Chapter 3  Integral Relations

P3.8 Three pipes steadily deliver water at 20°C to a large exit pipe in Fig. P3.8. The velocity V2  5
m/s, and the exit flow rate Q4 120 m3/h. Find (a) V1; (b) V3; and
(c) V4 if it is known that increasing Q3 by 20% would increase Q4 by 10%.

Solution: (a) For steady flow we have Q1 + Q2 + Q3  Q4, or

Fig. P3.8

V1 A1  V2 A2  V3 A3  V4 A4 (1)

Since 0.2Q3  0.1Q4, and Q4  (120 m3/h)(1 h/3600 s)  0.0333 m3/s,

Q4 (0.0333 m 3 /s)
V3    5.89 m/s Ans. (b)
2 A3 
(0.062 )
2

Substituting into (1),

     
V1   (0.042 )  (5)   (0.052 )  (5.89)   (0.062 )  0.0333 V1  5.45 m/s Ans. (a)
4 4 4

From mass conservation, Q4  V4A4

(0.0333 m3 /s)  V4 ( )(0.062 )/4 V4  5.24 m/s Ans. (c)

2 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.9 A laboratory test tank contains seawater of

salinity S and density . Water enters the tank at
conditions (S1, 1, A1, V1) and is assumed to mix
immediately in the tank. Tank water leaves
through an outlet A2 at velocity V2. If salt is a
“conservative” property (neither created nor
destroyed), use the Reynolds transport theorem to
find an expression for the rate of change of salt
mass Msalt within the tank.

Solution: By definition, salinity S  salt/. Since salt is a “conservative” substance (not consumed
or created in this problem), the appropriate control volume relation is
 
dMsalt
system  d   s d   Sm 2  S1m 1  0
dt dt  CV 

or:
dM s
  S  A V S A2 V2
dt CV 1 1 1 1
Ans.

P3.12 The pipe flow in Fig. P3.12 fills a cylindrical tank as shown. At time t  0, the water depth in the
tank is 30 cm. Estimate the time required to fill the remainder of the tank.

Fig. P3.12

Solution: For a control volume enclosing the tank and the portion of the pipe below the tank,
d 
dt  
 dv   m out  m in  0

dh
 R2  ( AV )out  ( AV )in  0
dt

dh 4    
 2 
998   (0.122 )(2.5  1.9)   0.0153 m/s,
dt 998( )(0.75 )  4 
t  0.7/0.0153  46 s Ans.
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 3

P3.14 The open tank in the figure contains

water at 20C. For incompressible flow, (a)
derive an analytic expression for dh/dt in terms of
(Q1, Q2, Q3). (b) If h is constant, determine V2 for
the given data if V1  3 m/s and Q3  0.01 m3/s.

Solution: For a control volume enclosing the tank,

d   d 2 dh
   d    (Q2  Q1  Q3 )     (Q2  Q1  Q3),
dt  CV  4 dt

dh Q1  Q3  Q2
solve  Ans. (a)
dt ( d 2 /4)
If h is constant, then

 
Q2  Q1  Q3  0.01  (0.05)2 (3.0)  0.0159  (0.07)2 V2 ,
4 4
solve V2  4.13 m/s Ans. (b)

P3.26 A thin layer of liquid, draining from an Fig. P3.26

inclined plane, as in the figure, will have a laminar
velocity profile u  Uo(2y/h  y2/h2), where Uo is the
surface velocity. If the plane has width b into the
paper, (a) deter-mine the volume rate of flow of
the film. (b) Suppose that h  0.5 in and the
flow rate per foot of channel width is 1.25 gal/min.
Estimate Uo in ft/s.

