CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Dinesh Ranjan S. and Aishwarya Lakshmi V. “Design and Analysis of an

Institutional Building” Volume 1, Issue 2, Mar 2017.The aim of the project is
to analyze and design of an institutional building. A lay out plan of the
proposed building is drawn by using AUTO CADD 2010.Using this so many
standard books analysis of bending moment, shear force, deflection, end
moments and foundation reactions are calculated. The structure was analysed
using STAAD.ProV8i. The method we are design the entire structure is limit
state Method. The R.C.C. detailing in general shall be as per SP 34 and as per
ductile detailing code I.S. 13920.1993. The design was carried as per IS
456:2000 for the above load combinations. As a result, the training, taken
through a period of one month allowed to have sample exposure to various
field practices in the analysis and design of multi-storeyed buildings and also
in various construction techniques used in the school.

Natasha Khalil on design and analysis of a building. The aim of the project
is to analyze and design of an institutional building. A lay out plan of the
proposed building is drawn by using AUTO CADD 2010.Using this so many
standard books analysis of bending moment, shear force, deflection, end
moments and foundation reactions are calculated. The structure was analysed
using STAAD.ProV8i. The method we are design the entire structure is limit
state Method. The R.C.C. detailing in general shall be as per SP 34 and as per
ductile detailing code I.S. 13920.1993. The design was carried as per IS
456:2000 for the above load combinations. As a result, the training, taken
through a period of one month allowed to have sample exposure to various
field practices in the analysis and design of multi-storeyed buildings and also
in various construction techniques used in the school.

Arjunsahu, AnuragVerma and Aryanpaul “Design and analysis of framed

structure. There are several methods for analysis of different frames like
cantilever method, portal method, and Matrix method. The present project
deals with the design & analysis of an institutional building. The dead load
live loads are applied and the design for beams, columns, footing is obtained
STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors and compotators
with its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AUTOCAD.

Akshay Chaudhary (2014) “Design and Estimation of Reinforced Building”

The quantities of the materials, including those of the reinforcement, must be
known in order to estimate the cost of the construction. The layout drawings
may be used to determine precise quantities of concrete and brickwork. If
working drawings and schedules for the reinforcement are not available, an
estimate of the expected amounts must be provided. In most cases, the
amounts are specified in line with the standards of the Standard method of
measuring construction works.

There are many ways for estimating reinforcement amounts. The first
technique is determined by the structural type and the volume of the reinforced
concrete parts. The second technique employs conversion factors that
translate the steel areas derived from the original design calculations to
weights, such as kg/m2 or kg/m, depending on the constituent. Because it is
based on the reinforcing needs suggested by the original design calculations,
this technique is likely to be the most flexible and relatively exact in practice.

Ahmed Fouad (2019) “The Design of School Buildings. Potentiality of

Informal Learning Spaces for Self-Directed Learning.”
Schooling systems could be perceived through three main dimensions:
students, the learning process and the built environment portrayed in the
school building. Each dimension comprises different parameters. This study
has decided to concentrate on the spatial affordances of school buildings,
especially the affordances of 'informal learning spaces' for students' activities
such as 'self-directed learning.' Existing research consistently overlooks
informal learning venues.

They are the spaces outside classrooms: assembly spaces, dining areas and
circulation corridors, where students take initiatives to construct their own
knowledge through different activities: reading a book, doing homework,
revising for exams. These activities are defined as self-directed learning

A.V. Deepanchakaravarth (2021) “Analysis and Design of Primary School

building”

This project is to design a primary school building that can hold a total
strength of 500 students, with proper infrastructure provided. Our project is
designed to be located at Othakadai village, at the foot hills of anaimalai. This
primary school building is designed to benefit the children dwelling in and
around Othakdai.

The total area of the school building is 6000 sq.meter. It comprises a class
room, hygienic restrooms for both male and female, lobby, parent’s lounge,
library, staff room, indoor play area, art room, interactive digital learning
room and office room, principal’s room, splash area. The resulting design is
checked for shear, bending, and tensile conditions using STAAD Pro, an
analytical programme. Slab design is determined by the kind of slab, end
circumstances, and loading. Loads are transferred from the slabs to the beams,
which are then transferred to the columns and finally to the footing.
Bhumeshwar Dongarwar (2020) “Estimation of G+1 School Building and
Bill of Quantities.”

This project is being carried out to estimate the cost of the G+1 School
construction near Deori, Gondia. The centreline approach is used to compute
the amounts of various job items. The centreline approach was utilised to
provide the most precise estimate. The rate analysis is carried out in
accordance with the CSR 2018-19 for the Nagpur division, omitting GST. The
effect of GST on the overall cost computed for the entire building is 18%. The
centerline approach was utilised to estimate a total of fifty-five quantities that
are utilised in the building. An "estimate" is the process of calculating the
quantities and expenses of various components in conjunction with a building
project. An estimate is created by first determining the number of things
needed to accomplish the project and multiplying that number by the unit cost
of the goods. The goal of carrying out the estimate determines the details of
the estimate.

