PMCH 2 Long Exam September

Batch March 12, 2021

!

Points: 56/100

1. Last Name

2. First Name

GANESH

3. Student Number

190441844
:
 4. Intermittent common source has a pattern reflecting the episodic nature
of the exposure
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

5. Housing for animals must allow for observation of animal behavior with
minimal disturbance.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

6. About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week,
slightly less than the national average
(1/1 Point)

outbreak

endemic "

pandemic

epidemic

7. Sanitation concerns in animal research includes bedding change, waste

disposal and care for animals during weekends and holidays.
(1/1 Point)
:
 True "

False

#
8. The government office responsible for giving authorization to conduct
scientific procedures using animals
(0/1 Point)

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Philippine Council for Health Research and Development

Department of Science and Technology

Department of Agriculture "

9. Principle of minimizing the number of animals used to obtain information

(1/1 Point)

replacement

refinement

resizing

reduction "

#
10. PAR of 100 % means
(0/1 Point)
:
 possible

sufficient

necessary "

none of the above

11. Odds ratios, Risk ratios/Relative risk are methods of analysing results in
order to determine if an intervention is effective.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

#
12. An increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally
expected in that population in that area
(0/1 Point)

outbreak "

highly transmissible disease

epidemic

endemic

13. The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community

(1/1 Point)

epidemic
:
 endemic "

pandemic

outbreak

#
14. Animal experiments must be replaced wherever possible by other
methods such as mathematical modeling, or an in vivo biological system.
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

15. The strength of the conclusions, inferences or propositions providing the

best estimation of the truth or falsity of a hypothesis, proposition or
conclusion .
(1/1 Point)

validity "

accuracy

relevance

reliability

=veracity

16. This Philippine legislation grants authorization to conduct scientific

procedures using animals
:
 (1/1 Point)

Republic Act no. 825

Republic Act No. 8485 "

Republic Act 9482

Republic Act No. 3573

#
17. Which of the following can be classified as manipulation in animal
research
(0/1 Point)

Performing surgical procedures on animals

All of the choices are correct

Depriving of usual care "

Exposing animals to parasites and harsh environmental conditions

18. Animal research in drug development for human use is characterized as

which of the following?
(1/1 Point)

In Vivo testing "

In Vitro testing

Phase 1 clinical trial

Phase 3 Clinical trial

:
 19. An idea that intends to provide humane treatment to animals similar to
rights of humans
(1/1 Point)

Animal rights "

Responsible ownership

Animal welfare

Animal Shelters

20. The coronavirus vaccine is available because it has passed the phase 4
trials
(1/1 Point)

true

false "

#
21. The first complete statement of the epidemiologic criteria of a causality is
attributed to
(0/1 Point)

Koch

Hill "

Susser

None of the above

:
 22. Critical appraisal is done
(1/1 Point)

to make public health decisions

when making health policies

when a literature review needs to be done

all of the above "

23. Animals are used in scientific research to further science in many arenas.
They are used most often in the following cases:
(1/1 Point)

A. Disease treatment and prevention

B. Treatment of Injuries

C. Basic Medical Testing

D. Medical Diagnosis

OptioE. All of the above n 5 "

24. Examining the distribution of disease in a population, and observing the

basic features of its distribution
(1/1 Point)

Descriptive Epidemiology "

Statistical Epidemiology

Analytic Epidemiology
:
 Distribution Epidemiology

25. The Board has the authority to

(1/1 Point)

Approve, disapprove, or terminate all research activities that fall within its local
jurisdiction according to relevant federal regulations and institutional policy.

Require modifications in protocols, including protocols of previously approved

research.

Require documentation of informed consent or allow a waiver of documentation.

(Documentation of informed consent is covered in the Informed Consent
module.)

all of the above "

26. The process of inducing painless death to animals

(1/1 Point)

Animal rights

Euthanasia "

do not resuscitate

lethal injection

27. Vaccination is important because

(-/1 Point)

it aims for herd immunity

decreases mortality
:
 decreases mortality

prevents severe coronavirus

Initiated by the government

28. What information should be provided to an IRB for review at the initiation
of a study? Choose the best response
(1/1 Point)

A synopsis of the study and an outline of the advertisement to recruit subjects,

including how much they will be paid.

The informed consent form

The study protocol (and amendments), the information to be given to the

subject (informed consent, advertisements), the Investigator Brochure (or
"
drug label), any other relevant safety information, and an outline of the
qualifications of the lnvestigator.

The study protocol (and amendments) and the Investigator Brochure.