Solution: (a) The total volume flow is computed by integration over the flow area:
h
 2 y y2  2
Q   Vn dA   Uo   2  b dy  U o bh Ans. (a)
0  h h  3
(b) Evaluate the above expression for the given data:
gal ft 3 2 2  0.5 
Q  1.25  0.002785  Uo bh  U o (1.0 ft )  ft  ,
min s 3 3  12 
ft
solve for U o  0.10 Ans. (b)
\ s
P3.36 The jet pump in Fig. P3.36 injects water at U1  40 m/s through a 3-in pipe and entrains a
secondary flow of water U2  3 m/s in the annular region around the small pipe. The two flows become
fully mixed down-stream, where U3 is approximately constant. For steady incompressible flow, compute
U3 in m/s.

Solution: First modify the units: D1  3 in  0.0762 m, D2  10 in  0.254 m. For incompressible

flow, the volume flows at inlet and exit must match:
  
Q1  Q 2  Q3, or: (0.0762)2 (40)  [(0.254)2  (0.0762)2 ](3)  (0.254)2 U3
4 4 4
Solve for U 3  6.33 m/s Ans.

P3.40 The water jet in Fig. P3.40 strikes normal

to a fixed plate. Neglect gravity and friction, and
compute the force F in newtons required to hold
the plate fixed.

Solution: For a CV enclosing the plate and the

impinging jet, we obtain: Fig. P3.40
 Fx  F  m
 up u up  m
 down udown  m
 ju j
 m  j   A jVj
 ju j , m
Thus F   A jVj2  (998) (0.05)2 (8)2  500 N  Ans.
P3.43 Water at 20°C flows through a 5-cm-diameter pipe which has a 180° vertical bend, as in Fig.
P3.43. The total length of pipe between flanges 1 and 2 is
75 cm. When the weight flow rate is 230 N/s, p1  165 kPa, and p2  134 kPa. Neglecting pipe weight,
determine the total force which the flanges must withstand for this flow.

Fig. P3.43

Solution: Let the CV cut through the flanges and surround the pipe bend. The mass flow rate is (230
N/s)/(9.81 m/s2)  23.45 kg/s. The volume flow rate is Q  230/9790  0.0235 m3/s. Then the pipe inlet
and exit velocities are the same magnitude:
0.0235 m3/s m
V1  V2  V  Q/A   12.0
( /4)(0.05 m) 2
s
Subtract pa everywhere, so only p1 and p2 are non-zero. The horizontal force balance is:
 Fx  Fx,flange  (p1  pa )A1  (p2  pa )A2  m
 2 u2  m
 1u1
 
 Fx,fl  (64000) (0.05)2  (33000)
(0.05)2  (23.45)(12.0  12.0 m/s)
4 4
or: Fx,flange  126  65  561  750 N Ans.

The total x-directed force on the flanges acts to the left. The vertical force balance is


 Fy  Fy,flange  Wpipe  Wfluid  0  (9790) (0.05)2 (0.75)  14 N Ans.
4

Clearly the fluid weight is pretty small. The largest force is due to the 180° turn.
6 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.44 Consider uniform flow past a cylinder with a V-shaped wake, as shown. Pressures at (1) and
(2) are equal. Let b be the width into the paper. Find a formula for the force F on the cylinder due to the
flow. Also compute CD  F/(U2Lb).

Fig. P3.44

Solution: The proper CV is the entrance (1) and exit (2) plus streamlines above and below
which hit the top and bottom of the wake, as shown. Then steady-flow continuity yields,
L
U y
0    u dA    u dA  2    1   b dy  2  UbH,
2 1 0
2  L

where 2H is the inlet height. Solve for H  3L/4.

Now the linear momentum relation is used. Note that the drag force F is to the right (force of
the fluid on the body) thus the force F of the body on fluid is to the left.
We obtain,
L
U y U y
 Fx  0   u u dA   u u dA  2   1     1   b dy  2H U b   Fdrag
2

2 1 0
2  L 2  L

3L 3 7 1
Use H  , then Fdrag   U 2 Lb   U 2 Lb   U 2 Lb Ans.
4 2 6 3

The dimensionless force, or drag coefficient F/(U2Lb), equals CD  1/3. Ans.

