sSpecific

TXD andhardRXD,ware inter upt pins
ALE (Address latch Enable) (Pin 30):
Atmenory readurite operation uses ALE to lateh the address of
external memory devices.
It is a pulse signal produced by the 8057 to let other devices know
that the data on the address bus is legitin ate.
EAVPP (External Access Programning Enable) (Pin 31)
EA/VPPis used for tuwo different functions depending on itslogic
level.
When cohHected to VCC (sV), it enables the 8051 to feteh code
from external memory.
When connected to VPP (12V). it enables programming of the
8057% ROM.

PSEN (Program Store Enable) (Pin 29)

PSEN is used to indicate that external program mem ory is being
accessed.

When activated, it informs the external ROM that the B051 ic

5
fetching instructions.

RST (Reset) (Pin 9):

RSTis an active-low reset input.
 When pulled low, it resets the microcontroller, initializing it to its
starting state.

KTAC1 and XTAL2 (Pins 18 and 1?)

These are the conhections or an external erystal oscillator or
resonator.
They are used to provide the clock signal for the microcontroller.

VCC and GND (Pins 20 and 4o)

VCCis the supply voltage pin (typically +s).
GND is the ground reference pin.