DE GRUYTER International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems.

2019; 20180160

Mitalkumar Ladani1 / P Preetha1

Reduction of Electric Field Stress on the Surface

Contour and at the Triple Junction in UHVAC GIS
by Spacer Design Optimization
1 Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India, E-mail: ladani_mad@hotmail.com,

preetha@nitc.ac.in. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4873-173X.

Abstract:
The conical spacers made of epoxy resin are widely used in Gas Insulated System(GIS) for electrical insulation
as well as mechanical support to the conductor. Electric stress on the surface of the spacer as well as at the
triple junction is of major concern while designing the spacer for the Ultra High Voltage Alternating Current
(UHVAC) GIS. To reduce the possibility of the flashover, the tangential field at the concave and convex surfaces
is to be within limits. This paper presents a stepwise method for the reduction of the electric field at the spacer
surface and at the triple junction by geometry shape optimization. The electric field has been calculated by
solving Laplacian equation by Finite Element Method(FEM). Optimization has been realized by incorporating
Nelder-Mead(NM) algorithm with FEM solution. The tangential field at the concave and convex surface of the
conical spacer has been optimized by changing the shielding ball shape and metal inert in the spacer as well as
by changing the curvature and thickness of spacer near to the high voltage conductor. The results demonstrate
the reduction in the principle stress for the optimized geometry shape and the stress at the triple junction. The
improvement in the electric field uniformity for the spacer surface is seen in the final optimized geometry
Keywords: Electric Field Stress, Finite Element Method (FEM), Gas Insulated System(GIS), Nelder-Mead (NM)
algorithm
DOI: 10.1515/ijeeps-2018-0160
Received: May 16, 2018; Revised: December 14, 2018; Accepted: January 12, 2019

1 Introduction
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IN UHVAC GIS system, optimized electrode and insulation profile enhance the cost effectiveness and compact-
ness of system which ensures its reliability. Non uniform electric stress on GIS insulation spacer increases the
probability of the aging of insulation as well as its failure. In the compact design of GIS where HV conductor is
insulated and supported by solid conical insulation, the tangential component of electric field on the surface of
the spacer and at the triple junction are vital and need to be considered while designing the spacer [1–3]. Com-
pact design of GIS allows only very low margin for surface flashover length of the spacer. So if the tangential
field is high enough it will cause surface flashover. It becomes necessary to have low and uniform tangential
electric field distribution over the spacer surface for optimized HV insulation system [4, 5].
Various classical and modern approaches to optimization problems addressed in the literature are deriva-
tive based optimization algorithm like descent method, the method of steepest descent method and Newtons
method. Derivative free optimization algorithm like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Anneal-
ing (SA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Tabu Search algorithm (TS), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Nelder-Mead algorithm (NM) are also widely used in various aplication of optimization [6–11]. Incorporating
optimization algorithm increases the complexity and convergence problem of electric field calculation.
Lahiri A. et al. [12] developed optimization method for the GIS electrode spacer geometry by use of SA cou-
pled with ANN and Boundary Element Method (BEM). H. Okubo et al. [13] optimized the electric field of HV
electrode contour by means of Neural network. Optimized HV electrode contour was obtained by Chakravorti
et al. [14] to get the uniform stress distribution over the contour surface by using ANN. A. Chatterjee et al. [15]
proposed optimization of single phase GIS system by use of fuzzy logic. All these proposed methods use ei-
ther Charge Simulation Method (CSM) or BEM based. Electric field calculation is much simpler and effective
with FEM technique and it also allows us to incorporate various optimization algorithms without affecting the
computing capability.
Mitalkumar Ladani is the corresponding author.
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