P3.46 When a jet strikes an inclined plate, it
breaks into two jets of equal velocity V but
unequal fluxes  Q at (2) and (1 – )Q at (3), as
shown. Find , assuming that the tangential force
on the plate is zero. Why doesn’t the result depend
upon the properties of the jet flow?

Fig. P3.46
Solution: Let the CV enclose all three jets and the surface of the plate. Analyze the force and
momentum balance tangential to the plate:
 Ft  Ft  0  m
 2V  m  1V cos
 3(V)  m
1
  mV
  (1   )m  V cos  0, solve for  
 Vm (1  cos ) Ans.
2
The jet mass flow cancels out. Jet (3) has a fractional flow (1  )  (1  cos).

P3.48 The small boat is driven at steady speed Vo by compressed air issuing from a 3-cm-
diameter hole at Ve  343 m/s and pe  1 atm, Te  30°C. Neglect air drag. The hull drag is kVo2,
where k  19 N  s2/m2. Estimate the boat speed Vo.

Fig. P3.48

Solution: For a CV enclosing the boat and moving to the right at boat speed Vo, the air appears
to leave the left side at speed (Vo  Ve). The air density is pe/RTe  1.165 kg/m3. The only mass
flow across the CS is the air moving to the left. The force balance is
 out uout  [ e Ae (Vo  Ve )]( Vo  Ve ),
 Fx  Drag   kVo2  m

or: e Ae (Vo  Ve )2  kVo2, (1.165)( /4)(0.03)2 (Vo  343)2  19V2o

work out the numbers: (Vo  343)  Vo  (23060), solve for Vo  2.27 m/s Ans.
8 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.49 The horizontal nozzle in Fig. P3.49 has D1  12 in, D2  6 in, with p1  38 psia and V2  56
ft/s. For water at 20°C, find the force provided by the flange bolts to hold the nozzle fixed.

Solution: For an open jet, p2  pa  15 psia. Subtract pa everywhere so the only nonzero pressure is
p1  38  15  23 psig.

Fig. P3.49
The mass balance yields the inlet velocity:
  ft
V1 (12)2  (56) (6)2 , V1  14
4 4 s
The density of water is 1.94 slugs per cubic foot. Then the horizontal force balance is


 Fx  Fbolts  (23 psig) (12 in)2  m
 2 u2  m
 1u1  m(V
 2  V1 )
4
  ft   ft 
Compute Fbolts  2601  (1.94) (1 ft)2  14   56  14   1700 lbf Ans.
4  s  s

P3.50 The jet engine in Fig. P3.50 admits air at

20°C and 1 atm at (1), where A1  0.5 m2 and V1
 250 m/s. The fuel-air ratio is 1:30. The air
leaves section (2) at 1 atm, V2  900 m/s, and A2
 0.4 m2. Compute the test stand support reaction
Rx needed.

Solution: 1  p/RT  101350/[287(293)]  1.205

Fig. P3.50
kg/m3. For a CV enclosing the engine,

 2  151  1    156 kg/s

1
 1  1A1V1  (1.205)(0.5)(250)  151 kg/s, m
m
 30 
 Fx  R x  m
 2 u2  m
 1u1  m
 fuel ufuel  156(900)  151(250)  0  102, 000 N Ans.
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 9

P3.60 Water at 20°C flows through the elbow in

Fig. P3.60 and exits to the atmo-sphere. The pipe
diameter is D1  10 cm, while D2  3 cm. At a
weight flow rate of 150 N/s, the pressure p1  2.3
atm (gage). Neglect-ing the weight of water and
elbow,
estimate the force on the flange bolts at section 1.

