NAMA : GINA ADRIANI P.

LANANG

STAMBUK : A 122 23 011

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

Morphology:

Morphology is the study of how words are formed and the rules that govern word
formation. It focuses on the internal structure of words and how smaller units called morphemes
combine to create different word forms. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of
language, which can be a whole word or a part of a word that carries meaning.

Examples:

• The word "unhappiness" can be used to illustrate morphemes. In this word, "un-" is a
prefix that indicates negation, "happy" is the root word that conveys the main meaning,
and "-ness" is a suffix that turns an adjective into a noun.

• There are different types of morphological processes, such as inflection and derivation.
Inflection modifies a word to express grammatical information like tense, number, or
gender. Derivation involves forming new words by adding affixes to existing words.

• Allomorphs are different variations of a morpheme that are used in specific linguistic
contexts.

• Compounding is the process of forming new words by combining two or more

individual words.

Syntax:

Syntax is the scientific study of sentence structure. It examines how words combine to
form meaningful phrases and sentences. Syntax introduces different syntactic categories, such
as noun phrases, adjective phrases, verb phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases,
which play specific roles in constructing sentences.

Examples:

• Noun phrases are groups of words that name and describe a person, place, thing, or
idea.
 • Adjective phrases provide additional information about a noun.

• Verb phrases consist of a main verb and other words that modify it.

• Adverb phrases provide information about an action or event's manner, time, place, or
degree.

• Prepositional phrases indicate relationships between words in a sentence.

Sentence Types:

• There are different sentence types: simple, compound, and complex sentences.

• Simple sentences consist of a single independent clause.

• Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating

conjunctions.

• Complex sentences consist of an independent clause and one or more dependent

clauses.

Part of Speech:

In English grammar, parts of speech classify words based on their functions and roles within a
sentence. Understanding the parts of speech is crucial for constructing sentences and analyzing
language. The primary parts of speech in English are:

• Noun: Represents a person, place, thing, or idea.

• Pronoun: Replaces a noun to avoid repetition.

• Verb: Describes an action, occurrence, or state of being.

• Adjective: Modifies a noun or pronoun, providing additional information about its

qualities.

• Adverb: Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, providing information about

how, when, where, or to what extent something is done.

• Preposition: Shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a
sentence.

• Conjunction: Connects words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence.

• Interjection: Expresses strong emotions or sudden reactions.

Conclusion:

Studying morphology helps us understand how words are formed and the rules that
govern word formation. Syntax focuses on sentence structure and how words combine to form
meaningful phrases and sentences. Understanding the parts of speech is essential for
constructing sentences and analyzing language.