68 Surface Tension

(TSL + TLA cos) > TSA

In this condition, the molecule of liquid will not be in equilibrium and experience a net force
at the interface. As a result, the liquid spreads.
Example : (i) Water on a clean glass plate.

10.18 Useful Facts and Formulae.

(1) Formation of double bubble : If r1 and r2 are the radii of smaller and larger bubble and
4T
P0 is the atmospheric pressure, then the pressure inside them will be P1  P0  and
r1
4T
P2  P0  .
r2

Now as r1  r2  P1  P2
r1
P
1 1  r
So for interface P  P1  P2  4 T    …..(i) r2 P1
 r1 r2  P2
As excess pressure acts from concave to convex side, the
interface will be concave towards the smaller bubble and convex
towards larger bubble and if r is the radius of interface.
4T
P  …..(ii)
r
1 1 1
From (i) and (ii)  
r r1 r2
r1 r2
 Radius of the interface r 
r2  r1
(2) Formation of a single bubble
(i) Under isothermal condition two soap bubble of radii ‘a’ and ‘b’ coalesce to form a single
bubble of radius ‘c’.
If the external pressure is P0 then pressure inside bubbles

 4T   4T   4T  a
Pa   P0   , Pb   P0   and Pc   P0  
 a   b   c  c

b
and volume of the bubbles
4 3 4 4
Va  a , Vb  b 3 , Vc  c 3
3 3 3

Now as mass is conserved  a   b   c  Pa Va  Pb Vb  Pc Vc

RTa RTb RTc
 PV 
 As PV  RT , i.e.,   RT 
 
 Surface Tension 69

 Pa Va  Pb Vb  Pc Vc …..(i) [As temperature is constant, i.e., Ta  Tb  Tc ]

Substituting the value of pressure and volume
 4T   4 3   4T   4 3   4T   4 3 
  P0  a   3 a    P0  b   3 b    P0  c   3 c 
        
 4 T (a 2  b 2  c 2 )  P0 (c 3  a 3  b 3 )
P0 (c 3  a 3  b 3 )
 Surface tension of the liquid T 
4 (a 2  b 2  c 2 )
(ii) If two bubble coalesce in vacuum then by substituting P0  0 in the above expression we
get
a2  b 2  c 2  0  c 2  a2  b 2
Radius of new bubble  c  a 2  b 2 or can be expressed as r  r12  r22 .
(3) The difference of levels of liquid column in two limbs of
u-tube of unequal radii r1 and r2 is
h
2T cos   1 1  h1
h  h1  h2     h2
dg  r1 r2 
(4) A large force (F) is required to draw apart normally two
glass plate enclosing a thin water film because the thin water film formed between the two
glass plates will have concave surface all around. Since on the concave side of a liquid surface,
pressure is more, work will have to be done in drawing the plates apart.
2 AT
F where T= surface tension of water film, t= thickness of film, A = area of film.
t
(5) When a soap bubble is charged, then its size increases due to outward force on the
bubble.
(6) The materials, which when coated on a surface and water does not enter through that
surface are known as water proofing agents. For example wax etc. Water proofing agent
increases the angle of contact.
(7) Values of surface tension of some liquids.

Liquid Surface tension Newton/metre

Mercury 0.465
Water 0.075
Soap solution 0.030
Glycerine 0.063
Carbon tetrachloride 0.027
Ethyl alcohol 0.022