Fig. P3.60

Solution: First, from the weight flow, compute Q  (150 N/s)/(9790 N/m3)  0.0153 m3/s. Then the
velocities at (1) and (2) follow from the known areas:
Q 0.0153 m Q 0.0153 m
V1    1.95 ; V2    21.7
A1 ( /4)(0.1) 2
s A 2 ( /4)(0.03) 2
s

The mass flow is A1V1  (998)( /4)(0.1)2(1.95)  15.25 kg/s. Then the balance of forces in the x-
direction is:
 Fx  Fbolts  p1A1  mu
 2  mu
 1  m(
 V2 cos 40  V1 )

solve for Fbolts  (2.3  101350) (0.1)2  15.25(21.7 cos 40  1.95)  2100 N Ans.
4
10 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.62 Water at 20°C exits to the standard sea-level atmosphere through the split nozzle in Fig. P3.62.
Duct areas areA1  0.02 m2 and A2  A3  0.008 m2. Ifp1 135 kPa (absolute) and the flow rate is Q2 
Q3  275 m3/h, compute the force on the flange bolts at section 1.

Fig. P3.62lution: With the known flow rates, we can compute the various velocities:

275/3600 m 3 /s m 550/3600 m
V2  V3  2
 9.55 ; V1   7.64
0.008 m s 0.02 s
The CV encloses the split nozzle and cuts through the flange. The balance of forces is
 Fx   Fbolts  p1,gage A1   Q 2 (V2 cos30)   Q3 (V3 cos30)   Q1 ( V1 ),

 275   550 
or: Fbolts  2(998)   (9.55cos30)  998   (7.64)  (135000  101350)(0.02)
 3600   3600 
 1261  1165  673  3100 N Ans.
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 11

P3.70 The dredger in Fig. P3.70 is loading sand

(SG  2.6) onto a barge. The sand leaves the dredger
pipe at 4 ft/s with a weight flux of 850 lbf/s.
Estimate the tension on the mooring line caused by
this loading process.

Solution: The CV encloses the boat and cuts Fig. P3.70

through the cable and the sand flow jet. Then,
 Fx  Tcable  m  Vsand cos ,
 sand usand  m

 850 slug   ft 
or: Tcable     4  cos30  91 lbf Ans.
 32.2 s   s 

P3.81 Torricelli’s idealization of efflux from a

hole in the side of a tank is V  2 gh, as shown
in Fig. P3.81. The tank weighs 150 N when
empty and contains water at 20°C. The tank
bottom is on very smooth ice (static friction
coefficient   0.01). For what water depth h will
the tank just begin to move to
the right?

Fig. P3.81

Solution: The hole diameter is 9 cm. The CV encloses the tank as shown. The coefficient of static
friction is   0.01. The x-momentum equation becomes

 Fx   Wtank  mu  Vhole    AV 2    A(2gh)

 out  m
    
or: 0.01 (9790) (1 m)2 (h  0.3  0.09)  150   998   (0.09)2 (2)(9.81)h
 4  4
Solve for h  0.66 m Ans.
P3.88 The boat in Fig. P3.88 is jet-propelled by a pump which develops a volume flow rate Q and ejects
water out the stern at velocity Vj. If the boat drag force is F  kV2, where k is a constant, develop a formula
for the steady forward speed V of the boat.

Fig. P3.88
Solution: Let the CV move to the left at boat speed V and enclose the boat and the pump’s inlet and
exit. Then the momentum relation is

 pump (Vj  V  Vinlet )   Q(Vj  V) if we assume Vinlet  Vj

 Fx  kV 2  m

If, further, V  Vj , then the approximate solution is: V ( QVj/k)1/2 Ans.
If V and Vj are comparable, then we solve a quadratic equation:

Q
V    [ 2  2 Vj ]1/2, where   Ans.
2k

P3.102 As can often be seen in a kitchen sink

when the faucet is running, a high-speed channel
flow (V1, h1) may “jump” to a low-speed, low-
energy condition (V2, h2) as in Fig. P3.102. The
pressure at sections 1 and 2 is approximately
hydrostatic, and wall friction is negligible. Use the
continuity and momentum relations to find h2 and
V2 in terms of (h1, V1). Fig. P3.102

Solution: The CV cuts through sections 1 and 2 and surrounds the jump, as shown. Wall shear is
neglected. There are no obstacles. The only forces are due to hydrostatic pressure:
1 1
 Fx  0   gh1 (h1b)   gh 2 (h 2 b)  m(V
 2  V1 ),
2 2
where m    V1h1b   V2 h 2 b

1 1
Solve for V2  V1 h1 /h 2 and h 2 /h1    1  8V12 /(gh1) Ans.
2 2
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 13

P3.116 For the container of Fig. P3.116 use Bernoulli’s equation to derive a formula for the distance
X where the free jet leaving horizontally will strike the floor, as a function of h and H. For what ratio
h/H will X be maximum? Sketch the three trajectories for h/H  0.25, 0.5, and 0.75.