Geratowska Kaja – (2016) “Basadhi School - building a school in India.”

The topic of this paper is the conception and realization of a school building
in Basadhi, in the Eastern part of India. The school was created following
extensive on-site study and collaboration with an Austrian and an Indian
project partner. In all, I spent 9 months in India, working as an architect,
building site manager, and liaison between Austrian and Indian partners.

Harshal Matlane (2021) “Review on Planning, Designing & Estimating the

Proposed Plan At 3rd Floor for Civil Lab in NIT Polytechnic Nagpur.”

In the process of implementing this project, we learned how to apply the

theoretical aspects of evaluation in actual projects. We checked the process of
evaluating and calculating costs and found that this is an important aspect of
providing financial resources in the project. Necessary to complete the work.
Our calculations are based on precise measurements, which can provide us
with approximate and accurate values.

The structural evaluation has been developed in detail so that these values can
be used in actual projects in progress. When compiling the cost estimate
summary, it is necessary to take into account the current unit unfinished rate
of each work item, so that the cost estimate also meets the structural
requirements of the project. Using soil conditions as a medium, the foundation
is designed as an isolated foundation.

Henry Sanoff (2009) “Research Based Design of an Elementary School.”

Participation in school and community issues imposes significant demands

and responsibilities. Although people volunteer to help with community
projects, the technical complexity of such projects usually necessitates
professional assistance. In addition to the need to address technical
complexity, sound design and planning principles must be incorporated in the
school design process. Without guidance, community groups may respond
only to situations of crisis and may not achieve the goals that originally united
them. The key to establishing school buildings that fulfil present and future
community requirements is to continuously monitor the environment, interact
routinely with educators, the community, companies, and policymakers, and
keep current on educational, design, and environmental challenges.
Otherwise, relying on "It's always worked in the past," or "That's how it's
always been done," may lead to a waste of capital resources, community
displeasure, and less possibilities to enhance instruction and educational
outcomes.

Kenneth Tanner (2009) “Minimum Classroom Size and Number of Students

Per Classroom”
We presume that the quantity of square feet per student is an important
determinant in success. As a result, we should build for huge media centres,
dining halls, and courtyards that may serve as vital gathering locations for
students and instructors while also helping schools create identities. Special
sections, such as scientific labs, art studios, and stores, require more space
than the equation we'll look at in this article. Most significantly, the
curriculum (learning activities) should dictate classroom space requirements.
In addition, evidence is pointing to natural light and outdoor learning areas
adjacent to classrooms (especially in elementary schools) as factors in
learning. For example, the basic classroom should have at least 72 Square feet
(6.70 Square Meters) of windows for natural light, These classrooms should
have views overlooking life and an exit door to the outside learning
environments.

Kiyoung Son (2012) “Development of a Maintenance and Repair Cost

Estimation Model for Educational Buildings Using Regression Analysis”

Facility management affects not only the operation, maintenance, and

monitoring of buildings, but also the occupants. Educational buildings
significantly affect students and researchers as well. Therefore, it is essential
to budget appropriately for building maintenance. A cost estimation model is
a useful approach. This study quantitatively examines payment records for
maintenance and repair work at educational facilities.

The findings and outcomes of this study could be used as a guideline for
educational buildings. For instance, building maintenance managers in
education facilities would not only reduce the losses but also make a
mitigation strategy to prevent losses based on the analysis results. Besides, it
is possible for real estate and property managers to estimate the annual
operation and maintenance cost and to set up financial plans and long-range
investment strategies using the cost estimation model.
Furthermore, the framework and indicators developed in this study can be
strongly applied to other types of buildings such as hospitals, industrial, and
commercial buildings that require maintenance and repair cost estimation
models.

P. Sri Harika (2012) “Indoor Air Quality Assessment in a School Building in

Chennai.”

During recent years, concerns over the effects of poor indoor air quality (IAQ)
have been increased and wide spectrums of symptoms/illnesses are related to
indoor air pollution in many urban centres of the world. In India, it is estimated
that about half a million women and children die per year due to indoor air
pollution. Therefore, maintaining an acceptable IAQ is important in places
such as schools, corporate office buildings, hospitals and houses. It is
postulated that the increased interior pollutant concentrations of the buildings
located near busy traffic highways are largely impacted by greater outside
vehicle pollutant concentrations. The purpose of this article is to examine the
indoor air quality.