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Cao Y. et al. [16] optimized electric field of vacuum interrupter with TS algorithm by means of FEM tech-
nique. Harong Wang et al. [17] reported the same work with GA algorithm coupled to FEM technique. All the
electric field computation and optimization problem solution is much simpler and highly convergent with FEM
techniques which lead us to use FEM for the spacer geometry optimization problem [18, 19].
Majority of the conventional function optimization techniques are derivative based where in each step there
is a need to calculate derivative of objective function with respect to varying parameter. This type of method
is more suitable for less varying parameter. In the case of electric field optimization, the objective function is
electric field and there are large numbers of varying parameter like shielding ball shape, insulation thickness,
metal inert shape and radius, curvature of spacer. Because of the complexity of the problem conventional op-
timization algorithms which need to calculate derivative will not be sufficient to solve the problem [20, 21].
Significant effort has been done for so many years to optimize spacer electrode geometry using various
derivative free algorithm [13, 15, 22–26]. But increasing size of geometry and variation parameter affect the
convergence and time for convergence for PSO, TS, GA and ANN based algorithm. NM algorithm is simplex
based method and very effective for such kind of problem because it finds the local optima without finding the
derivate of objective function. Derivate free Nelder-Mead (NM) algorithm has been implemented in this work.
Unlike GA and PSO in NM algorithm, there is no mutual crossover. This makes electric field optimization
problem much simpler and highly convergent [8, 9]. Two step algorithms is taken under consideration where
in the first step, only spacer and spacer contact to HV conductor are modified to get reduced field. Second step
is chosen to optimize the shape of shielding ball to enhance the effectiveness of optimization. Optimized results
are compared to basic geometry results to see the effectiveness of the algorithm in each step. All the constraints
are also illustrated to see the validity of the algorithm.

2 GIS Simulation model

UHVAC GIS electric field simulation model and mathematical model has been explained as follows.

2.1 GIS Geometry

Basic geometry having HV conductor supported by conical spacer, shielding ball, metal inert, shielding ring
and enclosure shown in Figure 1, has been taken as the simulation model of GIS. As the GIS system is having ro-
tational axis symmetry, 2-D axis symmetry model shown in Figure 2 in r-z plane is considered for optimization
problem.
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Figure 1: GIS model 1. conductor, 2. enclosure 3. Spacer, 4. Concave surface, 5. Convex surface, 6. Shielding ball, 7. Shield-
ing ring, 8. 𝑆𝐹6 gas, 9. Metal inert.

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Figure 2: GIS axis symmetry model.

2.2 Mathematical model

Electric field distribution in AC system follows capacitive field distribution which depends on the relative per-
mittivity of the material. So it require to solve Maxwell’s equations. There are many techniques for solution of
electric field like Finite Difference Method (FDM),Finite Element Method (FEM), Charge Simulation Method
(CSM). However, among this FEM is more effective and reliable because of its fast and convergence calculation
compatibility.FEM is based on this fact that the physical systems stabilizes at the minimum level of energy. So
Maxwells equation with laplacian equation is solved by using FEM. Equations (1)–(4) has been considered for
formulating the FEM problem. Degrees of freedom is given by the number of nodes multiplied by the number
of dependent variables. The relation between the number of nodes and the number of elements depends on the
order of the elements. The relation is only approximate since it depends on the ratio of the elements that lie on
the boundary of the geometry. For thin geometries, where a large proportion of the elements lie on the bound-
ary, the number of nodes per element is a bit higher. For this optimization problem, there are three dependent
variables (each optimization problem contains one variable). Total degree of freedom for proposed problem is
30747. For the solution of linear equations in proposed work, direct method which is based on lower-upper(LU)
decomposition is used, while for nonlinear equations newton Raphson method is chosen. Nelder-Mead algo-
rithm is implemented by using Matlab platform while FEM is implemented in Comsol platform.
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∇ ∗ 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑣 (1)

𝐸 = −∇𝑉 (2)

𝐷 = 𝜖𝑜 𝜖𝑟 𝐸 (3)

∇2 𝑉 = 0 (4)

Where D is electric flux density, 𝜌𝑣 is volume conductivity, E is electric field, 𝜖𝑟 is Relative permittivity, ε is
Absolute permittivity.
2400 kV is applied to HV conductor and the enclosure is grounded. This gives the necessary Dirichlet bound-
ary condition. Relative permittivity (𝜖𝑟 ) for the SF6 gas and epoxy spacer insulator is taken as 1.0092 and 4.2
respectively. To increase the reliability of solution by FEM, geometry nearby triple junction is meshed by tri-
angular elements of length 300 µm. While evaluating the objective function value by shape variation of spacer,
shielding ring and shielding ball, special care is to be taken in meshing by keeping meshing triangle element
length less than or equal to 200 µm.

2.3 Nelder-mead algorithm

NM is the direct search method based on simplex. It is a simple and effective algorithm to search local minima.
NM creates geometric figure called simplex and movement of simplex is used to guide convergence of the

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optimization. Simplex have k dimensions where k is the number of variable or parameter for optimization of
function.

𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜙(𝑋) (5)

where,φ(X) is the electric field stress over particular area and the objective function for optimization problem.
NM iteratively generates the simplices to find the optimum for the eq. (5). In each iteration all the vertices 𝑋𝑗
for j = 1 to j = k + 1 are sorted in ascending order to get 𝑋1 as the best vertex and 𝑋𝑘+1 as the worst vertex. Same
objective values are treated as per the rules given in [6]. Algorithm perform either reflection(α) or expansion(β)
or contraction(γ) or shrink(δ) in each iteration. The worst vertex with highest function value is replaced by the
new vertex just found by new iteration. This will continue till the best optimum is arrived at value of α, β, γ, δ
satisfy the constraint given in eq. (6).

𝛼 > 0, 𝛽 > 1, 0 < 𝛾 < 1, 0 < 𝛿 < 1, (6)

For the optimization of electric field, value of parameter α, β, γ, δ are chosen as {α,β, γ, δ} = {1,2,0.45,0.45}.
One iteration of NM is given in the following steps [11].
– Step 1: Sort
Evaluate the function φ for the k+1 vertices and sort in ascending order.
– Step 2: Reflection

𝑋𝑟 = 𝑋 + 𝛼(𝑋 − 𝑋𝑘+1 ) (7)

1 𝑘
𝑋+ ∑𝑋 (8)
𝑘 𝑗 𝑗

If the 𝜙{𝑋1 } ≤ 𝜙{𝑋𝑟 } then replace 𝑋𝑘+1 with 𝑋𝑟

– Step 3: Expansion
If the 𝜙{𝑋𝑟 } < 𝜙{𝑋1 } then expansion point is found as the

𝑋𝑒 = 𝑋 + 𝛽(𝑋𝑟 − 𝑋) (9)
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If the 𝜙{𝑋𝑒 } < 𝜙{𝑋𝑟 } then replace 𝑋𝑘+1 with 𝑋𝑒 otherwise 𝑋𝑘+1 with 𝑋𝑟
– Step 4: Contraction
If the 𝜙{𝑋𝑘 } ≤ 𝜙{𝑋𝑘+1 } or 𝜙{𝑋𝑟 } ≥ 𝜙{𝑋𝑘+1 } then contraction point will be found as the

𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋 ± 𝛾(𝑋𝑟 − 𝑋) (10)

If the 𝜙{𝑋𝑐 } < 𝜙{𝑋𝑟 } then replace 𝑋𝑘+1 with 𝑋𝑐 otherwise go to step 5.
– Step 5: Shrink

𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋1 ± 𝛾(𝑋𝑠 − 𝑋1 ) (11)

3 Optimization problem formation

Basic electric field distribution on the concave and convex surface of spacer and shielding ball is shown Figure
4 and Figure 5 respectively. The electric field stress adjacent to HV conductor is very high at 150 mm surface
length. So it is essential to reduce principle stress and make tangential field as uniform as possible. This has
been met by a two-step optimization process by using NM algorithm. In the first step only shape of spacer has
been modified and in the second step shielding ball shape is optimized.

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3.1 First optimization problem

The objective function for the NM algorithm has been chosen in two different cases, in the first case whole
geometry is considered and minimization of electric field in total area is taken as the objective function. in the
second case, as the principle stress is high for initial length of the spacer surface, the objective function is defined
as minimization of the electric field over particular area as shown in Figure 6. To take care of the stress in the
defined area, first degree integration of electric field over the surface in spatial coordinate is selected as objective
function in NM algorithm. NM is more effective to find local minima for lesser area compare to whole geometry
which can be seen by comparing the results of both the cases. Figure 3 shows the electric field distribution along
the Concave surface of spacer in both the cases and it is clearly seen that reduction in principle stress in case-
II is much more. so case-II ,with particular selected area as the objective function to minimize is taken under
consideration for NM algorithm based optimization problem.

Figure 3: Electric field distribution on the concave surface of spacer in case-I and case-II.
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Figure 4: Electric field distribution on the concave and convex surface of spacer in case-I.

Figure 5: Electric field distribution of shielding ball surface.

Figure 6: Geometry under consideration for minimizing electric stress over the spacer surface.

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Variation of spacer thickness and curvature is defined by varying four points Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 as described in
Table 1. Parameter variation is chosen such that optimized design will not suffer any practical difficulty while
manufacturing. Constraint for the optimization function is well incorporated while choosing variation of pa-
rameter.

Table 1: Parameter for variation of spacer thickness and curvature.