Solution: The velocity out the hole and the time to fall from hole to ground are given by

Vo  2g(H  h) t fall  2h/g

Then the distance travelled horizontally is X  Vo t fall  2 h(H  h) Ans.

Fig. P3.116

Maximum X occurs at h  H/2, or Xmax  H. When h  0.25H or 0.75H, the jet travels out to X 
0.866H. These three trajectories are shown in the sketch on the previous page.
14 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.121 In Fig. P3.121 the flowing fluid is CO2 at

20°C. Neglect losses. If p1  170 kPa and the
manometer fluid is Meriam red oil (SG  0.827),
estimate (a) p2 and (b) the gas flow rate in m3/h.

Solution: Estimate the CO2 density as   p/RT 

(170000)/[189(293)]  3.07 kg/m3. The manometer
reading gives the down-stream pressure:
Fig. P3.121

p1  p2  ( oil  CO2 )gh  [0.827(998)  3.07](9.81)(0.08)  645 Pa

Hence p2  170,000  645  169400 Pa Ans. (a)

Now use Bernoulli to find V2, assuming p1  stagnation pressure (V1  0):

1 1 2(p1  p2 ) 2(645) m
p1   (0)2  p2   V 22 , or: V2    20.5
2 2  3.07 s

m3
Then Q  V2 A 2  (20.5)( /4)(0.06)2  0.058 m 3 /s  209 Ans. (b)
hr

P3.124 A necked-down section in a pipe flow, called a venturi, develops a low throat pressure which
can aspirate fluid upward from a reservoir, as in Fig. P3.124. Using Bernoulli’s equation with no
losses, derive an expression for the velocity V1 which is just sufficient to bring reservoir fluid into the
throat.

Fig. P3.124

Solution: Water will begin to aspirate into the throat when pa  p1  gh. Hence:
1 1
Volume flow: V1  V2 (D2 /D1 )2 ; Bernoulli (z  0): p1   V12  patm   V22
2 2
 D2 2gh
Solve for pa  p1  ( 4  1)V 22   gh,   , or: V2  Ans.
2 D1 4 1

2gh
Similarly, V1, min   2V2, min  Ans.
1  (D1 /D 2 )4
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 15

P3.128 A venturi meter, shown in Fig. P3.128, is a where M is the density of the manometer fluid.
carefully designed constriction whose pressure
difference is a measure of the flow rate in a pipe.
Using Bernoulli’s equation for steady
incompressible flow with no losses, show that the
flow rate Q is related to the manometer reading h
by

A2 2 gh(  M   )
Q
1  ( D2 /D1 )4 
Fig. P3.128

Solution: First establish that the manometer reads the pressure difference between 1 and 2:

p1  p2  (  M   )gh (1)

Then write incompressible Bernoulli’s equation and continuity between (1) and (2):

p1 V12 p2 V 22
(z  0):    and V2  V1 (D1 /D2 )2 , Q  A1V1  A 2 V2
 2  2

A 2 2gh( M   )/
Eliminate V2 and (p1  p2 ) from (1) above: Q  Ans.
1  (D 2 /D1 )4
16 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.133 If losses are neglected in Fig. P3.133, for what water level h will the flow begin to form vapor
cavities at the throat of the nozzle?

