1. Discuss why the Calvin cycle is called a “cycle”?

 The Calvin cycle is called a "cycle" because it involves a series of chemical reactions that repeat
in a circular fashion. It starts with a molecule called RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) and ends
up regenerating the same molecule, allowing the cycle to continue.

2. Discuss the importance of the Calvin cycle in the process of photosynthesis.

 The Calvin cycle plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis. It takes place in the
chloroplasts of plant cells and converts carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose, a sugar that serves as
a source of energy for the plant. This cycle uses energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) produced during the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis.

3. Discuss the relationship between glycolysis and the Calvin cycle.

 The relationship between glycolysis and the Calvin cycle is that both processes are involved in
energy metabolism. While glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is part of cellular
respiration, the Calvin cycle specifically takes place in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
Glycolysis converts glucose into ATP and produces pyruvate, which can be further metabolized,
while the Calvin cycle converts CO2 into glucose using ATP and NADPH as energy sources.

4. Discuss why the Calvin cycle only takes place in light or when there is a light.

 The Calvin cycle only takes place in light or when there is a light because it relies on the products
of the light-dependent reactions. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplasts and generate ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the
energy-requiring steps of the Calvin cycle. So, without light or when light is unavailable, the
necessary energy sources for the Calvin cycle are not produced, and the cycle cannot proceed.

5. Identify at least three plants that undergo the Calvin cycle.

 Several plants undergo the Calvin cycle as part of their photosynthetic process. Some examples
include:
1. C3 plants such as wheat, rice, and soybeans. These plants initially fix carbon dioxide using the
enzyme RuBisCO, forming a three-carbon compound.
2. C4 plants like corn, sugarcane, and crabgrass. These plants have an additional step before the
Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound, which then
enters the Calvin cycle.
3. CAM plants, such as cacti and Pineapple, have a unique adaptation where they open their
stomata at night and fix carbon dioxide into organic acids, which are then used in the Calvin
cycle during the day, reducing water loss.