Before optimization After optimization
Case-I Case-II

r z r-variation z-variation r z r z
Z1 100 100 80–120 95–105 92 97.5 96.7 97.5
Z2 100 21.5 80–120 15–25 92 25 96.7 24
Z3 142 20 130–150 15–25 150 18.2 146 19.58
Z4 140 100 135–145 95–105 140 97.5 140 97.5

where r is r-coordinate and z is z-coordinate

3.2 Second optimization problem

Shielding ball shape and size also influence the principle stress on the spacer surface. The second step of the
optimization is implemented on the shielding ball. Objective function remains the same, but varying parameter
and constraints are modified according to problem requirement. Shielding ball shape is taken as parabolic
which can be realized by solution of quadratic equation. The position of vertex P and the z-coordinate have been
changed as mentioned in Figure 7 and NM algorithm has been chosen to find optimum of function. Constraints
given is the maximum electric field on the surface of the shielding ball. This should be less than or equal to 12–13
kV/mm which is the allowable limit in UHVAC system [17].
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Figure 7: Parabolic shape variation of shielding ball.

3.3 Shielding ring optimization

In UHVAC system shielding ring is used to reduce the electric field stress at the triple junction. The radius of the
shielding ball is taken as the varying parameter and first integration of the electric field of the highlighted area in
Figure 8 is taken as the objective function. Constraints for the problem are (i) the shielding ring diameter should
be less than half the thickness of the spacer at enclosure end. (ii) the maximum electric stress on the surface of
the shielding ring should be less than or equal to 2–3 kV/mm. First constraint ensures the mechanical strength
of spacer.

Figure 8: GIS with shielding ring and highlighted area to form objective function.

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4 Results and discussion

4.1 Optimization of spacer thickness and curvature

After the optimization, there is changes in the thickness of the spacer near to HV contact. The curvature has
been modified. conductor is energized with high voltage which means the stress developed by higher voltage
will more dominant to nearby area of it. secondly, near to HV conductor geometry forms the triple junction,
HV conductor, SF6 Gas, and solid spacer with different permittivity. Due to variation of permittivity field stress
will dominate to the lower permittivity material. Based on this physics, to get the reduced electrical field, area
near to triple junction is made such that it contains the lowest possible field. curvature modification will change
the contact angle which help to modify the triple junction characteristic. The optimized geometry coordinate
has been listed in Table 1. Simulation result of the first optimization problem is plotted in Figure 9 and Figure
10. While comparing to basic geometry electric stress distribution, it can be seen that principle stress on the
concave and convex side of spacer has been significantly reduced and also the field distribution became uniform
compared to previous one. Maximum electric field stress is reduced by 1.35 kV/mm and 1.56 kV/mm over the
concave and convex surface of the spacer respectively. Table 2 shows the percentage reduction in the maximum
stress on spacer surfaces. However, reduction in electric field depends on the ability to find minima of NM
algorithm. NM acts fast and efficient for less number of varying parameter.So a two-step optimization method
is chosen and in each step maximum variation parameter is selected as four or less than that.

Figure 9: Electric field at the concave surface of spacer.

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Figure 10: Electric field at the convex surface of spacer.

Table 2: Maximum electric stress comparison after first optimization.

Before optimization After optimization Reduction (%)

Emax Emax
(kV/mm) (kV/mm)
Concave surface 11.75 10.40 11.48
Convex surface 10.84 9.28 14.39

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4.2 Optimization of shielding ball shape

To get further reduction in the principle stress, there is still need of improvement in triple junction area. in
other way, the spacer surface which is near and exposed to high voltage has to be shielded. For this purpose,
second optimization is implemented. Electric field distribution along the concave and convex surface of the
spacer after second optimization is shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12. There is notable reduction in electric
stress on both the surface of spacer. Reduction in the electric field on the convex side of spacer is about 1.05
kV/mm and that on the concave side of the spacer is about 0.5 kV/mm. Electric field stress obtained over the
spacer surface after second optimization is compared with the electric field stress before optimization as well
as after first optimization in Table 3. Percentage reductions in the stress over concave and convex surface are
4.8% and 11.31% respectively.To check whether the constraints are met in algorithm, electric field of shielding
ball is plotted in the Figure 13. It is clearly seen that maximum electric stress is 12 kV/mm which is well within
the limits.

Table 3: Maximum electric stress comparison after second optimization.

Before optimization After second Reduction in
optimization Emax
Emax Emax (%)
(kV/mm) (kV/mm)
Concave surface 11.75 9.9 15.74
Convex surface 10.84 8.23 24.07
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Figure 11: Electric field stress on the concave surface of spacer before and after second optimization.

Figure 12: Electric field stress on convex surface of spacer before and after second optimization.

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Figure 13: Electric field distribution on the surface of the shielding ball.