Fig. P3.133

Solution: Applying Bernoulli from (a) to (2) gives Torricelli’s relation: V2  (2gh). Also,

V1  V2 (D2 /D1 )2  V2 (8/5)2  2.56V2

Vapor bubbles form when p1 reaches the vapor pressure at 30°C, pvap  4242 Pa (from Table A.5),
while   996 kg/m3 at 30°C (Table A.1). Apply Bernoulli between 1 and 2:

p1 V 21 p2 V 22 4242 (2.56V2 )2 100000 V 22

  gz1    gz 2 , or:  0   0
 2  2 996 2 996 2
Solve for V 22  34.62  2gh, or h  34.62/[2(9.81)]  1.76 m Ans.
P3.139 In the spillway flow of Fig. P3.139, the flow is assumed uniform and
hydrostatic at sections 1 and 2. If losses are neglected, compute (a) V2 and (b) the force
per unit width of the water on the spillway.
Solution: For mass conservation,
5.0
V2  V1h1 /h 2  V1  7.14V1
0.7

Fig. P3.139
(a) Now apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2:

p1 V12 p2 V 22 V12
(7.14V1 )2
  h1    h 2 ; or: 0   5.0  0   0.7
 2g  2g 2g 2g

2(9.81)(5.0  0.7) m m
Solve for V 21  , or V1  1.30 , V2  7.14V1  9.28 Ans. (a)
[(7.14)  1]
2
s s

(b) To find the force on the spillway (F ), put a CV around sections 1 and 2 to obtain
 
 Fx   F  h12  h 22  m(V
 2  V1 ), or, using the given data,
2 2
1 N
F  (9790)[(5.0)2  (0.7)2 ]  998[(1.30)(5.0)](9.28  1.30)  68300 Ans. (b)
2 m
P3.165 Given a steady isothermal flow of water at 20C through the device in Fig. P3.165. Heat-
transfer, gravity, and temperature effects are negligible. Known data are D1  9 cm, Q1  220 m3/h, p1
 150 kPa, D2  7 cm, Q2  100 m3/h, p2  225 kPa, D3  4 cm, and p3  265 kPa. Compute the rate of
shaft work done for this device and its direction.

3
Fig. P3.165Solution: For continuity, Q3  Q1 – Q2  120 m /hr. Establish the velocities at each port:

Q1 220/3600 m 100/3600 m 120/3600 m

V1    9.61 ; V2   7.22 ; V3   26.5
A1  (0.045) 2
s  (0.035) 2
s  (0.02) 2
s
With gravity and heat transfer and internal energy neglected, the energy equation becomes

 W
 W
 m  p3 V32   p2 V22   p1 V12 
Q      
m     
m 1  ,
 3  2  1 2 
s v 3 2
2  2 

 /   100  225000  (7.22)   120  265000  (26.5) 

2 2
or:  Ws
3600  998 2  3600  998 2 

220  150000 (9.61)2 

   
3600  998 2 

Solve for the shaft work:   998(6.99  20.56  12.00)  15500 W Ans.
Ws
(negative denotes work done on the fluid)
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 19

P3.166 A power plant on a river, as in Fig.

P3.166, must eliminate 55 MW of waste heat to
the river. The river conditions upstream are Q1
 2.5 m3/s and T1  18°C. The river is 45 m
wide and 2.7 m deep. If heat losses to the
atmosphere and ground are negligible, estimate
the downstream river conditions (Q0, T0).

Fig. P3.166
Solution: For water, take cp  4280 J/kg · C. For an overall CV enclosing the entire sketch,
 m
Q  out (c p Tout )  m
 in (c p Tin ),

or: 55,000,000 W  (998  2.5)[4280Tout  4280(18)], solve for Tout  23.15C Ans.

The power plant flow is “internal” to the CV, hence Q out  Q in  2.5 m 3 /s. Ans.

P3.167 For the conditions of Prob. 3.166, if the power plant is to heat the nearby river water by no
more than 12C, what should be the minimum flow rate Q, in m3/s, through the plant heat exchanger?
How will the value of Q affect the downstream conditions
(Qo, To)?