29. There is spread from person-to-person with increasing number of cases

in each generation in a propagated curve.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

30. The goal of a critical appraisal should be:

(1/1 Point)

A. determine where faults exist in study design

:
 B. evaluate whether a proposed study is feasible

C. identify the meaning and credibility of the study "

D. review the credentials and expertise of the researchers

31. When should you critically appraise?

(1/1 Point)

A. Conducting literature reviews for grant proposals for new project

B. Evaluating the effectiveness and benefits of health programs

C. Establishing new innovative in the health programs

D. Public health decision making

E. All of the above "

#
32. At the population level we use our clinical judgment to evaluate
appropriate intervention
(0/1 Point)

true

false "

33. an independent body established to protect the rights and welfare of

human research participants.
(1/1 Point)

Institutional Review Board "

:
 Institutional Review Board "

Ethical Review Board

Peer Review Board

Human Research Board

34. Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community

(1/1 Point)

endemic

sporadic "

hyperendemic

outbreak

35. The animals have to be sedated first when giving chloral hydrate and
magnesium sulfate to cats and dogs
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

36. Which of the following supports the humane and responsible use of
animals
(1/1 Point)

Research ethics

Animal rights
:
 Animal welfare "

Responsible ownership

37. an international ethical and scientific standard for conducting biomedical

and behavioral research involving human participants
(1/1 Point)

Good Clinical Practice "

Critical Appraisal

Peer Review

None of the Above

38. The use of statistical methods so that a smaller number of animals are
required.
(1/1 Point)

refinement

reduction "

replacement

reconstruction

#
39. Average annual incidence was 364 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national average of 134
cases per 100,000 population
(0/1 Point)
:
 (0/1 Point)

endemic

outbreak

sporadic

hyperendemic "

40. any method of logical analysis that proceeds from the particular to the
general.
(1/1 Point)

induction "

deduction

conduction

exclusion

#
41. A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
(0/1 Point)

measles

outbreak

epidemic

sporadic "

#
:
 #
42. When critically appraising a research study, the reviewer will expect to
find:
(0/1 Point)

A. identification of new research problems "

B. implementation of perfect design

C. precise understanding of the study and its application

D. tools to control in outcomes of the study

43. 70% Ethanol used in euthanasia works as depressant like carbon dioxide
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

44. All researchers handling the animals used for experimentation should
also be trained in handling the particular species in the study.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

45. An increase in the number of cases than what is normally expected

occuring in a limited area
(1/1 Point)

epidemic
:
 epidemic

outbreak "

endemic

cluster

46. Primary enclosures allow normal behavior and provide for psychological
needs of animals.
(-/1 Point)

True

False

47. the study of the determinants, distribution, and frequency of disease

(1/1 Point)

epidemiology "

research

biostatistics

none of the above

48. Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918–19194.

(1/1 Point)

sporadic

pandemic "

hyperendemic
:
 hyperendemic

endemic

#
49. Euthanasia is always done in public view as proof that animals used in
research are humanely treated.
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

50. inevitably initiates or produces an effect, includes “component causes”

(1/1 Point)

necessary cause

sufficient cause "

probable cause

plausible cause

#
51. Pertains to persistently high levels of disease occurrence
(0/1 Point)

uncontrolled spread

Message for respondents who select this answer

outbreak
:
 endemic

hyperendemic "

#
52. When refilling feeders and waterers, ensure to return them to the same
cages where they were taken from.
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

53. statistical dependence between two or more events

(1/1 Point)

association "

causality

cause

odds ratio

#
54. Outbreak information, much like epidemiologic data, are described by
(0/1 Point)

person "

all are correct

:
 time

place

55. Arrange in proper sequence:

1 - Implement control and preventive measures
2 - Develop your hypothesis
3 - Establish the existence of an outbreak
4 - Communicate your findings
5 - Construct a working case definition
6 - Prepare for field work
7 - Perform descriptive epidemiology
(1/1 Point)

6,4,3,1,7,5,2

7,2,4,1,5,3,6

6,5,7,2,4,1,3

6,3,5,7,2,1,4 "

56. factors that prepare, sensitize, condition or otherwise create a situation

(1/1 Point)

predisposing fators "

precipitating factors

risk factors

confounding factors

#
:
 #
57. Appropriate sources of animals for research are pet shops and accredited
laboratories.
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

58. Many of the research are not in good quality and many studies are biased
and their results are untrue which can lead to draw false conclusions.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

59. Point source outbreak presents as a range of exposures and incubation

periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic curve.
(1/1 Point)

True

False "

Message for respondents who select this answer

#
60. Method of euthanasia mostly used in rabbits is air via inhalation.
(0/1 Point)

True
:
 True

False "

61. The use of non-sentient material instead of conscious living vertebrates

(1/1 Point)

replacement "

reduction

refinement

substitution

#
62. The critical appraisal aims to help people develop the necessary skills to
make sense of scientific evidence based on
(0/1 Point)

A. cost, accuracy and convenience

B. validity, results and relevance "

C. objectives, methodology and recommendation

D. clarity, equality and justification

all of the above

#
63. Continuous common source is when a group is exposed over a relatively
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
:
 brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
incubation period.
(0/1 Point)

True "