4.3 Optimization of shielding ring

Electric field of spacer and enclosure contact surface for various shielding ring radius is shown in Figure 14
and optimized value for the shielding ring radius is obtained as 25 mm. The electric field stress at the end of
the spacer length near to enclosure (triple junction) is high for the various shielding ring radius from 5 mm
to 24 mm. For the 25 mm optimized radius of the shielding ring electric field near to triple junction on spacer
surface is very much less. Electric field on the surface of the shielding ring is plotted in Figure 15. Maximum
stress on the shielding ring surface is 2 kV/mm, which is well within the allowable limit for the UHVAC GIS
design. Electric field plot of shielding ring for its different radius is shows that the constraints for the shielding
ring optimization problem are met. Triple junction electric field with various shielding ring radius is shown in
Figure 16. After optimizing the shielding ring radius, electric field of triple junction is found as 2 kV/mm.
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Figure 14: Electric field distribution of spacer and enclosure contact surface at triple junction for various shielding ring
radius.

Figure 15: Electric field distribution of shielding ring surface for various radius of it.

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Figure 16: Electric field of triple junction at enclosure side for various shielding ring radius.

Once the optimized geometry is obtained, electric field on the concave and convex side of the spacer surface is
plotted and compared with basic design in Figure 17 and Figure 18. Significant reduction in the electric field has
been observed along the initial length of the spacer. In addition to reduction in the electric field, there is much
uniformity in the field distribution.Changes in the spacer shape and shielding ball shape is shown in Figure
19. Spacer contact become deeper inside the conductor and shielding ball has become larger and curvature of
spacer has been modified as highlighted in Figure 19. Small changes in the geometry highlighted in Figure 19
gave reduced principle stress over the spacer surface.

Figure 17: Electric field stress over the concave surface of spacer before and after final optimization.
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Figure 18: Electric field stress over the convex surface of spacer before and after final optimization.

Figure 19: Optimized geometry highlighting the shape variation.

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4.4 General step wise optimization flow

Proposed optimization is general method of design evaluation before manufacturing. This ensures the reliable
operation of spacer in GIS and also reduces the failure probability. Presented method is implemented for UHV
class of GIS spacer but same methodology with different constraint value and dimensions can be adopted for
different voltage class. Various steps for general optimization can be described as follows.
– Step 1: Creepage distance calculation Calculate the creepage distance required for particular voltage class based
on surface flashover criteria.

– Step 2: Enclosure parameter evaluation

Choose the enclosure diameter based on voltage class and breakdown strength required for the medium in
the enclosure.
– Step 3: Spacer parameter evaluation
Take basic conical spacer shape with mechanical requirements for the supports (thickness and conical angle
of spacer).
– Step 4: Electrical field analysis
Perform the electrical field distribution study for basic shape and choose the high electrical stress area which
is beyond acceptable limit.

– Step 5: Optimization
Carry out the optimization algorithm in sequence like first shape variation of spacer followed by shielding
ball and shielding ring shape variation.
– Step 6: Manufacturing
Include optimized shape of spacer in digitally controlled manufacturing units like Computer Numerical
Control (CNC). If manually controlled machine is used, then optimized spacer geometry coordinates has to
be taken for basic design making.
Other alternative is to save the spacer geometry in mess form and make 3-D geometry in either another
software package which is used in manufacturing like Ansys or solidworks or autodesk.

5 Conclusion
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Maxwell and Laplacian equation is solved by means of FEM techniques to find the electric field distribution in
the UHVAC GIS spacer electrode geometry, while optimization has been implemented by using NM algorithm
which is a derivative free simplex method. To make the NM more effective, simpler and fast convergent, whole
optimization has been divided into three steps. So NM works more efficiently with less number of varying
parameter. In first two step of optimization, principle stress is reduced for the first few lengths of the both
concave and convex side of the spacer.
Accuracy of NM algorithm has been verified by plotting various constraints which is used in the formation
of each optimization problem. Proposed algorithm provides highly reliable results with the shape variation of
the electrode-spacer contours. Unlike the various derivative free algorithm, there is no mutual crossover in NM
algorithm. This allows NM algorithm to find optimum with very high speed. This makes optimization problem
fast and highly convergent for large geometry also. Electric stress reduction on the concave surface and convex
surface of spacer are 15.74% and 24.07% respectively. In addition to reduction in electric stress, uniformity in
the electric field distribution on the surface of spacer has been seen. Triple junction electric stress is reduced by
31%.

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