Solution: Now let the CV only enclose the power plant, so that the flow going through the plant
shows as an inlet and an outlet. The CV energy equation, with no work, gives

Q plant  m
 out c p Tout  m
 in c p Tin  (998)Q plant (4280)(12C) since Q in  Q out

55,000,000
Solve for Q plant   1.07 m 3 /s Ans.
(998)(4280)(12)
It’s a lot of flow, but if the river water mixes well, the downstream flow is still the same.
20 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

P3.168 Multnomah Falls in the Columbia River Gorge has a sheer drop of 543 ft. Use the steady flow
energy equation to estimate the water temperature rise, in F, resulting.

Solution: For water, convert cp 4200 5.9798  25100 ft·lbf/(slug·F). Use the steady flow energy
equation in the form of Eq. (3.70), with “1” upstream at the top of
the falls:
1 1
h1  V12  gz1  h2  V 22  gz 2  q
2 2

Assume adiabatic flow, q  0 (although evaporation might be important), and neglect the kinetic
energies, which are much smaller than the potential energy change. Solve for
32.2(543)
h  c p T  g(z1  z 2 ), or: T   0.70 F Ans.
25100
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 21

P3.174 The pump-turbine system in

Fig. P3.174 draws water from the upper reservoir
in the daytime to produce power for a city. At
night, it pumps water from lower to upper
reservoirs to restore the situation. For a design flow
rate of 15,000 gal/ min in either direction, the
friction head loss is 17 ft. Estimate the power in
kW (a) extracted by the turbine and (b) delivered by
the pump. Fig. P3.174
Solution: (a) With the turbine, “1” is upstream:

p1 V12 p V2
  z1  2  2  z 2  h f  h t ,
 g 2g  g 2g

or: 0  0  150  0  0  25  17  h t

Solve for ht  108 ft. Convert Q  15000 gal/min  33.4 ft3/s. Then the turbine power is

ft  lbf
P   Qh turb  (62.4)(33.4)(108)  225,000  410 hp Ans. (a)
s

(b) For pump operation, point “2” is upstream:

p2 V22 p V2
  z 2  1  1  z1  h f  h p ,
 g 2g  g 2g
or: 0  0  25  0  0  150  17  h p ; Solve for h p  142 ft
The pump power is Ppump  Qhp  (62.4)(33.4)(142)  296000 ft·lbf/s  540 hp. Ans. (b)

P3.175 Water at 20°C is delivered from one reservoir to another through a long 8-cm-diameter pipe.
The lower reservoir has a surface elevation z2  80 m. The friction loss in the pipe is correlated by the
formula hloss  17.5(V2/2g), where V is the average velocity in the pipe. If the steady flow rate through
the pipe is 500 gallons per minute, estimate the surface elevation of the higher reservoir.
Solution: We may apply Bernoulli here. Convert 500 gal/min = 0.0315 m3/s.
17.5V 2
hf   z1  z2
2g
2
17.5  0.0315 m3 / s 
   z1  80 m
2(9.81 m/s 2 )  ( / 4)(0.08m) 2 

z1  115 m Ans.
22 Solutions Manual  Fluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 23

P3.178 The horizontal pump in Fig. P3.178

discharges 20C water at 57 m3/h. Neglecting losses,
what power in kW is delivered to the water by the
pump?

Solution: First we need to compute the Fig. P3.178

velocities at sections (1) and (2):

Q 57/3600 m Q 57/3600 m
V1    2.49 ; V2    22.4
A1  (0.045) 2
s A 2  (0.015) 2
s

Then apply the steady flow energy equation across the pump, neglecting losses:
p1 V12 p V2
  z1  2  2  z 2  h f  h p ,
 g 2g  g 2g

120000 (2.49)2 400000 (22.4)2

or:  0    0  0  h p, solve for h p  53.85 m
9790 2(9.81) 9790 2(9.81)
 57 
Then the pump power is Pp   Qh p  9790   (53.85)  8350 W  8.4 kW Ans.
 3600 

1.29 A tank holds 5 ft3 of air at 20°C and 120 psi (gage). Estimate the energy in ft-lbf required to
compress this air isothermally from one atmosphere (14.7 psia  2116 psfa).