False

64. An IACUC or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees functions to:
(1/1 Point)

conduct animal research within an institution

B. oversee human research within an institution

C. oversee animal research within an institution

D. establish regulations for conducting animal research "

65. an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents

affecting a large number of people
(1/1 Point)

pandemic "

globalization

hyperendemic

contagion

#
66. Continuous common source is when a group is exposed over a relatively
brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
:
 brief period so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one
incubation period.
(0/1 Point)

True "

False

67. Which of the following activities fall into the Pre-clinical phase of drug
development?
(1/1 Point)

Post-Marketing Surveillance

None of the choice are correct

Animal Research "

Human Trials

68. Studies are also subject to bias, confounders and it is important that
researchers take steps to minimize them through :
(1/1 Point)

A. use of expert opinions and verified facts

B. use of a control group, randomization and blinding "

C. use of primary data and other studies

Option D. use of validated methods

69. Refers to the relationships people have with animals and the duty they
have to assure that the animals under their care are treated humanely
and responsibly
:
 and responsibly
(1/1 Point)

Animal welfare "

Animal activisim

Conservationism

Animal rights

70. The maximum amount of blood that can be drawn from an animal used in
research is no more than 12% of the animal's body weight.
(1/1 Point)

True

False "

#
71. Rationale for using animal models in research
(0/1 Point)

Animals are used for teaching

Animals are used as analogues to human physiology "

Humans are identical to animals in all aspects

Animals are used for the production of anti-sera and other biologicals

72. Three essential characteristics that are examined to study the cause(s)
for disease in analytic epidemiology except
(1/1 Point)
:
 (1/1 Point)

host

agent

enviroment

time "

73. the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its

validity, results, and relevance before using it to inform a decision
(1/1 Point)

critical appraisal "

journal evaluation

peer review

none of the above

74. An aggregation of cases grouped in a place and time suspected to be of

greater number as expected
(1/1 Point)

outbreak

sporadic

cluster "

hyperendemic

#
:
 #
75. Food or fluid restriction in animal research is ideally used for positive
reinforcement of a desired behavior
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

#
76. Refers to deliberate interference with the normal physiological, behavioral
or anatomical integrity of the animal
(0/1 Point)

Deprivation of usual care

Manipulation "

Animal research

Animal modelling

#
77. When a researcher adjusts his study to decrease the incidence or
severity of inhuman procedures applied to animals is called
(0/1 Point)

reduction

modification

refinement "

replacement
:
 replacement

78. The regulations dictate how the animals will be housed and treated to
include veterinary care, pain management and other measures to make
sure the animals do not suffer through out the course of the experiment.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

#
79. Animal pain is physiologically not analogous to human pain.
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

#
80. THe Koch postulate states that
(0/1 Point)

The agent must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by

isolation in pure culture.

The agent must not be found in cases of other disease.

Once isolated, the agent must be capable of reproducing the disease in

experimental animals.

all of the above "

:
 81. Send your GCP certificate to
https://padlet.com/audreyangeliandres/93v5wwkovu2lz0fp
(-/11 Points)

GANESH

#
82. Analysis of the sample population utilised in the research cannot give an
indication as to the relevance of the study results to individual clinical
practice
(0/1 Point)

True

False "

83. Which of the following contributes to the occurrence of epidemics?

(1/1 Point)

The pathogen is effectively transmitted from one host to another "

The agents are not present in adequete numbers

The susceptible hosts are limited

none of the above

84. Withdrawing blood from rabbits and guinea pigs is done by isolating the
carotid artery or venipuncture via the intracardiac route.
:
 (1/1 Point)

True "

False

85. A room, barn or outdoor habitat are considered as the microenvironment

(1/1 Point)

True

False "

86. Euthanasia by inhalation method can be performed by using

(1/1 Point)

oxygen

carbon dioxide "

nebulization

barbiturates

#
87. the population at risk is usually
(0/1 Point)

the numerator

the denominator "

could be both
:
 is neither

88. When writing a research protocol, one must explain why a non-animal
model was not used despite the availability of one.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

89. Advantages of randomized control trials EXCEPT:

(-/1 Point)

A. allow for rigorous evaluation of a single variable

B. potentially eradicate bias

. allow for meta-analysis

low cost

#
90. 22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a
particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year)
(0/1 Point)

endemic

pandemic

sporadic

epidemic
:
 epidemic "

#
91. Which of the following statements about animal research is TRUE?
(0/1 Point)

A. 45 % of the animals used in research are rodents - rats and mice that have
been bred for laboratory use.

B. Most laboratory tests on animals are complicated type tests - change in diet,
drawing blood sample, administering a drug.

C. Animals are given anesthetics only if a procedure is going to be invasive.

D. Humans are still the largest group that is used for research and
experimentation and beats out all other lab animals when it comes to "
testing.

92. Animal welfare is extremely important to the scientific community, if not

for the love of the animal than for the pride of the work.
(1/1 Point)

True "

False

#
93. Improve the experiments so that animals do not suffer.
(0/1 Point)

refinement "

reduction
:
 reduction

replacement

reconstruction

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