Characteristics of war

War has been a part of human history for centuries, and it is characterized by a
range of distinct features that are both complex and multifaceted. Understanding these
features can help us gain insight into the nature and impact of war. In this essay, we will
examine the five primary characteristics of war: violence and conflict, political and
ideological motives, human casualties and suffering, destruction and disruption, and
uncertainty and unpredictability (Galtung, 1969).

The first characteristic of war is violence and conflict. War involves the use of
physical force and aggression to achieve military or political objectives. It can be
characterized by the destruction of life and property, the use of lethal weapons, and the
displacement of populations. In war, violence is often used to intimidate and control
populations, to force political change, or to gain territory or resources.

(Galtung,1969) claim that the characteristic of war is political and ideological

motives. Most wars are fought over territory, resources, power, or to advance a particular
ideology or political agenda. The reasons behind a war can be complex, ranging from
historical grievances to economic interests and power struggles. The desire to control
resources, such as oil or minerals, can also play a significant role in the outbreak of wars.
Additionally, ideological factors, such as nationalism or religious beliefs, can also
contribute to the causes of war.

The third characteristic of war is human casualties and suffering. Innocent

civilians, including women and children, often become collateral damage in conflicts.
The physical and psychological toll of war can be long-lasting, leaving many scarred for
life. The use of chemical and biological weapons, torture, and other forms of violence can
also exacerbate human suffering during wartime. The emotional and psychological
impact of war on individuals and communities can be devastating, leading to long-term
social and economic consequences.

The fourth characteristic of war is destruction and disruption. War can lead to the
destruction of entire cities and communities, leading to long-term social, economic, and
environmental consequences. Infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and hospitals, can be
destroyed or damaged, making it difficult for people to access essential services. War can
also disrupt trade and commerce, leading to shortages of essential goods and services.
The displacement of populations can also have significant economic and social impacts,
as people are forced to leave their homes and communities behind.

The fifth and final characteristic of war is uncertainty and unpredictability. War is
inherently unpredictable, with unforeseen outcomes and unintended consequences. It is
difficult to predict the course of a war, and even harder to predict its aftermath. In
addition, war can be influenced by external factors, such as the involvement of other
countries or the emergence of new technologies or tactics. These external factors can
make it even more difficult to predict the outcomes of a conflict.

As far as we known, war is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has far-
reaching consequences for individuals and society as a whole. The characteristics of war,
including violence and conflict, political and ideological motives, human casualties and
suffering, destruction and disruption, and uncertainty and unpredictability, all contribute
to its devastating impact. As such, it is important that we understand these characteristics
in order to better understand the nature and impact of war, and work towards preventing
or mitigating its effects in the future.

REFERENCES

1. Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of peace

research, 6(3), 167-191.
2. The characteristics of Modern War. Taylor & Francis. (n.d.). Retrieved April
15, 2023, from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396335908440162?
journalCode=tsur20