Solution: Integrate the work of compression, assuming an ideal gas:

2 2
mRT   p 
W1-2    p d    d  mRT ln  2   p22 ln  2 
1 1
  1   p1 
where the latter form follows from the ideal gas law for isothermal changes. For the given numerical
data, we obtain the quantitative work done:

p   lbf   134.7 
W1-2  p22 ln  2    134.7  144 2  (5 ft 3 ) ln    215,000 ftlbf Ans.
 p1   ft   14.7 
1.30 Repeat Prob. 1.29 if the tank is filled with compressed water rather than air. Why is the result
thousands of times less than the result of 215,000 ftlbf in Prob. 1.29?

Solution: First evaluate the density change of water. At 1 atm,  o  1.94 slug/ft3. At 120 psi(gage) 


134.7 psia, the density would rise slightly according to Eq. (1.22):

  
7
p 134.7
  3001   3000, solve   1.940753 slug/ft ,
3
po 14.7  1.94
Hence m water    (1.940753)(5 ft 3 )  9.704 slug

The density change is extremely small. Now the work done, as in Prob. 1.29 above, is

 m m d 
2 2 2
W1-2   p d   p d     p  pavg m 2 for a linear pressure rise
1 1
  1  2
avg

 14.7  134.7 lbf   0.000753 ft 3 

Hence W1-2    144 2  (9.704 slug)   21 ftlbf Ans.
 2 ft   1.94042 slug 
[Exact integration of Eq. (1.22) would give the same numerical result.] Compressing water (extremely
small ) takes ten thousand times less energy than compressing air, which is why it is safe to test
high-pressure systems with water but dangerous with air.

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS

C1.1 Sometimes equations can be developed and practical problems solved by knowing nothing more
than the dimensions of the key parameters. For example, consider the heat loss through a window in a
building. Window efficiency is rated in terms of “R value,” which has units of ft2·hr·F/Btu. A certain
manufacturer offers a double-pane window with R  2.5 and also a triple-pane window with R  3.4.
Both windows are 3 ft by 5 ft. On a given winter day, the temperature difference between inside
and outside is 45F. (a) Develop and equation for window heat loss Q, in time period t, as a function
of window area A, R value, and temperature difference T. How much heat is lost through the above (a)
double-pane window, or (b) triple-pane window, in 24 hours? (c) Suppose the building is heated with
propane gas, at $3.25 per gallon, burning at 80% efficiency. Propane has 90,000 Btu of available energy
per gallon. In a 24-hour period, how much money would a homeowner save, per window, by installing a
triple-pane rather than a double-pane window? (d) Finally, suppose the homeowner buys 20 such
triple-pane windows for the house. A typical winter equals about 120 heating days at T  45F.
Each triple-pane window costs $85 more than the double-pane window. Ignoring interest and inflation,
how many years will it take the homeowner to make up the additional cost of the triple-pane windows
from heating bill savings?
 Chapter 3  Integral Relations for a Control Volume 25

Solution: (a) The function Q  fcn(t, R, A, T) must have units of Btu. The only combination of
units which accomplishes this is:

tT A (24 hr )(45F )(3 ft  5 ft )

Q Ans. Thus Qlost   6480 Btu Ans. (a)
R 2.5 ft 2  hr F/Btu

(b) Triple-pane window: use R  3.4 instead of 2.5 to obtain Q3-pane  4760 Btu Ans. (b)

(c) The savings, using propane, for one triple-pane window for one 24-hour period is:

$3.25 / gal 1
Cost  (6480  4760 Btu )  $0.078  7.8 cents Ans.(c)
90000 Btu / gal 0.80 efficiency

(d) Extrapolate to 20 windows, 120 cold days per year, and $85 extra cost per window:

$85 / window
Pay  back time   9 years Ans.(d )
(0.078 $ / window / day )(120 days / year )

Not a very good investment. We are using ‘$’ and ‘windows’ as “units” in our equations!